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Results for “Behavioral control”

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PubMed1995

Stress, women and weight control behavior.

This study explores the relationship between stress and weight control behavior in four groups of women: African American, European American, Mexican/Mexican American, and Puerto Rican. Data were collected on 111 women between the ages of 23 and 75 using a between-methods triangulation approach in which interview and questionnaire data were collected. The women were involved in various types and levels of weight control behavior. Although all the women identified occupational and major life stressors, only European American women's weight control behavior was significantly related to stress.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Unhealthy weight control behaviors and MDMA (Ecstasy) use among adolescent females.

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of past year laxative use or vomiting weight control behaviors among adolescent females in the general population and to examine the relationship between these behaviors and substance use among adolescent females, with a specific focus on past year 3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) ("Ecstasy") use. METHODS: Secondary analyses were conducted using a nationally representative sample of females aged 12 to 17 years (n = 4292) from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Logistic regression was used to examine bivariate relationships between past year laxative use or vomiting weight control behaviors and substance use and the multivariate relationship between unhealthy weight control behaviors and Ecstasy use. RESULTS: Approximately 10% of adolescent females had used laxatives or vomited to lose weight in the past year. Adolescent females who had used laxatives or vomited to lose weight in the past year were more likely than those who had not to have used substances during the past year, including Ecstasy, inhalants, nonmedical psychotherapeutics, marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol. After controlling for demographics and other substance use, past year laxative use or vomiting weight control behaviors were positively associated with past year Ecstasy use (OR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.05, 3.14; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Laxative use or vomiting weight control behaviors are a significant problem among the general population of adolescent females and are related to an increased risk of Ecstasy use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Weight concerns, weight control behaviors, and smoking initiation.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the cross-sectional relationships between weight concerns, weight control behaviors, and initiation of tobacco use among youths. STUDY DESIGN: Smoking status, weight concerns, and weight control behaviors were assessed in a cross-sectional sample of 16 862 children, 9 to 14 years of age, in 1996. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between weight concerns, weight control behaviors, and early stages of smoking initiation (precontemplation, contemplation, and experimentation). All analyses were adjusted for age, body mass index, and known predictors of initiation. RESULTS: Approximately 9% of participants had experimented with cigarettes, and 6% were contemplating cigarette smoking. Contemplation of tobacco use was associated with misperception of being overweight (boys: odds ratio [OR], 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-2.48), unhappiness with appearance (girls: OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.48-2.84; boys: OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.05-2. 42), and a tendency to change eating patterns around peers (girls: OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 2.28-3.62; boys: OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.25-2.66). Experimentation with cigarettes was associated with daily exercise to control weight among boys (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.07-3.43) and with monthly purging (OR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.27-5.07) and daily dieting among girls (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.09-2.96). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that, among both girls and boys, contemplation of smoking is positively related to weight concerns. Experimentation seems to be positively related to weight control behaviors. It is important for both pediatricians and comprehensive school health programs to address healthy methods of weight maintenance and to dispel the notion of tobacco use as a method of weight control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Correlates of unhealthy weight-control behaviors among adolescents: implications for prevention programs.

This study aimed to identify correlates of unhealthy weight-control behaviors in adolescents to guide the development of programs aimed at the primary prevention of disordered eating. A model explaining unhealthy weight-control behaviors was tested among 4,746 adolescents using structural equation modeling. Models fit the data well and explained 76% of the variance in unhealthy weight-control behaviors among girls and 63% among boys. Weight-body concerns were a strong correlate of unhealthy weight-control behaviors in both girls and boys. Models also emphasized the importance of weight-specific social norms within the adolescent's proximal environment. Findings suggest the importance of addressing weight-body concerns within prevention programs and extending interventions beyond classroom settings to ensure changes in weight-related norms among peer groups and family members.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Weight control behaviors among obese, overweight, and nonoverweight adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate weight control behaviors, eating, and physical activity behaviors among obese, overweight, and nonoverweight female and male adolescents. METHODS: A representative sample of 8,330 7th, 9th, and 11th grade public school students in Connecticut participated in the study. Adolescents responded to questions about weight control behaviors (dieting, exercise, vomiting, diet pills, and laxatives), healthy eating behaviors, breakfast consumption, and vigorous physical activity. RESULTS: In comparison to nonoverweight youths, overweight adolescents were less likely to eat breakfast and less likely to engage in vigorous physical activity than nonoverweight youths. Higher prevalences of unhealthy weight control behaviors were evident among overweight youths. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight adolescents use more unhealthy weight management strategies and are not engaging in healthier strategies, such as increased physical activity or healthier eating. These findings suggest the need to provide consistent messages about healthy weight loss methods to adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Are adolescents harmed when asked risky weight control behavior and attitude questions? Implications for consent procedures.

