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PubMedDate not supplied

[A metapsychological reading of questioning by police and during criminal investigations].

The pursuit and reception of a confession during police interrogation and cross examination lead to a dynamic interaction between interrogator and interrogated which can be examined under the light of psychoanalytical concepts. This reference framework enables a reading of the different positions occupied by the interrogator with regard to the interrogated, and allows to understand certain mechanisms in the arrival of a confession as well as some of its effects.

Criminology↗
PubMed1989

[Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry--a new (old) method of detection in forensic chemistry and criminal investigation].

The Fourier-Transform-Infrared spectrometry (FTIR) is a very valuable technique for identifying organic substances. FTIR is more versatile in comparison to disperse infrared spectrometry, as it combines speed and sensitivity. FTIR is even superior to GC/MS: 1. Easy differentiation between isomers is possible. 2. Functional group information can be achieved instead of mass fragments. 3. GC fractions can be saved for further analysis. The FTIR instrument has no prisma or grating. It is equipped with a Michelson interferometer, which gives much more beam energy on the examination object. Most beneficial is the use of a broadband beam source, which impinges simultaneously all frequencies on the sample and on the detector. All these qualities allow the registration of fast chemical and biological processes or the observation of all reactions by volatizing and evaporation at high temperatures. IR spectrometer can run high quality infrared spectra in short time (almost 100/second) with high sensitivity. This is the basic requirement for the "on line" coupling of the IR-system with a GC. The GC peaks are analysed by IR beams with the help of a "light pipe". It is possible to examine all kinds of substances with diffuse and attenuated total reflectance methods. In special cases the change for binding of proteins and kinetic and structural processes in the flowing blood can be measured in vivo. Another use of FTIR-techniques is possible in combination with a microscope. Samples with a square aera of 8 microns can be examined. In criminalistics and forensic toxicology little particles as hairs, fibers, foams, adherents of powder in clothes, splinters of lacquer and paints etc. can be detected and identified by transmission or reflection. In conclusion, the FTIR spectrometry offers a versatility to some measurement problems that is often superior, faster and easier than other techniques such as NMR and MS.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed1986

Identification by Identi-Kit composite from skull appearance. Combined efforts of the anthropologist, forensic pathologist, and criminal investigators.

It is always difficult to succeed in identifying skeletal remains unless one has good anthropological, dental, and investigative support. This case adds a new dimension, involving a law enforcement expert who was skilled with the use of the Identi-Kit. The picture of the victim, as developed by the Identi-Kit expert with the recommendation and support of the anthropologist, was shown on a television news program and was identified within 15 min of the show by a relative as the likeness of a missing 17-year-old black girl who was last seen months before. The combined expertise was instrumental in identifying a person who otherwise would have been recorded as another "Jane Doe."

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Body packing: the value of modern imaging procedures in the detection of intracorporeal transport media].

The necessity of rapid objective appraisal of the suspicion of intracorporeal drug smuggling (body-packing) by effective methods of investigation in the course of the first criminal investigation department measures raises the questions of suitable and admissible methods. The proportion of undetected crimes in intracorporeal narcotic smuggling must be rated as very high according to the data of the Federal Criminal Investigation Department. In the present paper, the suitability of various imaging techniques for drug detection are reported in terms of their risk, practicability and costs. For this purpose, the value of digital radiography, two-spectra radiography and X-ray computer tomography as compared to conventional X-ray investigations is examined in human experiments. A reality-oriented narcotics dummy (glucose pressed hard in preservative) was developed and administered to nine volunteers per os with a variable initial alimentary situation. Four radiograms were taken at fixed times up to 12 hours after administration with each imaging technique. The highest rate of detection was attained with computer tomography. In contrast to the other methods, more than 90% of the body packs could be identified here. Nevertheless, an application in criminal investigation practice cannot be recommended owing to various disadvantages. The recovery rate of the remaining methods is between 20% and 25%.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Experiences with a compound method for estimating the time since death. I. Rectal temperature nomogram for time since death.

The temperature-based nomogram method for estimation of the time period since death was used at the scene of death as the primary method within a compound method in 72 consecutive cases. The situation and cooling conditions inspected and evaluated by the forensic pathologist at the scene are described as far as necessary to enable handling of the method. A comparison of the estimated period since death with the period determined by the police investigations demonstrates the reliability of the method. There were no contradictions in any of the 60 cases between the period of death estimated by this method and that determined by the police investigations. The criminal investigations were effectively supported in the earliest stages in 11 cases despite the fact that the period estimated was of considerable duration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Analysis of gunshot residue test results in 112 suicides.

