[Behavioral changes prior to dental treatment in children. I. Changes in adaptable behaviors before treatment].
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Age Factors↗
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Results for “Behavior change”
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Health promotion in context: the effects of significant others on health behavior change.
Maintenance of health behavior change over the long-term has been routinely difficult. One of the reasons for this difficulty is that only individuals' attitudes or behavior are changed, without concomitant support from the social environment. The purpose of this study was to explore several of the ways in which significant others--family members, friends, and coworkers--may affect changes in health behavior. Eighty-four participants in a work site health promotion program were the subjects of the study. Self-reports of health behaviors were gathered at baseline and at the end of the 7-week program; in addition, subjects reported the extent to which significant others generally supported health behavior changes, encouraged them to maintain changes they had made, and made changes in their own health behaviors. Results provide support for the general hypothesis that one individual attempting to change health behavior may be positively influenced by significant others during the course of the change process. Family members were particularly helpful, and overall supportiveness was more helpful than others' change in health habits or encouragement. Behaviors most influenced by others were exercise and fat consumption. Suggestions for future theoretical development, research, and intervention are discussed.
Attitude to Health↗
Behavior changes and the prevention of high blood pressure. Workshop II. AHA Prevention Conference III. Behavior change and compliance: keys to improving cardiovascular health.
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Alcohol Drinking↗
Transient nature of Toxoplasma gondii-induced behavioral changes in mice.
Many parasites induce specific changes in host behavior that promote the transmission of their infective stages between hosts. Toxoplasmosis in rodents is known to be accompanied by specific behavioral changes (shift in activity level, learning capacity, and novelty discrimination) that can theoretically increase the chance of infected animals being eaten by the definitive host, the cat. However, toxoplasmosis is also accompanied by many pathological symptoms. It is not known whether the behavioral changes are products of manipulation activity of the parasite or only nonspecific by-products of pathological symptoms of toxoplasmosis. Here, we compared the dynamics of development of behavioral and pathological changes in Toxoplasma gondii-infected mice. The results showed that the maximum reduction of mouse activity corresponded with the peak of pathological symptoms, and also that maximum increase of reaction times corresponded with the peak of development of tissue cysts in the brains of infected mice. Behavioral changes were only transient and disappeared before the 12th wk postinoculation. The results suggest that the behavioral changes in infected mice reported by many authors and observed in our experiments could be nonspecific by-products of pathological symptoms of toxoplasmosis rather than specific products of manipulation activity by the parasite.
Acute Disease↗
Development of the Key Behaviors Change Inventory: a traumatic brain injury behavioral outcome assessment instrument.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the development and initial validation of a neurobehavioral outcome measure, the Key Behaviors Change Inventory (KBCI), for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Scale construction and development, and validity study. SETTING: Large state university and postal survey. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-five volunteer undergraduate students and 25 volunteer collateral informants of individuals with TBI participated in the item-analysis phase. Thirty members of the Brain Injury Association and 20 members of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society rated both an identified patient and an age- and gender-equated control in the validation phase. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Content validity was examined through expert panel item sorts. Scale internal consistencies were examined with the Cronbach alpha. Construct validity was examined by comparing scale elevations between controls and 2 neurologic groups. RESULTS: Item-analysis procedures resulted in 8 scales of 8 items each: inattention, impulsivity, unawareness of problems, apathy, interpersonal difficulties, communication problems, somatic difficulties, and emotional adjustment. Internal consistency reliability coefficients ranged from.82 to.91. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant (P</=.001) differences in scale elevations among TBI, multiple sclerosis (MS), and control groups. The TBI and MS groups scored significantly higher than the control group on all scales; a subset of KBCI scales discriminated between the 2 neurologic groups. CONCLUSION: The KBCI was both sensitive and specific to typical behavioral changes after TBI, thus supporting its usefulness in rehabilitation settings. Cross-validation and development of a normative database are future steps necessary in its development.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Appetitive sexual behavior in male rats: 2. sexual reward and level-changing behavior.
Anticipatory level-changing behavior is a form of appetitive sexual behavior displayed by male rats prior to introduction of a female in a bilevel testbox. Analysis of this level-changing behavior may serve as assessment of sexual motivation. Because ejaculation affects appetitive aspects of sexual behavior, measures purporting to assess sexual motivation should be effected by ejaculation. We observed that ejaculation prior to testing reduced the number of anticipatory level changes of a male rat. This reduction was greater when tested after two than after one ejaculation. Our results support the concept that analysis of anticipatory level-changing behavior can be used to measure sexual motivation.
Animals↗
Postoperative behavioral changes in children after adenoidectomy.
