The Bender Gestalt: use of clinical judgment versus recall scores in prediction in Huntington's disease.
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Neuropsychological assessment was carried out in 57 patients aged 3.0 to 17.5 years (mean 8.5) with thyroid dysgenesis under adequate long-term therapy. Starting age of hypothyroidism as estimated by bone age at diagnosis was prenatal in 32 cases, close to birth in 13 cases and postnatal of 1-12 months in 12 cases. Hypothyroidism of prenatal onset results in severe neuropsychological disorders and mental retardation if not treated early. Only some signs of "minimal brain dysfunction" which compensate with advancing age and normal IQ are found in these children if therapy is started before one month of age. Hypothyroidism starting at birth does not result in mental retardation but neuropsychological disorders are found. They are more frequent if treatment is started after 6 months of age. Children who become hypothyroid between 1 and 12 months of age are usually not mentally retarded and show minor neuropsychological disorders.
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Practice effects within a multiple-phase administration of the Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test were investigated. The addition of a 5-sec. Flash phase prior to the standard presentation did not significantly influence performance on the standard presentation. Students who attempted both the Flash and standard administration prior to a recall phase remembered significantly more designs than students receiving only the standard administration prior to recall. Those skills possibly measured by the multiple phase Bender format are discussed and the need for research using the three-phase method is suggested.
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The Bender-Gestalt protocols of 134 rural and 140 urban slow learners (IQ 70 to 84) are compared. Rural slow learners performed significantly below their mental ages more frequently than urban slow learners. Rural and urban slow learners performed developmentally below chronological ages, but as expected for mental ages until CA 10 (MA 8). At this point urban slow learners appeared to perform as expected from MAs, but a significant number of rural slow learners performed below expectations. After CA 14 (MA 11-0) the differences between the urban and rural groups, however, were not significant.
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Hyperactive children (N = 15) and nonhyperactive children (N = 15) were compared. Hyperactive children were found to possess significantly higher (p less than .002) muscular tension levels and, in addition, presented more behavioral problems and had lower test scores. Both electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback and progressive relaxation exercises were successful in the significant reduction of muscular tension, hyperactivity, distractability, irritability, impulsivity, explosiveness, aggressivity, and emotionality in hyperactive children. The greatest improvement was seen in the area of "emotionality-aggression" (irritability, explosiveness, impulsivity, low frustration tolerance, aggresion). No differences were seen in the EMG improvement of drug and nondrug hyperactive children; both made progress under these self-control techniques. However, nondrug children made greater improvements in the behavioral area. Both EMG biofeedback and progressive relaxation resulted in improvements on the test scores of hyperactive subjects (Bender-Gestalt, Visual Sequential Memory, Digit Span, Coding). The therapy would appear to be improved by the inclusion of mental relaxation, concentration, meditation, and mind-blanking exercises for mental control.