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PubMed2000

[Genetic diversity of mtDNA of domestic camels (C. bactrianus) in China].

In this paper the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 87 domestic camels from Gansu, Xingjiang and Inner Mongolia were analyzed. Totally 18 restriction endonucleases including Apa I, Ava I, BamH I, Bcl I, Bgl I, Bgl II, Dra I, EcoR I, EcoR V, Hind III, Kpn I, Pvu II, Sac I, Sal I, Sca I, Sma I, Xba I and Xho I were used to investigate the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of camel mtDNA through Southern blotting to reveal the genetic diversity within three groups of domestic camel and the genetic relationships among the three domestic groups. The results indicated that the average molecular weight of camel mtDNA is 16.26 +/- 0.28 kb, the camel mtDNA is inherited maternally and no variations and heteroplasmy are found in camel mtDNA. Among the 82 domestic camels, 35 restriction morph and 12 haplotypes were detected, and the value of average sequence variation within the domestic population (pi) is 0.2273%, which showed a relatively rich genetic diversity existed in the domestic camels. From F-test of the haplotype distribution and comparison of the haplotype sharement between the 3 domestic camel groups, it was suggested that there is no obvious genetic divergence and that the rich genetic diversity comes from the variation among individuals instead of the genetic divergence between groups. All domestic camels could be divided into 2 types (A and B) with a significant genetic distance (P = 0.0464).

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Induction of sexual activity in female camels during the nonbreeding season.

Sixteen anestrous adult female camels (Camelus dromedarius ) in good health and with inactive ovaries were selected from the herd during the month of June (non-breeding season). The camels were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. To induce ovarian activity, camels in Groups I,II and III were given an intramuscular injection of 250 mg hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate followed by 1000 IU eCG on days 2 and 3 of treatment. The camels were mated on Day 5 after the last eCG injection. Ovulation in Groups II and III was induced by intravenous administration of 3000 IU hCG and 40 mcg GnRH, respectively. Group IV was administered saline and served as the control. Periodic examinations per rectum were performed to explore the status of the ovaries. Blood samples were collected at 8 different stages and sera were analyzed for estradiol 17-B and progesterone using specific RIA kits. All camels in the control and treated groups were mated successfully. Levels of estradiol 17-B did not exhibit any particular trend. Blood progesterone levels suggested ovulation in 2 camels (50%) in Group I and in 3 camels (75%) in each of Groups of II and III. This was confirmed by presence of CL in the ovary during per rectum examination. No camel ovulated in the control group. One camel conceived in each of Groups I and III.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera from camels from Egypt.

Sera from camels from Egypt were examined by the direct agglutination tests incorporating mercaptoethanol for antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. Antibodies to N. caninum were found in 6 of 161 camels in titers of 1:40 (2 camels) and 1:80, 1:160, 1:640, and 1:1280 in 1 camel each, using N. caninum formalin preserved whole tachyzoites as antigen. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 17.4% of 166 camels in titers of 1:25 (3 camels), 1:50 (18 camels). and > 1:500 (8 camels) using T. gondii tachyzoites. All 6 camels with N. caninum antibodies had no T. gondii antibodies in 1:4 dilution of serum, indicating specificity of the reaction. This is the first report of N. caninum prevalence in Egypt.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed2002

Serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in naturally infected camels.

An ELISA was developed for serological detection of Echinococcus granulosus infection in dromedary camels. Antigen B (AgB) partially purified from hydatid cyst fluid of camels or sheep naturally infected with cystic echinococcosis (CE) due to E. granulosus, as well as a recombinant antigen B product (r-AgB) were used in an ELISA to screen panels of serum samples from slaughtered camels naturally infected with CE. Native hydatid cyst fluid antigen preparations were able to detect antibodies in sera from a significant proportion of camels with CE, as confirmed at post-mortem. Seroreactivity however, was variable. ELISA specificity for sera from naturally infected camels versus inspection-negative animals ranged from 90 to 99%. Native antigen B gave the highest sensitivity (97%) in ELISA for camel CE confirmed at slaughter. In contrast, r-AgB gave lower sensitivity for camel (84%) and sheep (28%) CE. The r-AgB-ELISA was, however, highly specific (90 and 95%) respectively for both camel and sheep natural CE infection. These results indicate that an ELISA based on serum antibody detection to AgB could be developed for immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in camels.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Disposition kinetics of tylosin tartrate administered intravenously and intramuscularly to normal and water-deprived camels.

