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PubMed1999

Charles Darwin (1758-1778) and the history of the early use of digitalis. 1934.

The evidence which I have just summarized establishes priority of publication concerning the action of digitalis for Erasmus Darwin, but on every other ground, Withering deserves full credit for the discovery. Charles Darwin, the medical student, had been informed of its action by his father and had attempted to account for it on the basis of improvement of lymphatic drainage. But the work, accomplished by the first Charles Darwin is less significant than the abundant evidence of his intellectual ability and precocity, and I have ventured to lay the details of his career before you because of their intrinsic interest and in the hope that the information will serve in a small way to clarify the unsolved problem of the relation of nature to nurture in establishing mental traits and capacities.

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents↗

PubMed2026

Identifying potential drug targets for physical and cognitive frailty: an integrative analysis of CHARLS cohort, mendelian randomization, and gene colocalization.

With the aging of the population, frailty has become a common syndrome that severely affects the quality of life of older adults. This study aims to analyze the correlation between cognition and frailty, physical activity and frailty, and elucidate the potential pharmacological targets of cognitive frailty and physical frailty.We conducted logistic regression analyses using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) to examine the associations between total cognition and frailty, physical activity and frailty. Furthermore, summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) and two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) were employed to explore potential pharmacological targets for frailty. Genes associated with physical frailty and cognitive frailty were identified, followed by analysis via colocalization analysis, phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS), and DsigDB drug prediction. Cross-sectional analysis of CHARLs revealed that total cognition(OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.92-0.95) and middle physical activity(OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.97) were negatively correlated with frailty. SMR identified 41 drug genes associated with frailty, and subsequent TSMR validation and co-localization analysis showed that 11 candidate genes exhibited strong colocalization (PP.H4 > 0.8). GRPEL 1, PABPC 4, and WBP 2NL were ultimately identified as potential drug targets associated with physical frailty, while LANCL1, LRPPRC, FADS1, and WBP2NL were identified as potential drug targets associated with cognitive frailty. Phenome-wide association analysis(PheWAS) did not reveal any significant associations between these genes and other phenotypes at the genome-wide significance threshold. Laudanosine, 25-hydroxycholesterol, and hexadecanal emerged as the top three candidate compounds for therapeutic intervention. We identified potential drug targets for physical frailty and cognitive frailty through comprehensive analysis and elucidated drugs associated with potentially relevant genetic markers, thereby laying the foundation for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of frailty.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Mapping turbidity in the Charles River, Boston using a high-resolution satellite.

The usability of high-resolution satellite imagery for estimating spatial water quality patterns in urban water bodies is evaluated using turbidity in the lower Charles River, Boston as a case study. Water turbidity was surveyed using a boat-mounted optical sensor (YSI) at 5 m spatial resolution, resulting in about 4,000 data points. The ground data were collected coincidently with a satellite imagery acquisition (IKONOS), which consists of multispectral (R, G, B) reflectance at 1 m resolution. The original correlation between the raw ground and satellite data was poor (R2 = 0.05). Ground data were processed by removing points affected by contamination (e.g., sensor encounters a particle floc), which were identified visually. Also, the ground data were corrected for the memory effect introduced by the sensor's protective casing using an analytical model. Satellite data were processed to remove pixels affected by permanent non-water features (e.g., shoreline). In addition, water pixels within a certain buffer distance from permanent non-water features were removed due to contamination by the adjacency effect. To determine the appropriate buffer distance, a procedure that explicitly considers the distance of pixels to the permanent non-water features was applied. Two automatic methods for removing the effect of temporary non-water features (e.g., boats) were investigated, including (1) creating a water-only mask based on an unsupervised classification and (2) removing (filling) all local maxima in reflectance. After the various processing steps, the correlation between the ground and satellite data was significantly better (R2 = 0.70). The correlation was applied to the satellite image to develop a map of turbidity in the lower Charles River, which reveals large-scale patterns in water clarity. However, the adjacency effect prevented the application of this method to near-shore areas, where high-resolution patterns were expected (e.g., outfall plumes).

