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PubMed1994

Members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family mediate cell entry of a minor-group common cold virus.

A protein binding to a minor-group human rhinovirus (HRV2) was purified from HeLa cell culture supernatant. The amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides showed identity with the human low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR). LDL and HRV2 mutually competed for binding sites on human fibroblasts. Cells down-regulated for LDLR expression yielded much less HRV2 upon infection than cells with up-regulated LDLR. Virus also bound to the large subunit of the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/LDLR-related protein (alpha 2MR/LRP). LDLR-deficient fibroblasts yielded considerably less virus in the presence of receptor-associated protein (RAP), providing evidence that alpha 2MR/LRP also acts as a minor group HRV receptor.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

The structure of the 2A proteinase from a common cold virus: a proteinase responsible for the shut-off of host-cell protein synthesis.

The crystal structure of the 2A proteinase from human rhinovirus serotype 2 (HRV2-2A(pro)) has been solved to 1.95 A resolution. The structure has an unusual, although chymotrypsin-related, fold comprising a unique four-stranded beta sheet as the N-terminal domain and a six-stranded beta barrel as the C-terminal domain. A tightly bound zinc ion, essential for the stability of HRV2-2A(pro), is tetrahedrally coordinated by three cysteine sulfurs and one histidine nitrogen. The active site consists of a catalytic triad formed by His18, Asp35 and Cys106. Asp35 is additionally involved in an extensive hydrogen-bonding network. Modelling studies reveal a substrate-induced fit that explains the specificity of the subsites S4, S2, S1 and S1'. The structure of HRV2-2A(pro) suggests the mechanism of the cis cleavage and its release from the polyprotein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Virus-provoked rhinitis in patients who have allergies.

The most common illnesses in humans are the respiratory tract infections caused by viruses. When limited to the upper respiratory region, these infections often are designated as "a common cold." Viruses commonly associated with these upper respiratory infections (URI) include rhinoviruses (RVs), respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, corona virus, and adenoviruses. Clinical observations have suggested that patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma experience more pronounced symptoms during a viral URI than patients who do not have allergies and who are infected with the same virus under similar circumstances. Using an experimental virus infection model in human volunteers with and without allergic rhinitis, several groups of clinical investigators have studied the effects of experimental RV infections. These observations indicate that the experimental virus infection may induce host responses that provoke enhanced immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis. Whether this translates into enhanced symptoms has been suggested in one study but not in another. This article will review these studies, which suggest that it is the host response to the virus and not the virus itself that plays the major role in symptom pathogenesis.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Therapeutic approach to sinusitis: antiinfectious therapy as the baseline of management.

Although acute sinusitis is an infectious disease in which several bacterial species play a major etiologic role, there is an important interaction between the respiratory viruses (common cold viruses) and the bacteria in the pathogenesis of acute community-acquired sinusitis. The relative inaccessibility of the sinus cavities makes special techniques of sampling necessary to acquire specimens that accurately reflect disease conditions in the sinuses. Bacterial etiology of sinus infection has therefore been determined by sinus puncture studies, chiefly of the maxillary sinus, several of which are reviewed here. Because the bacteria causing acute sinusitis have not changed in many years, puncture is not often necessary for clinical diagnosis. Patients with acute, community-acquired sinusitis can usually be treated empirically, on the basis of previous studies, unless complications are suspected. In that case, and in other patients with hospital-acquired sinusitis, puncture of the involved sinus and aspiration of sinus fluid for Gram's staining and quantitative microbial cultures and sensitivities are required for appropriate antimicrobial management.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

[Bronchial asthma infectious exacerbations].

Bronchial asthma and asthma-like form of COPD often undergo exacerbations with symptoms of infection. Currently, there is a general agreement, that most of these infections that exacerbate asthma especially in children are caused by viruses. Several "common cold" viruses are known to cause these exacerbations (RSV, parainfluenza virus, rhinoviruses). To date, there is no certainty, if viruses exacerbate asthma alone or in combination with allergen. It is also unknown, whether they can induce primary asthma symptoms. There is a growing support for the opinion, that in infectious exacerbations of asthma also bacteria can play an important role. These include both typical as well as atypical bacterial strains (Chlamydia pneumoniae). The effectiveness of antibiotics and bacterial immunotherapy with vaccines seems to support the role of bacteria in asthma exacerbations. Another very important problem is related to the role of infectious agents in prevention of atopy. Many facts have been gathered supporting the so called "hygienic theory".