The disposition kinetics of tylosin tartrate administered intravenously (i.v.) at 10 mg/kg and intramuscularly (i.m.) at 20 mg/kg were studied in normal camels and in the same camels at the end of a 14 day water-deprivation period. After i.v. treatment, serum tylosin concentrations in the water-deprived camels were significantly higher, rate of drug elimination was slower, the volume of distribution was significantly smaller, and total body clearance was significantly slower than in the normal camels. On the other hand, serum drug concentrations were lower in the water deprived camels after i.m. dosing, the mean absorption time was significantly shorter and the i.m. availability was significantly smaller than in the normal camels. Water-deprivation was thought to cause reduced rate of tylosin elimination by the liver, as was shown for antipyrine--a drug which is eliminated from the body exclusively by the liver. Redistribution of tylosin in tissues concomitant with a greater proportion of drug in blood and extracellular fluid of water-deprived camels was suggested as a partial explanation for the higher serum drug levels seen after i.v. dosing. The low i.m. availability observed in the water-deprived camels implies that i.v. is the route of choice for tylosin administration to ill, dehydrated camels.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

The bioavailability of febantel in dehydrated camels.

In the present study the bioavailability of febantel paste and febantel suspension was investigated in the fully hydrated and the dehydrated camel. The serum concentrations of febantel and its metabolites, fenbendazole, oxfendazole and fenbendazole sulfone were determined by high performance liquid chromatography following extraction with ether. The exposure to febantel and its metabolites in fully hydrated camels was significantly higher in camels dosed with febantel paste compared to febantel suspension, as measured by AUC and Cmax. The AUC and Cmax of fenbendazole and oxfendazole were significantly lower in dehydrated camels as compared to control camels dosed with febantel paste. The systemic availability of febantel suspension in control and dehydrated camels was very low and differences between dehydration and control phases were insignificant. The low systemic availability of febantel in camels dosed with febantel suspension may cause nematodes to become resistant to this anthelmintic. It is, thus, suggested to increase the dose of febantel paste in dehydrated camels in order to increase the exposure to febantel and its metabolites. The binding of febantel, fenbendazole, oxfendazole and fenbendazole sulfone to camels' serum proteins was over 85%. Oxfendazole was only about 70% bound. Dehydration of 10 days did not affect the binding of these benzimidazole derivatives to serum proteins.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2003

Serum protein electrophoretic pattern in young and adult camels.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in clinically healthy adult camels (between 3 and 8 years of age) and camel calves (less than 3 months of age). DESIGN: Laboratory analysis of serum from healthy camels. PROCEDURE: Blood was collected from 30 healthy adult camels and 30 camel calves and the serum separated. Total protein of each serum sample was estimated by automated chemistry analyser. The proteins were fractionated by automated electrophoresis on agarose gel. RESULTS: Serum proteins migrated on the agarose gel as one albumin, two alpha (alpha1 and alpha2-globulins), two beta (beta1 and beta2-globulins) and one gamma-globulin fractions. In adult camels the mean concentration of total protein, albumin alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 and gamma-globulins was 56.8 +/- 1.5, 30.7 +/- 0.8, 2.4 +/- 0.1, 3.2 +/- 0.1, 9.7 +/- 0.3, 3.4 +/- 0.2 and 8.6 +/- 0.3 g/L, respectively. These values in calves were 49.7 +/- 1.8, 23.7 +/- 0.8, 3.2 +/- 0.2, 3.1 +/- 0.2, 14.2 +/- 0.2, 4.0 +/- 0.2 and 4.1 +/- 0.2 g/L, respectively. CONCLUSION: The concentration of total proteins, albumin and gamma-globulins was higher (P < 0.05) in the adult camels than in camel calves. The concentrations of beta1 globulins was higher (P < 0.05) in calves as compared to adult camels.