Boston↗

PubMed1980

Charles procedure for lymphedema: a warning.

Five patients with lower extremity lymphedema treated by subcutaneous excision and split-thickness graft resurfacing (from the opposite extremity) have been followed up. Three of these patients underwent amputation of the leg because of exophytic changes within the grafted skin, chronic cellulitis and skin breakdown. Resurfacing with a split-thickness graft causes a deformity that is significantly worse than the original lymphedema. In the Charles procedure (subcutaneous and deep fascial excision followed by full-thickness grafts), deep muscle fascia should be excised with the subcutaneous tissue and the extremity resurfaced with more durable full-thickness grafts taken from the excised tissue. However, the risks of graft failure should be considered. Over the past 9 years, 25 patients with lymphedema have been successfully managed by staged subcutaneous excision beneath flaps. This procedure safely provides consistent reduction in size, improvement in function and very satisfactory esthetic results. In the author's opinion the Charles procedure is therefore preferred for treating lymphedema of the extremity.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Isolated visual hallucinations and the Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review of the literature and presentation of six cases.

Vivid visual hallucinations without other psychopathology have been reported for several hundred years. However, there is no consensus on whether these hallucinations should be considered a separate syndrome, the Charles Bonnet syndrome, or whether eye disease or brain disease is a necessary or exclusionary criterion for diagnosing this syndrome. In an attempt to resolve these issues, this article reviews the literature on isolated visual hallucinations and presents follow-up data from six cases. Criteria for diagnosing the Charles Bonnet syndrome are suggested.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical evaluation of 14 patients with the Charles Bonnet syndrome (isolated visual hallucinations).

A group of 14 patients with isolated visual hallucinations who met the criteria proposed by Gold and Rabins for Charles Bonnet syndrome (with the exception of the criterion "hallucinations are stereotyped") underwent psychiatric, neurologic, and ophthalmologic tests. Additional common characteristics of the hallucinations included the absence of personal meaning of the content of the hallucinations and the disappearance of the hallucinations when the patients closed their eyes. There was no evidence for a relationship of the syndrome to psychiatric disorders. In the majority of cases, ocular pathology and neurologic disturbances were diagnosed. There was also evidence that most patients were suffering from social isolation. From these data it is concluded that a combination of factors is probably responsible for the Charles Bonnet syndrome.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Giant platelet disorder in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, functional, and morphologic characteristics of platelets in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel dogs (Cavaliers). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood from 69 clinically normal Cavaliers was collected and anticoagulated with ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citrate. Automated and manual platelet counts were obtained. Percent platelet aggregation in response to ADP (2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 microM) was determined. Electron microscopy was performed to examine platelet internal morphology and dense granule distribution. A cardiologist recorded the quality of murmurs. RESULTS: Thrombocytopenia (<100,000/microL) was present in 51.43% (36/69) of Cavaliers. Macrothrombocytes (>3 microm) were present in 33.33% (22/69). Mean manual platelet count was 118,770/microL. Manual (EDTA blood) and automated (EDTA and citrated blood) methods of platelet counting were correlated. Prevalence of cardiac murmurs was 38% (26/69). There was no association between affected dogs and murmur, signalment, or coat color. Mean percent platelet aggregation was significantly higher in controls than in Cavaliers (79% vs 38%, p=0.001). Response to ADP was unaffected by thrombocytopenia, macrothrombocytes, murmur, or any combination thereof. Platelet electron microscopy showed normal and giant sized platelets with normal internal morphology. CONCLUSIONS: A benign inherited giant platelet disorder affects approximately 50% of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. It is characterized by thrombocytopenia, macrothrombocytes, or decreased platelet aggregation in response to ADP. Platelet ultrastructure is normal. Citrated or EDTA blood provides accurate platelet counts. Further studies are indicated to determine platelet glycoprotein structure and any association with mitral endocardiosis. Cavaliers may be useful models of inherited giant platelet disorders.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed2006

Identification of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec encoding methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates at Charles Nicolle Hospital of Tunis.