OBJECTIVES: This study explores whether asking minors about risky weight control behaviors and attitudes increases the frequency of those behaviors and attitudes. METHODS: Participants were 115 sixth-grade girls who responded to questions on risky weight control behaviors and attitudes at baseline and at 12-month follow-up. An additional 107 girls, who had not been part of the baseline, provided data only at follow-up. The two groups were compared on risky weight control behaviors and attitudes at follow-up using chi-square analyses, Mann-Whitney U tests, Cohen's effect sizes, and odds ratios. RESULTS: No evidence of a negative effect in the twice-assessed group was found. All rates decreased from baseline to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: There is only minimal risk and perhaps even some benefit of asking questions about risky weight control behaviors and attitudes. Implications for determining appropriate consent procedures are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Dissociative antagonistic effects of caffeine on alcohol-induced impairment of behavioral control.

The present study examined the separate and combined effects of alcohol and caffeine on behavioral control in a context in which preliminary cues signaled the likelihood that a response should be executed or inhibited. Social drinkers (N = 12) performed a cued go/no-go task that measured control as the quick execution of responses to go targets and sudden suppression of responses to no-go targets. Performance was tested under 3 doses of caffeine (0.0 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, and 4.0 mg/kg) in combination with 2 doses of alcohol (0.0 g/kg and 0.65 g/kg). Alcohol impaired both inhibitory and activational aspects of behavioral control. Caffeine antagonized alcohol effects on response execution but had no effect on inhibitory control. The findings highlight potential differences in how activational and inhibitory aspects of behavioral control respond to drug interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Body mass index, body shape satisfaction, and weight control behaviors among Korean girls.

The present study investigated the relations among Body Mass Index, body shape satisfaction, and weight control behaviors among Korean girls. Subjects were 266 girls (M age= 16.6 yr., SD= .9), recruited from two girls' high schools in Seoul, Korea. Based on Body Mass Index, 73.7% were normal weight, 22.9% were underweight, and 3.4% were overweight. 174 girls (65.4%) indicated that they were currently using any weight control method. Weight control behaviors differed significantly by Body Mass Index category, with girls whose Body Mass Indexes indicating normal weight being more likely to claim they used weight control behaviors. Also, the girls who rated themselves as dissatisfied with their body shape were more likely to report weight control behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The role of insecure attachment and gender role stress in predicting controlling behaviors in men who batter.

The authors hypothesized that masculine gender role stress would mediate the relationship between insecure attachment and controlling behaviors in a sample of men who batter. To examine this hypothesis,143 men who were court mandated to attend a batterers' intervention program in a northeastern state completed measures including the Controlling Behavior Index, the Gender Role Stress Scale, the Relationship Questionnaire, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. After controlling statistically for social desirability, results indicated that both fearful attachment and gender role stress significantly predicted controlling behaviors, with gender role stress partially mediating the relationship between fearful attachment and controlling behaviors. The discussion focuses on the importance of understanding partner abuse through a gendered context.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A high exercise load is linked to pathological weight control behavior and eating disorders in female fitness instructors.

Demographic data, exercise habits, weight control behavior, attitudes towards body shape, eating disorder (ED) experience, and menstrual regularity among female fitness instructors were descriptively assessed. A 60-item questionnaire was sent to 295 female fitness instructors at eight fitness centers. Responders (57%) reported a mean weekly exercise load of 5.5 h week(-1) (SD 2.6), which indicates frequent training, however, less than that of athletes. Overall, 35% reported ED experience (DSM-IV criteria), with an onset at 15-17 years of age. The problems had lasted 5-7 years, and 20% of the entire group reported recovery, however, 11% still had EDs. For the entire group, it was found that a high weekly exercise load was linked to a pathological weight control behavior. Fitness instructors with an active ED exercised more than instructors who never had an ED or who had a past ED. Menstrual irregularity was more common among instructors who did not use contraceptives (14%), compared to those who did (5%). As ED experience and pathological weight control behavior were common in the studied group, the importance of guidelines regarding communication from female fitness instructors about healthy training habits to regular exercisers is discussed in the article.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The effects of cognitive and behavioral control on coping with an aversive health examination.

The effects of cognitive and behavioral control on coping with an aversive health examination were tested in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Cognitive control was represented by sensory or health-education information; instruction or no instruction in abdominal relaxation constituted the levels of behavioral control. The study was conducted in the natural setting of a family-planning clinic with 24 young women who were undergoing a routine pelvic examination. Subjects who received sensory information prior to the examination showed less distress, as indicated by overt distress behaviors and pulse rates, than did subjects who received health-education information. Cognitive control did not show a significant effect on self-report of fear. No significant effects were demonstrated for the factor of behavioral control. The results suggested that cognitive control information, which emphasizes the sensory experiences typically accompanying an aversive event, limits reactivity to aversive stimuli. The reduction in reactivity is thought to result in an increased ability to cope with aversive events.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Adolescent females' attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions to use latex condoms.