Asthma↗
PubMed2004

A pharmacologic study on the mechanism of action of Kakkon-to: body temperature elevation and phagocytic activation of macrophages in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The phagocytic activity of macrophages as a novel approach to scientific elucidation of the effects of Chinese medicines was studied through administration of a kampo preparation, by measuring the rise in body temperature, which is thought to stimulate innate defensive functions of organisms and enhance the immune systems. DESIGN: Using dogs as experimental models, a rise in body temperature following administration of Kakkon-to was observed, and the average number and average rate of phagocytosis of macrophages in blood using latex micro-particles was investigated. RESULTS: The body temperature of the treated animals significantly increased 30 minutes after administration (p<0.01), and remained elevated for more than 5 hours. A comparison of body temperatures before and after administration showed significant increases over controls from 1 to 11 hours, p<0.01; and at 12 hours, p<0.05 after administration. The average number and the average rate of phagocytosis were significantly increased 1 (p<0.05) and 2 (p<0.01) hours after administration. The mean number of phagocytized cells significantly increased (p<0.05) at 1 hour after administration compared with that before administration, and the mean phagocytic rate also increased significantly (p<0.01) 2 hours after administration. Increases (p<0.01) in both the rate of phagocytosis and the number of cells phagocytized were found at every measurement point from 2 to 24 hours after administration. Significant increases (p<0.01) were also observed in both the rate of phagocytosis and the number of cells phagocytized 3 hours after administration, when compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: This paper demonstrates that ingestion of Kakkon-to not only increases the body temperature but also enhances the phagocytic activity of macrophages, an in vivo defense mechanism, suggesting that Kakkon-to contributes to the suppression of multiplication of common cold viruses and influenza viruses, which consequently results in improvement of various symptoms during infection with common cold viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Acute cooling of the body surface and the common cold.

There is a widely held belief that acute viral respiratory infections are the result of a "chill" and that the onset of a respiratory infection such as the common cold is often associated with acute cooling of the body surface, especially as the result of wet clothes and hair. However, experiments involving inoculation of common cold viruses into the nose, and periods of cold exposure, have failed to demonstrate any effect of cold exposure on susceptibility to infection with common cold viruses. Present scientific opinion dismisses any cause-and-effect relationship between acute cooling of the body surface and common cold. This review proposes a hypothesis; that acute cooling of the body surface causes reflex vasoconstriction in the nose and upper airways, and that this vasoconstrictor response may inhibit respiratory defence and cause the onset of common cold symptoms by converting an asymptomatic subclinical viral infection into a symptomatic clinical infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The role of respiratory viruses in acute and chronic asthma.

Respiratory infections can have dual effects related to asthma. First, there is increasing evidence that severe infections with RSV and PIV in infancy can alter lung development and physiology to increase the risks of subsequent wheezing and asthma. Second, infections with common cold viruses and influenza commonly precipitate wheezing symptoms in children and adults who already have established asthma, and RV appears to be the most important virus in producing exacerbations of the disease. The principal mechanisms by which this occurs appears to be viral replication in epithelial cells, triggering a cascade of inflammation involving granulocytes, macrophages, T cells, and secreted cytokines and mediators. The inflammatory process, although essential to clear the infection, augments pre-existing airway inflammation in asthma, leading to increased airway obstruction and lower respiratory tract symptoms. Greater understanding of virus-induced changes in inflammation and corresponding changes in airway physiology may lead to new therapeutic approaches to the treatment and prevention of virus-induced airway dysfunction.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Th1 and Th2 cytokine induction in pulmonary T cells during infection with respiratory syncytial virus.

Helper T (Th) cells can be classified functionally into two main types. Broadly, Th1 cells play a major role in eliminating viral pathogens, while Th2 cells mediate anti-parasite immunity and allergic responses. These functions are thought to depend on characteristic and distinct patterns of cytokine production. Infection with human respiratory syncytial virus, an important common cold virus, causes transient lymphocytic bronchiolitis in mice. Activated T cells are partly responsible for this disease, but also eliminate the virus. To show whether polarized cytokine production occurs in individual cells during viral bronchiolitis, we sampled murine bronchoalveolar lavage and mediastinal lymph node cells before and after infection. RT-PCR of cellular mRNA and flow cytometric analysis of intracellular cytokine production showed a rapid IFN-gamma response at both sites, which persisted for more than 3 weeks in the lung. Most IFN-gamma-producing cells were CD8+. Some early CD4+ IFN-gamma-producing cells also made IL-10. Only low levels of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA or protein expression were detected at any time at either site. No cytokines were detected in B cell populations at either site. These novel techniques show the true complexity of cytokine production patterns on a cell-by-cell basis, allowing T cells to be reclassified according to function.

Animals↗