Staphylococcal cassette chromosome is a mobile element that carries the gene mecA mediating the methicillin resistance in staphylococci. In Staphylococcus aureus five types of SCCmec have been described, which differs in size and genetic composition among strains. SCCmec typing of 34 non redundant methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) recovered in 2004 at Charles Nicolle Hospital of Tunis was carried out. The isolates were identified by conventional methods. Methicillin resistance was detected by oxacillin and cefoxitin disks and confirmed by mecA PCR. The SCCmec complex types were determined by using PCR which amplify a sequence overlapping the right SCCmec chromosome junction. Strains were recovered mainly from cutaneous pus (61.7%) and blood cultures (17.64%). They were isolated from different wards: medicine (53.1%) especially from dermatology (41.2%); surgery (40.6%) and pediatrics (3.1%). Only two strains were community-acquired MRSA. Two strains (5.9%) were harboring SCCmec type I; five (14.7%) SCCmec type II and 27 (79.4%) SCCmec type III. The two community-acquired MRSA were harboring type II and III SCCmec, usually found in hospital acquired MRSA. Our findings indicate that there are only three SCCmec types at Charles Nicolle Hospital. However, the existence of SCCmec types II and III in community incite us to investigate more community-acquired MRSA.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed2000

Estrogen and visual hallucinations in a patient with Charles Bonnet syndrome.

PURPOSE: To describe the occurrence of visual hallucinations in a patient with Charles Bonnet syndrome associated with estrogen intake. METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: An 84-year-old woman with poor visual acuity secondary to bilateral, nonexudative, age-related macular degeneration had nonthreatening visual hallucinations 2 weeks after starting oral estrogen for osteoporosis. The estrogen was stopped, and the hallucinations subsided. The patient was given estrogen twice more and each time the hallucinations recurred. CONCLUSION: We report a case of Charles Bonnet syndrome associated with estrogen intake in an 84-year-old woman. Estrogen may have promoted release phenomena and triggered the hallucinatory episodes in our patient.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

The life and death of Captain Charles Martell and kidney stone disease.

Hyperparathyroidism was unknown in this country until the diagnosis was first made by Eugene F. DuBois in 1926. The patient was Captain Charles Martell, a mariner who had become disabled by demineralization of the skeleton during many years. Finally, a parathyroid adenoma was removed at the seventh operation in 1932. Urinary calculi were a major part of the long illness and their complications caused death. Charles Martell contributed significantly to our knowledge of calcium metabolism in general and kidney stone disease in particular.

History, 19th Century↗

PubMed1998

Visual hallucinations and macular degeneration: an example of the Charles Bonnet syndrome.

PURPOSE: Patients with any form of visual disturbance, no matter how unusual, often present first to their ophthalmologist. An example of the Charles Bonnet syndrome as a result of bilateral macular degeneration is presented. The significance of early diagnosis is highlighted as reassurance and explanation of the condition seems to be the cornerstone of management. METHODS/RESULTS: A chronological case history, results of investigations and management are presented. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of Charles Bonnet syndrome should be considered in elderly, cognitively intact patients who present with vivid, elaborate and complex visual hallucinations following ocular pathology. Although there is no universal definition of this entity and there is no specific pharmacotherapy, patients may be referred for counselling.

Antidepressive Agents↗

PubMed1989

[The Charles Bonnet syndrome].

The Charles Bonnet syndrome represents an organic hallucinosis characterized by the appearance of visual hallucinations in otherwise sane elderly people. As a specific organic factor, a reduced visual acuity due to ophthalmologic disorder can be found in the majority of patients. Clinical, psychopathological and pathogenetic aspects of the Charles Bonnet syndrome are discussed by the means of a review of 46 cases reported in the literature (including an own case observation).

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The Charles River "hairless" rat mutation maps to chromosome 1: allelic with fuzzy and a likely orthologue of mouse frizzy.