BACKGROUND: Pain is a common complaint after adenoidectomy. Behavioral changes after adenoidectomy in children have been reported, and it has been concluded that postoperative pain significantly affects the occurrence of behavioral changes. Behavioral changes, when a proactive pain treatment has been used, have not been systematically studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess postoperative behavioral changes in children who have undergone day-case adenoidectomy with proactive pain treatment. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal, randomized clinical trial. SETTINGS: Ambulatory Care Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. PATIENTS: Three hundred consecutive children, aged 1 to 10 years, who underwent day-case adenoidectomy during 1999 through 2000. INTERVENTION: In the hospital, 213 children received the first dose of ketoprofen before surgery and 87 children received the first dose at discharge. For pain treatment after discharge, patients were given ketoprofen tablets or suppositories on a regular basis for 72 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of postoperative behavioral changes were evaluated with 3 consecutive questionnaires, at baseline before surgery, 1 week after surgery, and 3 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 294 questionnaires (98%) were returned after 1 week and 255 questionnaires (85%) after 3 weeks. Most children (91%) had pain after discharge and the mean for pain cessation was 3 days (range, 0-8 days). The mean of ketoprofen doses after discharge was 6 (range, 1-24 doses). Most of the children showed no or only trivial postoperative behavioral changes, and, furthermore, at 3 weeks, more positive than negative changes were reported. The child's age was a significant factor (P<.05) in affecting behavioral changes for all domains. Other significant factors were the worst pain at rest (P =.04) and during swallowing (P =.02) for daytime function disturbances, and fear of separation from parents (P =.03) for sleep disturbances. CONCLUSION: Day-case adenoidectomy with proactive pain treatment seems to result in a negligible incidence of behavioral troubles in children.
Adenoidectomy↗
A 'stages of change' approach to helping patients change behavior.
Helping patients change behavior is an important role for family physicians. Change interventions are especially useful in addressing lifestyle modification for disease prevention, long-term disease management and addictions. The concepts of "patient noncompliance" and motivation often focus on patient failure. Understanding patient readiness to make change, appreciating barriers to change and helping patients anticipate relapse can improve patient satisfaction and lower physician frustration during the change process. In this article, we review the Transtheoretical Model of Change, also known as the Stages of Change model, and discuss its application to the family practice setting. The Readiness to Change Ruler and the Agenda-Setting Chart are two simple tools that can be used in the office to promote discussion.
Behavior Therapy↗
Using goal setting as a strategy for dietary behavior change.
Recent reviews have noted that behavioral theory-based nutrition education programs are more successful at achieving food behavior change than knowledge-based programs and that a clear understanding of the mechanisms of behavior change procedures enable dietetics professionals to more effectively promote change. Successful dietary behavior change programs target 1 or more of the personal, behavioral, or environmental factors that influence the behavior of interest and apply theory-based strategies to influence or change those factors. Goal setting is a strategy that is frequently used to help people change. A 4-step goal-setting process has been identified: recognizing a need for change; establishing a goal; adopting a goal-directed activity and self-monitoring it; and self-rewarding goal attainment. The applications of goal setting in dietary interventions for adults and children are reviewed here. Because interventions using goal setting appear to promote dietary change, dietitians should consider incorporating the goal-setting strategies to enhance the behavior change process in nutrition education programs.
Adult↗
Struggling with behavior changes: a special case for clients with diabetes.
Health professionals expect clients with diabetes to change multiple behaviors as a way to decrease the risk of complications of the disease. The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the client's response to lifestyle change expectations. Using the transtheoretical model of change as framework for this study, clients were asked to address the level of difficulty they encountered when making lifestyle changes relating to their diabetes. Ten clients who participated in a taped telephone survey and a videotaped focus group reported that most change was difficult but not impossible. Most clients admitted that maintaining changes was a continuing battle. Both the transcripts and focus group revealed a wide variation in the clients' understanding of self-management. It was evident that successful management involves a fairly high level of cognition as well as willingness to change. Successful management involves thinking through and comprehending how diet, exercise, and medication relate to blood glucose levels. This preliminary study will be used as the basis for a more inclusive study that will focus on developing interventions that relate directly to helping clients change behavior.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Cognitive processes mediating behavioral change.
The present experiment was designed to test the theory that psychological procedures achieve changes in behavior by altering the level and strength of self-efficacy. In this formulation, perceived self-efficacy. In this formulation, perceived self-efficacy influences level of performance by enhancing intensity and persistence of effort. Adult phobics were administered treatments based upon either performance mastery experiences, vicarious experiences., or they received no treatment. Their efficacy expectations and approach behavior toward threats differing on a similarity dimension were measured before and after treatment. In accord with our prediction, the mastery-based treatment produced higher, stronger, and more generalized expectations of personal efficacy than did the treatment relying solely upon vicarious experiences. Results of a microanalysis further confirm the hypothesized relationship between self-efficacy and behavioral change. Self-efficacy was a uniformly accurate predictor of performance on tasks of varying difficulty with different threats regardless of whether the changes in self-efficacy were produced through enactive mastery or by vicarious experience alone.
Adolescent↗
Process variables as predictors of risk factor changes in a family health behavior change program.
