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PubMed2002

Body weight, body image, and eating behaviours: relationships with ethnicity and acculturation in a community sample of young Australian women.

A study was conducted to investigate associations between ethnicity and acculturation status and risk factors for eating disorders among young adult women. A community sample of 14,779 women aged 18-23 completed a comprehensive mail-out survey, which incorporated questions on country of birth, length of time spent in Australia, body weight, weight dissatisfaction, dieting, binge eating, and compensatory disordered eating behaviours. Results showed that risk factors for eating disorders were present across a range of ethnic groups. Further, a strong acculturation effect was observed, such that the longer the time spent in Australia, the more women reported weight-related values and behaviours similar to those of Australian-born women. Results challenge claims that risk factors for disordered eating are restricted to Caucasian females in Western societies. Implications for understanding ethnic and sociocultural influences on body weight, dieting, and disordered eating are considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to changes in body weight, body fat distribution, and body composition in adult Danes.

BACKGROUND: A diet with a high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) may promote overconsumption of energy and increase the risk of weight gain. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the relation between GI and GL of habitual diets and subsequent 6-y changes in body weight, body fat distribution, and body composition in a random group of adult Danes. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study was conducted in a subsample of men and women from the Danish arm of the Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease study. The subsample comprised 185 men and 191 women born in 1922, 1932, 1942, or 1952. A baseline health examination and a dietary history interview were carried out in 1987 and 1988; a follow-up health examination was performed in 1993 and 1994. RESULTS: Positive associations between GI and changes in body weight (DeltaBW), percentage body fat (Delta%BF), and waist circumference (DeltaWC) were observed in women after adjustment for covariates. Significant GI x sex x physical activity interactions for DeltaBW, Delta%BF, and DeltaWC were observed, and the associations in the sedentary women were particularly positive. No significant associations with GI were observed in men, and no significant associations with GL were observed in either sex. CONCLUSIONS: High-GI diets may lead to increases in BW, body fat mass, and WC in women, especially in sedentary women, which suggests that physical activity may protect against diet-induced weight gain. No associations with GI were observed in men, which suggests sex differences in the association between GI and obesity development.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Body weight, body height and menarche. Epidemiological study, in the Province of Pordenone, of the school population from 12 to 15 years old (12,000)].

The relation between body weight, height and the commencement of menstruation was studied in 5324 girls aged 12--15 yr attending secondary schools in the province of Pordenone. The mean age of menarche was 12 2/12 yr and varied little throughout the province. Weight and height appeared closely related to menarche. A threshold of 49.2 kg and 157.3 cm was noted. Attainment of these critical values was apparently the factor that influenced the age at which menstruation commenced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Body weight, body mass index, and incident symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee.

Studies have shown a positive association between obesity and knee osteoarthritis. Studies evaluating hand or hip osteoarthritis and weight, however, have assessed x-ray osteoarthritis or been cross-sectional, or both, and results of these have been inconsistent. We assessed the association between body weight, body mass index, and incident symptomatic osteoarthritis in 134 matched case-control pairs of women who were part of a case-control study on estrogen replacement therapy and osteoarthritis. We identified incident symptomatic osteoarthritis cases of the hand, hip, and knee in women ages 20-89 years who were members of a health plan between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 1993. For each case we selected a control woman who was matched by closest date of birth to the case. Medical records were reviewed to obtain weight and height information for the period before disease onset. After controlling for estrogen use, smoking status, height, and health care use, we found that body weight was a predictor of incident osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Odds ratios ranged from 3.0 to 10.5 for women in the upper tertiles of weight compared with women in the lowest tertile. Similar associations were observed for body mass index. Our results suggest that obesity is associated with the development of incident osteoarthritis at all joints studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Current percentile curves for body weight, body length and head circumference of newborn infants after the 25th week of pregnancy].

Up-to-date regional standard curves of birth weight, body length and head circumference have been derived from a survey of perinatal data (Perinatalerhebung) including 96.3% of all neonates born in 1988/89 in an area of northern Germany (westfalian districts of Münster, Detmold and Arnsberg). After exclusion of nongerman neonates, multiple births and those with doubtful date, complete data of 129,858 neonates (including 410 prematures of 25-28 gestational weeks) were evaluated. Mathematical analysis resulted in standard curves reliable between the 25 and 42 gestational weeks and between the 3rd and 97th percentile. Mean male birth weight at 40 weeks was 3612 g versus 3469 g in females. The normal range for boys was 2800-4500 g, and 2650-4350 g for girls. Irrespective of sex, mean body length of term neonates was 52.3 cm (48-57), mean head circumference was 35.2 cm (33-38). We suggest the use of these standard curves for newborns in northern Germany.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2004

Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE--a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major health problem due, in part, to physical inactivity. The amount of activity needed to prevent weight gain is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of different amounts and intensities of exercise training. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial (February 1999-July 2002). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Sedentary, overweight men and women (aged 40-65 years) with mild to moderate dyslipidemia were recruited from Durham, NC, and surrounding communities. INTERVENTIONS: Eight-month exercise program with 3 groups: (1) high amount/vigorous intensity (calorically equivalent to approximately 20 miles [32.0 km] of jogging per week at 65%-80% peak oxygen consumption); (2) low amount/vigorous intensity (equivalent to approximately 12 miles [19.2 km] of jogging per week at 65%-80%), and (3) low amount/moderate intensity (equivalent to approximately 12 miles [19.2 km] of walking per week at 40%-55%). Subjects were counseled not to change their diet and were encouraged to maintain body weight. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body weight, body composition (via skinfolds), and waist circumference. RESULTS: Of 302 subjects screened, 182 met criteria and were randomized and 120 completed the study. There was a significant (P<.05) dose-response relationship between amount of exercise and amount of weight loss and fat mass loss. The high-amount/vigorous-intensity group lost significantly more body mass (in mean [SD] kilograms) and fat mass (in mean [SD] kilograms) (-2.9 [2.8] and -4.8 [3.0], respectively) than the low-amount/moderate-intensity group (-0.9 [1.8] and -2.0 [2.6], respectively), the low-amount/vigorous-intensity group (-0.6 [2.0] and -2.5 [3.4], respectively), and the controls (+1.0 [2.1] and +0.4 [3.0], respectively). Both low-amount groups had significantly greater improvements than controls but were not different from each other. Compared with controls, all exercise groups significantly decreased abdominal, minimal waist, and hip circumference measurements. There were no significant changes in dietary intake for any group. CONCLUSIONS: In nondieting, overweight subjects, the controls gained weight, both low-amount exercise groups lost weight and fat, and the high-amount group lost more of each in a dose-response manner. These findings strongly suggest that, absent changes in diet, a higher amount of activity is necessary for weight maintenance and that the positive caloric imbalance observed in the overweight controls is small and can be reversed by a modest amount of exercise. Most individuals can accomplish this by walking 30 minutes every day.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Body weight, body condition score, and wither height of prepartum Holstein cows and birth weight and sex of calves by parity: a database and summary.

Measurements of body weight (BW), body condition score, wither height, calf birth weight, and calf sex were recorded by parity from 728 Holstein cows and heifers at the Purina Research Center during the 8-wk prepartum period. Data were compiled over 5 yr. Mean daily BW gain was 0.93 kg. Loss of BW at parturition was 11.1%. Mean body condition score was 3.35 (five-point scale where 1 = thin to 5 = obese) and did not change during the 8-wk period. However, body condition score was lower for second parity cows than for heifers or cows in third or greater parity. Wither height averaged 138 cm at first parity and increased 3 cm from first to second parity. During fifth and sixth parities, wither height peaked at an additional 2 to 3 cm. Birth weights for all calves averaged 41.4 kg. Male calves were 8.5% heavier than female calves. Calves born to cows in second or greater parity had increased BW by 7 to 8%. Mean BW of twin calves was 15% less than that of single calves.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Interrelationships between body weight, body fat distribution and insulin in obese women before and after hypocaloric feeding and weight loss.

The effects were investigated of weight loss on the relationship between hyperinsulinemia, body weight and body fat distribution in two groups of women with central-type obesity (CTO) (waist-to-hip ratio WHR greater than 0.85) or peripheral-type obesity (PTO) (WHR less than 0.85). An oral glucose tolerance test was carried out before and after a hypocaloric nutritional treatment lasting 4 months. Both groups were matched for age, body mass index and amount of body fat. At the basal condition, group CTO had fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin levels significantly higher than group PTO; fasting (but not stimulated) C peptide levels were also higher in CTO compared with PTO. Weight and fat loss were significantly higher in CTO than in PTO women. Moreover, unlike PTO, CTO subjects significantly reduced their WHR values. In both groups weight loss led to a significant drop in fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin and C peptide levels. However, PTO women reduced their C peptide levels significantly less than CTO. In conclusion, weight loss only modified body fat distribution in women with CTO, who appeared to be prone to a greater weight loss than the PTO women. Compared to PTO, CTO women were characterized by higher insulin levels and peripheral insulin resistance, which improved during hypocaloric feeding probably due to the combined effect of weight loss and the change in body fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Failure to demonstrate an effect of dietary fatty acid composition on body weight, body composition and parameters of lipid metabolism in mature rats.

The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of dietary fatty acid composition on body composition and on several parameters of lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and to assess the ease of weight loss with restricted dietary intake. Rats were fed diets containing 14% fish oil, safflower oil or beef fat plus 2% corn oil. These diets were fed ad libitum for 4 wk (first phase). A number of the animals from each group were killed, and the others were fed 50% of their first-phase food intake for an additional 4 wk (second phase). The diets used in the second phase contained 3% of the above fats plus 2% corn oil. Food consumption, food efficiency and body weights were monitored. After the rats were killed, fatty acid composition of epididymal fat pads was examined. In addition, in vivo lipolysis and in vitro lipogenesis in epididymal fat pads were examined. The results indicate that dietary fatty acid composition had no effect on body weight, food consumption, in vivo lipolysis and in vitro lipogenesis in epididymal fat pads. In addition, although dietary fatty acid manipulation resulted in alteration in adipose tissue fatty acid composition, it had no effect on the rate of weight loss, body composition, in vivo lipolysis and in vitro lipogenesis in epididymal fat pads. It is concluded that dietary fatty acid composition does not play a role in body composition and in lipid metabolism in adipose tissue of mature rats.

Animals↗