Recent evidence has indicated that the recessive mutation affecting hypotrichosis in the Charles River (CR) "hairless" rat does not involve the hairless gene (hr) on rat chromosome 15. To determine if this mutation might be allelic (or orthologous) with any other previously mapped hypotrichosis-generating mutation in mammals, we have produced a panel of backcross rats segregating for the CR hairless rat mutation as well as numerous other markers from throughout the rat genome. Analysis of this panel has located the CR hairless rat's hypotrichosis-generating mutation on chromosome 1, near Myl2, where only the fuzzy mutation in rat (fz) and the frizzy mutation in mouse (fr) have been previously localized. Intercrossing fz/fz and CR hairless rats produced hybrid offspring with abnormal hair, showing that these two rat mutations are allelic. We suggest that the CR hairless rat mutation and fuzzy be renamed frizzy-Charles River (fr(CR)) and frizzy-Harlan (fr(H)), respectively, to reflect their likely orthology with the mouse fr mutation.

Alleles↗

PubMed1993

Visual hallucinations and mental state. A study of 14 Charles Bonnet syndrome hallucinators.

Complex visual hallucinations are usually a sign of acute psychopathology or gross cognitive impairment, but may also occur in people with visual deficits--the Charles Bonnet Syndrome. The mental state of 14 Charles Bonnet hallucinators was assessed using four psychological tests: the Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Mini-Mult, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Results are consistent with earlier reports suggesting that these hallucinations are not due to psychopathology or compromised cognitive functioning. It is proposed that these complex visual hallucinations represent ongoing neural activity in the visual system following eye damage.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Atypical Charles Bonnet hallucinations: an elf in the woodshed, a spirit of evil, and the cowboy malefactors.

In this article, the authors review the literature on the Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS), a condition involving visual hallucinations in normal persons with severe sight loss. Attempts to assess the characteristics of this "phantom vision" have resulted in descriptions of a "typical" CBS hallucination. However, the many exceptions to a modal CBS experience cause the authors to postulate two other general categories of CBS hallucinations: a) the atypical sensory/perceptual (ASP), and b) the atypical psychodynamic (APD) hallucinations. Case studies illustrating these two types are provided. Extending the categories of Charles Bonnet hallucinations allows for more specific diagnosis, treatment, and may result in the possibility of greater precision in future research.

Aged↗

PubMed1977

The Charles procedure for primary lymphedema. Long-term clinical results.

The best treatment for primary lymphedema has been a controversial point, because of the lack of clinical documentation of really long-term successful results after any therapy. We report the long-term results in 10 patients (12 extremities) after the Charles procedure. These patients were evaluated at an average period of 10 1/2 years following the surgery (4 of these extremities were examined 20 or more years following the surgery). All of them demonstrated excellent functional results; none demonstrated a recurrence of the lymphedema. We consider the Charles procedure to be the operation of choice in patients with primary lymphedema which is not responsive to conservative therapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

The Charles Henderson Child Health Program: an overview and five-year summary of progress.

Charles Henderson was an extremely successful businessman, at one time governor of the State of Alabama, and a distinguished philanthropist who died in 1937 leaving in trust a considerable amount of money, the income from which ultimately reverted to the construction and operation of the Charles Henderson Child Health Center in Troy, Alabama. Through the management of this trust, a 25,000 square foot regional child health center facility was constructed and has been in operation for approximately seven years. Health services to children have increased enormously, and we describe the program in some detail.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Rehabilitation in Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review of treatment options.

People with vision loss sometimes experience visual hallucinations associated with Charles Bonnet syndrome. The appearance of these hallucinations often causes anxiety for the sufferer and can be difficult for the attending eye care professional to manage. A review of the literature highlighted a range of visual, pharmacological and social management regimes that may alleviate these hallucinations, albeit using small samples in uncontrolled trials. Eye care practitioners should be aware of methods of rehabilitation in Charles Bonnet syndrome that may lead to resolution of the visual hallucinations.

Hallucinations↗