Aging↗

PubMed2006

Effect of high-calorie diet on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The one-humped camel is a typical desert animal. It has the capability of withstanding the harsh climatic changes and the scarcity of food and water, in addition to the high-ambient temperature. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in two different groups of the one-humped camel, group (A) control (n = 102) camels and group (B) high-calorie diet-fed camels (n = 103), in Al-Ain region (UAE) was studied using biochemical and radioimmunoassay techniques. In this article, 7% of the control camels have diabetes mellitus (blood glucose level: > or =140 mg/dL) compared to 21% of the high-calorie-fed camels. Plasma insulin level was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group B compared to group A. The low insulin level in camels consuming high-caloric diet could be a sign of exhaustion of pancreatic beta cells. The hematological parameters were nearly similar in both groups and no significant differences were seen. Liver and kidney enzymes were normal in both groups. Iron and copper were significantly (P < 0.005) higher in the high-calorie-fed camels compared with the control. Our study indicates that high-caloric feed consumption in camels is associated with the development of disorders in glucose metabolism leading to diabetes mellitus.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Control of luteolysis in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Blood plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2 alpha (PGFM) were measured in groups of mature non-pregnant and pregnant camels to study PGF2 alpha release patterns around the time of luteolysis and the timing of the signal for pregnancy recognition. Injection of each of four camels with 10 and 50 mg of PGF2 alpha showed clearly that five times the dose of exogenous hormone produced five times the amount of PGFM in peripheral plasma, thereby indicating that, as in other animal species, PGFM is the principal metabolite of PGF2 alpha in the camel. Serial sampling of three non-pregnant camels on each of days 8, 10 and 12, and three pregnant camels on day 10, after ovulation for 8 h showed a significant (P < 0.05) rise in mean plasma PGFM concentrations only on day 10 in the non-pregnant, but not the pregnant, animals. A single intravenous injection of 20, 50 or 100 iu oxytocin given to three groups of three non-pregnant camels on day 10 after ovulation did not increase their basal serum PGFM concentrations. However, daily treatment of six non-pregnant camels between days 6 and 15 (n = 3) or 20 (n = 3) after ovulation with 1-2 g of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, meclofenamic acid, inhibited PGF2 alpha release and thereby resulted in continued progesterone secretion throughout the period of meclofenamic acid administration. These results showed that, as in other large domestic animal species, release of PGF2 alpha from, presumably, the endometrium controls luteolysis in the dromedary camel. Furthermore, reduction in the amount of PGF2 alpha released is associated with luteal maintenance and the embryonic signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy must be transmitted before day 10 after ovulation if luteostasis is to be achieved. However, the results also indicate that, in contrast to ruminants, the release of endometrial PGF2 alpha in the non-pregnant camel may not be controlled by the release of oxytocin.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Purification and some properties of camel lens crystallins.

Five major crystallin fractions were found in camel lens fractionated by Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. These crystallin fractions were named alpha high (alpha H), alpha low (alpha L), beta high (beta H), beta low (beta L) and gamma (gamma) by comparison with the elution profiles and molecular weights of rabbit crystallins. The amino acid composition and isoelectric focusing bands for crystallins of camel and rabbit were remarkably similar, but individual differences were found. By means of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two alpha H crystallin subunits, of 23K and 20K molecular weight, were found in camel and rabbit. Likewise, a single 21K molecular weight band was found in the gamma crystallin of camel and rabbit. In camel, the beta high crystallin consisted of five major subunits, while rabbit beta high crystallin consisted of only three subunits. On SDS-PAGE, camel and rabbit beta low crystallins both showed two major subunits of 27K and 23K molecular weight but camel beta low crystallin showed an additional 35K molecular weight subunit. Characterization of camel lens crystallins may contribute to understanding the effect of aging on aggregation of camel crystallins.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2026

Toxoplasma gondii IgG seroprevalence in Mauritanian dromedary camels: First multi-regional survey.