The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent to which intervention process measures are useful in predicting changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among subjects exposed to interventions. Subjects were 99 adult and 105 children who participated in an 18 session, family-based diet and exercise change program. During the intervention, each participant self-monitored diet and exercise for 12 weeks. Additionally, attendance, session evaluation, confidence to achieve goals and goal achievement data were collected each week. The intervention was successful in changing diet, blood pressure and cholesterol levels, but did not produce significant changes in exercise or body mass index. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted for each outcome variable at the 1 and 2 year follow-ups. Ethnicity and sex were first forced into each regression. None of the process measures consistently predicted multiple outcomes in adults and children. The pattern of results provides limited support for the hypothesis that intervention process variables such as attendance, adherence to self-monitoring, achievement of goals and attitude toward sessions partially mediate intervention effects. It is concluded that process measures should be collected in health behavior change programs so that process-outcome relationships can be further explored.
Adolescent↗
Negotiating behavior change with HIV-positive adolescent girls.
A demonstrative case of an HIV-positive adolescent girl is presented in order to illustrate the stages of adaptation that HIV-positive youth undergo. Also discussed is the process by which this individual changes her behavior and the integral role and contributions the service provider can make in the behavior-change process for HIV-positive youth. Finally, this case illustrates some of the unique issues encountered by HIV-positive young women and how those issues can be incorporated into a comprehensive, coordinated, and continuous system of care.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
A time-referenced Q-sort technique for evaluating behavioral change.
The behavior of children in residential and day treatment centers alters over time in ways that can be documented objectively. This paper describes a method, field tested with 50 subjects in five agencies, in which observations of behavior are converted into quantitative indices of adjustment to yield a profile of change for each subject.
Adolescent↗
Patient education with reference to the process of behavioral change.
From a traditional aspect, behavioral change is conceptualized as a shift from one stable state to another, from stable unhealthy behavior to stable healthier behavior. This approach will influence the type of intervention program to be adopted as well as the type of assessment instrument applied. A concept supported by the results of studies involving a large number of subjects, which enable the natural process of behavioral change to be observed, suggests that behavioral change is a non-stable condition with distinct stages called precontemplation, contemplation, action, and maintenance. There may be relapse at any stage and this should be interpreted as a natural part of the change process. Health educators are confronted with different tasks at each level, and by addressing these tasks and tailoring the intervention programs to suit the stage of the individual subject, better support during the process of change can be given. A project involving cooperations between university institutes and the pharmaceutical industry has developed and evaluated education programs which address different stages of change in a primary care setting. Action-oriented programs for the prevention of coronary disease, sleep disturbance, and chronic pain have proven to be effective. Target behaviors are smoking, stress management, nutrition, and physical exercising. These programs have recently been complimented by others addressing precontemplation and contemplation stage subjects. Further research will have to be carried out in order to find assessment instruments designed to assign the right program to the right person.
Health Behavior↗
Behavioral change in persons with dementia: relationships with mental and physical health of caregivers.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects that changes in behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia of persons with Alzheimer's disease have on their caregivers' mental health and physical health. The research design was a prospective, longitudinal follow-up study conducted in a major medical center and in participants' homes. Longitudinal analysis linking change in behavior to caregiver outcomes was based on 64 cases. Care recipients were assessed at the time of diagnosis with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). To provide information on the care recipient's behaviors, caregivers participated in an interview with the Modified Neuropsychiatric Inventory at diagnosis and at follow-up. Caregivers also completed a battery of established instruments to measure stress appraisal, mental health, and perceptions of their physical health at follow-up. Results showed that increases in problem behaviors among persons living with dementia, along with residence status, were significant predictors of caregivers' mental health and also their physical health. However, these relationships were mediated through stress appraisal. Variables such as MMSE score of the person with dementia, number of years caregiving, relationship status, and education level were not significant predictors of caregivers' health when behavior change was in the model.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Moving clients toward wellness: behavioral change.
Assisting clients to incorporate behavior change into their life-style presents a challenge to the clinical nurse specialist. Lack of adherence to prescribed regimens and educational interventions constitutes a primary reason for the occurrence and complications of illness, leading to inadequate control of the disease process and increased health care costs. This paper describes behavior modification techniques that can be used in conjunction with an educational program to initiate and maintain healthier behaviors among clients who demonstrate physical and emotional readiness for learning. The author also discusses how social support as a maintenance technique helps clients embarking on behavior change programs. Maintenance of a behavior change through utilizing a family systems focus not only facilitates an individual's coping with illness but also promotes family coping and adaptation.
Behavior Therapy↗
Facilitating behavior change. Use of the transtheoretical model in the occupational health setting.
1. Researchers have identified five stages of change and the 10 experiential and behavioral processes most effective in helping people move from one stage to the next. This model is referred to as "transtheoretical" because it encompasses many theories of behavior change. 2. Each stage of change tends to be characterized by the use of specific processes. Experiential strategies are used most frequently by individuals in the contemplation and preparation stages of change. Behavioral processes are used most frequently by individuals in the action and maintenance stages. 3. The transtheoretical model assists providers in developing interventions targeted not only for employees who are prepared to take action, but also for the majority of the population who are not yet intending to change their behavior, or for those who are only considering a lifestyle change. 4. Using this information, the occupational health nurse can design specific interventions targeted to an individual's current stage of change, with the potential to accelerate the employee's progress toward increasing the adoption and maintenance of the desired behavior.
Behavior Therapy↗