Guided by I. Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior, the authors of this descriptive correlational study explored adolescent females' attitudes, subjective norms (social pressure), perceived behavioral control, and intentions with regard to latex condom use. An elicitation study was initially conducted (n = 16) to ascertain salient beliefs related to condom use. These beliefs were then used to develop a questionnaire administered during the main study to 60 sexually active adolescent females attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Global attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predicted 50% of the variance of intentions to use condoms. Perceived behavioral control contributed the highest proportion of variance in the equation for both global and belief-based measures in stepwise regression analyses. Implications for community health practice, research, and theory are reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intentions related to adult smoking cessation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between intention, attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control related to smoking cessation in adults after initial coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The theoretical framework for the study was derived from Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior. Intention, the global and belief-based measures of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were measured with the Determinants of Adult Smoking Cessation (DOASC) Questionnaire developed by the investigator. Thirty-two adult smokers completed the questionnaire 2 to 3 weeks following hospital discharge. Four weeks after the questionnaire completion, a follow-up telephone call was used to determine the participants' current smoking status. The study results indicated that there was a statistically significant relationship between the intention to quit smoking after CABG and the global measure of attitude, and perceived behavioral control. This study highlights some of the beliefs about the outcomes of quitting smoking permanently after CABG which may underlie attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control in this population. Implications for theory, practice, and research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Adolescents' eating, exercise, and weight control behaviors: does peer crowd affiliation play a role?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between peer crowd affiliation (e.g., Jocks, Populars, Burnouts, Brains) and adolescents' eating, exercise, and weight control behaviors. The roles of gender and ethnicity were also examined. METHOD: Ethnically diverse adolescents (N = 705; 66% girls) completed the Peer Crowd Questionnaire, eating and exercise items from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, and weight control behaviors from the Eating Attitudes Test-12. RESULTS: Controlling for gender and ethnicity, adolescents affiliating with the Burnouts reported more unhealthful eating and more bulimic behaviors than others; adolescents affiliating with the Brains reported more healthful eating, less unhealthful eating, and more dieting; those affiliating with Jocks and Populars reported engaging in more exercise; and Populars also reported more unhealthful eating. In addition, boys exercised more than girls; girls reported more dieting and bulimic behaviors. Black adolescents reported more unhealthful eating and less dieting than other adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Along with gender and ethnicity, peer crowd affiliation is related to adolescents' eating, exercise, and weight control behaviors. Prevention programs should consider adolescent peer crowds in developing health promotion and obesity prevention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The pros and cons of physical restraints & behavior controls.

1. Nurses are often the victims of abuse in psychiatric settings. Employing physical and chemical restraints or behavior controls on violent or potentially violent clients has strong arguments supporting and refuting it. 2. There is a concern that restraints and behavior control techniques are morally unacceptable because their use is incompatible with respect for an individual's autonomy. 3. Those who support the use of physical restraints and behavior controls base their arguments on patient and staff safety. 4. By nature of the profession, nurses accept the responsibility of total patient care, including the well-being of abusive patients as well as others on the ward.

Freedom↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Eating disorders and personal behavioral control].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the three components of personal behavioral control: Objective control, subjective control and control beliefs among normal women, women at risk of anorexia or bulimia and women with sub-clinical eating disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 1997, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Caracas, Venezuela. The study population consisted of 87 women: 21 with sub-clinical eating disorders, 33 at risk of having an eating disorder, and 33 normal women. Measurement instruments used were: Eating Attitude Test, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Self-control Inventory, Inventory for Perceived Self-efficacy for Self-control, and the Locus of Control Inventory. Data analysis consisted of analysis of variance, and post hoc comparisons were done with the Student-Neuman-Keuls test. RESULTS: Women with sub-clinical eating disorders were found to have difficulty for behavior self-control, lower self-efficacy to regulate their behavior, and beliefs of control by powerful others over their behavior and its consequences. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study are a first attempt to understand the role of the psychological variable "personal control of behavior", as a protective or risk factor for developing sub-clinical anorexia or bulimia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Use of extreme weight control behaviors with and without binge eating in a community sample: implications for the classification of bulimic-type eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: To inform the classification of bulimic-type eating disorders not meeting formal diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa (BN), levels of eating disorder psychopathology and functional impairment associated with subjective and objective bulimic episodes (SBEs and OBEs) and purging and nonpurging methods of weight control were examined in a large community-based sample of women (n = 5,232). RESULTS: Participants who reported recurrent bulimic episodes had significantly higher levels of eating disorder psychopathology and functional impairment than those who did not and this was the case whether the episodes were objective or subjective. Similarly, participants who reported the use of extreme weight control behaviors had higher levels of eating disorder psychopathology and functional impairment than those who did not, and this was the case whether purging or nonpurging behaviors were employed. The combination of bulimic episodes and extreme weight control behaviors was associated with particularly high levels of eating disorder psychopathology and functional impairment. CONCLUSION: The combination of bulimic episodes, objective or subjective, and extreme weight control behaviors, purging or nonpurging, is significant in terms of impairment in psychosocial functioning among individuals affected by eating disorders not meeting formal diagnostic criteria for BN. The combination of SBEs and extreme weight control behaviors, in particular, warrants further investigation.

Adolescent↗