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed zoonotic parasite, and dromedary camels are important intermediate hosts in arid and semi-arid regions. However, information on T. gondii exposure in camels is lacking in Mauritania, which harbors one of the largest camel populations in West Africa. This study reports the first multi-regional seroepidemiological survey to estimate T. gondii seroprevalence and identify associated risk factors in Mauritanian dromedaries. Between 2023 and 2024, serum samples were collected from 953 camels across eight climatically distinct regions. Anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were detected using the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT; cutoff≥1:20). Risk factors investigated included geographical region, sex, age group, and season of sampling, using multivariable logistic regression and a mixed-effects linear probability model accounting for regional clustering. The overall seroprevalence was 15.0% (143/953). Exposure varied markedly across regions, ranging from 0% in the hyper-arid northern regions of Adrar and Tagant to 41.7% in the southern Sahelian region of Guidimakha. This pronounced spatial gradient is consistent with contrasting climatic and ecological conditions, as higher rainfall and humidity in the south are hypothesized to favor environmental oocyst survival compared to the extreme aridity of the north. Geographical region and age were independent predictors of seropositivity. Compared with camels from Nouakchott, those from Guidimakha had higher odds of exposure (aOR = 2.63), whereas camels from Trarza had a markedly lower risk (aOR = 0.09). Camels older than 6 years were more than twice as likely to be seropositive as those aged 3-5 years, whereas sex and season were not associated with seropositivity. These findings indicate that T. gondii exposure is widespread in Mauritanian dromedaries and that ecological conditions may influence exposure patterns. The marked spatial heterogeneity supports targeted surveillance and One Health interventions to reduce the potential zoonotic risk associated with camel-derived food products.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the Sinai, Egypt with a note on the acaricidal efficacy of ivermectin.

In this study, tick burdens on camels (Camelus dromedarius) were determined in the vicinity of the St. Catherine monastery, Sinai, Egypt. In total 2,545 ticks (1,491 adults and 1,054 nymphs) were collected and identified. Mean tick burdens were relatively heavy and the range in number of ticks per camel was very broad (6-173). Hyalomma dromedarii was the predominant tick species and accounted for 95.6% of the adult ticks. Other ticks found were H. marginatum subspp. and H. anatolicum excavatum. All nymphs collected were Hyalomma spp. In addition, the effect of ivermectin (Ivomec MSD AGVET) on tick burdens, when given subcutaneously at 0.2 mg/kg-1, was evaluated in nine camels in the date-palm plantation of Kibbutz Yahel in the Arava valley, Israel. Initial tick burdens on these camels (half-body tick counts) ranged from 20-105 ticks per camel. Seven camels from the same herd with half-body tick counts ranging from 40-107 ticks per camel were not treated and served as a control group. Ivermectin was not effective against Hyalomma tick infestation in camels under these conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Zero prevalence of diabetes in camel milk consuming Raica community of north-west Rajasthan, India.