The results of gunshot residue (GSR) tests in 112 suicide cases investigated by the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command over a ten-year period are described. Only suicide cases in which there was certainty that the victim fired a weapon were examined in an effort to reduce ambiguous results. Previous case work research by Rudzitis indicated that positive GSR test results were encountered in suicides 62% of the time using various combinations of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Threshold values of 0.2-micrograms antimony and 0.3-micrograms barium (0.2-micrograms antimony and 0.5-micrograms barium after 1985) used by the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory resulted in positive GSR results in suicide cases 38% of the time. The effects of time, location of body, handling of the body, weapon type, caliber, and condition of the hands on GSR results are examined. Case studies involving suicides by unit armorers are discussed.

Firearms↗
PubMed2005

[Causes of death in nursing homes--a retrospective autopsy study].

Autopsies from 34 fatalities in nursing homes covering a 10-year period (1991-2000) were retrospectively analyzed with regard to criminal investigative issues, causes of death and relevance of the forensic medical findings for the outcome of the criminal investigations. The material consisted of 22 females and 12 males, with the ages ranging from 62 to 102. The allegations to be investigated comprised wrongful death, improper nursing, medical maltreatment, suspicion of poisoning and the causal relationship between falls and the occurrence of death. The manner of death, respectively cause of death encountered included 21 deaths from natural cause (coronary insufficiency, pneumonia), 9 accidental deaths (hypothermia, choking, scalding burns and injuries due to fall) and 4 cases which remained undetermined. In 30 out of 34 cases, the cause of death was unequivocally established. In every case, the medicolegal investigation provided adequate evidence for the legal assessment. Of particular significance was the exclusion of a causal relationship between falls and the occurrence of death. Without exception, all investigations failed to uncover criminal causes for death in this sample.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2005

Don't tip the scales! Care for patients involved in a police investigation.

Occasionally perioperative nurses are involved in the complex role of caring for medical-legal evidence while also advocating for the patient's right for privacy. Appropriate management of evidence may be the deciding factor in the outcome of a criminal investigation. Understanding the importance of evidence is the first step in learning how to prevent its unintentional destruction during the surgical procedure. Our first consideration with every patient is to provide safe and efficient care. In the OR, cooperation with the police is balanced with the patient's right to privacy and confidentiality of their health care information. This is not always an easy task. Perioperative nurses have a responsibility to their patients as well as to investigators to do what is appropriate, since our actions can have direct effects on the outcomes of criminal investigations. Understanding the importance of evidence is the first step in learning how to keep evidence from being destroyed. Hospital documentation is often accepted in a court of law without challenge.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1991

Event-related brain potentials as indicators of visual recognition and detection of criminals by their use.

An event-related potential (ERP) was recorded, using photographs as stimuli, in 12 subjects for attended, 9 subjects for non-attended conditions and 14 subjects for a simulated criminal investigation. An ERP was detected only when a subject recognized a familiar image (target) mixed with other, unfamiliar images (non-target), regardless of whether he was asked to attend to or neglect the target image. ERPs in the subject who watched each picture but tried to ignore the relevant picture (non-attended) were more activated at the parietal region than at the central region, in contrast with ERPs in the subjects who paid attention to each picture without trying to ignore the relevant picture (attended). In the simulated criminal investigation, only a simulated thief, but not a simulated innocent subject elicited ERP only after the picture of a criminal site or thing was intermingled with pictures bearing no relationship to the crime. These findings indicate that the ERP using photographs as stimuli is useful as an objective indicator of crime-relevance.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

A unique course in anthropology.

The course in forensic anthropology presented at Florida State University is designed to train criminal investigators in the application of physical anthropological and archaeological techniques to the investigation of buried bodies. Modification of archaeological field techniques by experimentation using artificial graves allows the recovery of fragile and easy to overlook evidence and ensures the recovery of all possible material for analysis by the physical anthropologist. An introduction to physical anthropology enables the criminal investigator to effectively communicate his needs and understand the type of information required for adequate identification of remains by a physical anthropologist.

Anthropology, Physical↗