OBJECTIVES: Preliminary trials reflected the low prevalence of diabetes in Raica community consuming camel milk habitually. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and clinical factors associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes (DM) among adults (>or=20 years) in large population group. DESIGN: Population based, cross sectional study METHODS: 2099 participants from different villages of north-west Rajasthan were selected using stratified sampling of a representative Raica and non-Raica Community, consuming or not consuming camel milk. Demographic, clinical, anthropometric parameters were obtained and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in all individuals to diagnose IFG, IGT and DM. Associations were investigated using multivariate logistic regression using SPSS Version 10.0. RESULTS: In the present study, the prevalence of diabetes in Raica community consuming camel milk (RCCM, n=501) was 0%; Raica community not consuming camel milk (RCNCM, n=554) was 0.7%; non-Raica community consuming milk (NRCCM, n=515) was 0.4% and non-Raica community not consuming camel milk (NRCNCM, n=529) was 5.5%. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that consumption of camel milk was statistically highly significant as protective factor for diabetes. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that camel milk consumption and community factor were associated with decreased prevalence of diabetes. CONCLUSION: Camel milk consumption and lifestyle have definite influence on prevalence of diabetes. Hence, adopting such life pattern may play protective role in preventing diabetes to some extent.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Ethnoveterinary practices of owners of pneumatic-cart pulling camels in Faisalabad City (Pakistan).

The present study was planned to investigate the ethnoveterinary methods practiced by the owners of pneumatic-cart pulling camels in Faisalabad Metropolis (Pakistan). During a 7-year-period (November 1992-November 1999), 200 owners of draught camels working in the city were interviewed. Information concerning the ethnoveterinary practices for the treatment of common disorders of digestive tract (indigestion, colic and diarrhea), respiratory tract (cold/rhinitis, pneumonia), skin problems (mange, ulceration of nostrils with or without nasal myiasis, ticks and lice, harness sores), systemic states (fever, ze/rba/d, anhidrosis) and preventive therapy of indigestion and halitosis was collected through interviews and collated with those documented for the treatment of desert-dwelling camels. Familiarity of owners with two traditional methods of surra (trypanosomiasis) diagnosis ('Sand-ball test' and 'Hair-stick test') known to pastorilists was also probed. In addition, the dose and frequency of use of common salt was investigated. Traditional inputs utilized by the camel owners included various plant products, insecticides, sulphur, sump oil, common salt, aspirin, naphthalene balls and milk fat. Different owners used different combinations of traditional drugs for the treatment of disorders/conditions investigated. None of the camel owners was found familiar with the 'Sand-ball test' or 'Hair-stick test' of trypanosomiasis diagnosis. For the prevention of indigestion and halitosis all camel owners had practiced administration of 'massaulas' (physic drench/balls) along with common salt (average 250 g) on weekly basis. Firing had not been used by any owner. In general, the ethnoveterinary treatment practices used by the owners of city-dwelling camels appear to be different from those documented for the treatment of diseases of desert-dwelling camels.

Animal Diseases↗

PubMed2005

Factors associated with adverse reactions induced by caprylic acid-fractionated whole IgG preparations: comparison between horse, sheep and camel IgGs.

Caprylic acid purification of IgG, currently used in the manufacture of horse-derived antivenoms, was successfully adapted for the preparation of sheep and camel IgG. Sheep IgG had a molecular mass of approximately 150 kDa, whereas camel IgG presented two bands of molecular masses of approximately 160 and 100 kDa, the latter corresponding to heavy-chain IgG, which is devoid of light chains. Horse, sheep and camel IgGs were compared by several parameters aiming at predicting their potential for induction of early and late adverse reactions. Horse and sheep IgGs showed a higher anticomplementary activity than camel IgG, and also elicited a higher anti-IgG response than camel IgG, when injected in mice. Horse IgG agglutinated human type O+ erythrocytes, whereas no such reactivity was observed in sheep and camel IgG preparations. A novel procedure was used for the detection of antibodies in human serum against animal IgGs. It was found that a pool of human sera collected in Costa Rica had a higher titer of antibodies directed against horse and sheep IgGs than against camel IgG. Overall, camel IgG showed the lowest potential for the induction of adverse reactions among the three IgGs tested.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Transmission dynamics of the Echinococcus granulosus sheep-dog strain (G1 genotype) in camels in Tunisia.

Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is highly endemic in North Africa and the Middle East. This paper examines the abundance and prevalence of infection of E. granulosus in camels in Tunisia. No cysts were found in 103 camels from Kébili, whilst 19 of 188 camels from Benguerden (10.1%) were infected. Of the cysts found 95% were considered fertile with the presence of protoscolices and 80% of protoscolices were considered viable by their ability to exclude aqueous eosin. Molecular techniques were used on cyst material from camels and this demonstrated that the study animals were infected with the G1 sheep strain of E. granulosus. Observed data were fitted to a mathematical model by maximum likelihood techniques to define the parameters and their confidence limits and the negative binomial distribution was used to define the error variance in the observed data. The infection pressure to camels was somewhat lower in comparison to sheep reported in an earlier study. However, because camels are much longer-lived animals, the results of the model fit suggested that older camels have a relatively high prevalence rate, reaching a most likely value of 32% at age 15 years. This could represent an important source of transmission to dogs and hence indirectly to man of this zonotic strain. In common with similar studies on other species, there was no evidence of parasite-induced immunity in camels.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in camels using PCR and CATT/T. evansi tests in Kenya.

Camel trypanosomosis (Surra) causes high morbidity and is an impediment to the camel husbandry in Kenya. The lack of a sensitive diagnostic test has hindered the collection of accurate epidemiological data and institution of control programmes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts of Kenya to estimate the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) and to compare four diagnostic tests: polymerase chain reaction (PCR), card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi), microhaematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and mouse inoculation (MI). A total of 549 camels were randomly sampled. The overall prevalence of Surra was 5.3% using MHCT, 26.6% using PCR and 45.9% using CATT/T.evansi. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between PCR and CATT/T.evansi test, MHCT and MI in detection of T. evansi. The prevalence of T. evansi was 39.8% in Samburu, 24.7% in Nanyuki and 14.4% in Isiolo districts using PCR. A male camel was 2.6 times more likely to be infected with T. evansi compared to a female camel (OR = 3.0% CI: 1.6, 4.1), while an adult camel was 2.2 times more likely to be infected compared to non-adults (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.2, 5.0). There was a poor association between the presence of the published clinical signs and seropositivity (kappa = 0.12), PCR (kappa = 0.11) and MHCT (kappa = 0.05). However, there was a higher agreement between farmers' classification of disease with the PCR test (kappa = 0.5, n = 61). The mean PCV varied with age, presence of infection, locality and gender, with the lowest mean PCV being recorded in MHCT-positive animals (20.97 +/- 0.5) and from infected calves (19.5 +/- 1.2). This study shows that PCR was more sensitive in detecting T. evansi than other tests used. Further, the prevalence of T. evansi in the camel herds sampled is higher than that previously reported in Kenya, and that the judgment by camel keepers may be a reliable "pen-side" diagnostic test for Surra. Considering the low sensitivity of parasitological techniques in detection of chronic T. evansi infection and high cost of PCR, development of a sensitive pen side diagnostic test, with a low cost is still a priority.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

Prevalence of Surra among camels and horses in Jordan.

The prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection among camels and horses in Jordan was studied using thick blood smears and inoculation techniques with mice and rats. A total of 437 camels and 83 horses from four climatic zones were surveyed. In addition, 40 donkeys, 32 cattle and 35 goats in contact with infected camels and horses were also tested in the same way. Clinical disease was evident in 8.2% of the camels (36 out of 437) and in 9.6% of the horses (8 out of 83). Infection was limited only to the Sweama area on the Dead Sea (within the warm desert-climatic zone), with prevalence of 30.5% and 33.3%, respectively, for camels and horses. Donkeys, cattle and goats examined were all free from T. evansi. Clinically affected camels were positive by both, thick blood smear and mouse and rat inoculations. Rat and mouse inoculations revealed (X2 = 3.2, df = 1, exact p = 0.07) greater number of positive cases in horses than those revealed by thick blood smears. T. evansi-infected camels and horses showed all the clinical signs known for Surra. In addition, it was observed that 100% of infected camels stared at the sun.

Animals↗