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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Heat-shock response in camel (Camelus dromedarius) blood cells and adaptation to hyperthermia.

1. We demonstrate the difference between the reactions of camel (Camelus dromedarius) lymphocytes and erythrocytes to heat-shock treatment. 2. Lymphocytes of this organism characteristically have a higher resistance of general protein synthesis to elevated temperature in comparison with human lymphocytes. 3. Camel lymphocytes exhibited strong induction of constitutively expressed 73 kDa heat-shock protein (hsp 73) after heat-shock but failed to synthesize an inducible member of the same family (hsp 72) at high temperatures. 4. Nucleated camel erythrocytes do not synthesize any heat-shock proteins after temperature elevation. 5. Western blot analysis, using polyclonal antibody for hsp 73, revealed high levels of this protein in camel lymphocytes and diminished, but significant, amounts of hsp 73 protein in the erythrocytes under normal physiological conditions. 6. The role of 73 kDa hsp in providing thermotolerance of camel blood cells is discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

Determination of L-carnitine, acylcarnitine and total carnitine levels in plasma and tissues of camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The total, free and acyl carnitine levels were measured in plasma and tissues of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Significant variation in carnitine concentrations were observed in plasma and tissues of the camel when compared with other animal species. A higher proportion of acyl carnitine was found in plasma and skeletal muscle of the camel than other animal species. Among the camel tissues, skeletal muscle possessed the highest amount of carnitine while the lowest amount was found in kidney. The higher carnitine content and a higher proportion of acyl carnitine in plasma and tissues of the Arabian camel suggest an adaptive mechanism that could be common to desert animal species.

Acetylcarnitine↗
PubMed1995

Immune responses of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) to contagious ecthyma (Orf) virus infection.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed together with a western blotting technique for the detection of total and specific IgG and IgM antibodies to the contagious ecthyma (orf) virus in camel (Camelus dromedarius) sera and for identifying the seroreactive antigens of the virus. An outbreak of generalised contagious ecthyma in camels was diagnosed for the first time in Libya; the seropositivity rate in a herd with clinically affected camels was 37.9% (and was related to clinical signs) and in apparently normal herds was 0% to 6.8%. Two viral antigenic determinants (22 and 40 kDa) were shared by the western blotting patterns of all the positive camel sera tested, another viral antigenic component of 28 kDa was shared by the positive sera with high ELISA titres. Very close similarity was seen with the western blot of orf-positive sheep sera. It is considered that the ELISA technique was valid for orf serodiagnosis in the camel and could be usefully applied to other species at risk of orf infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Purification and partial characterization of growth hormone from the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius).

Camel growth hormone (camGH) was isolated from the insoluble residue left after extraction of the gonadotropins FSH and LH from a single batch of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) pituitaries. Only one form of camGH was isolated and characterized; no glycosylated form of camGH could be evidenced. The isoelectric points (pI) of camGH was determined by chromatofocusing. The N-terminal amino-acid sequences of camGH was determined and compared to those of GHs from other species. The availability of this hormone and our better knowledge of its structure will permit to undertake the study of its structure-function relationships and of its physiological functions in this economically important species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Use of real-time ultrasonography for control of follicular activity and pregnancy diagnosis in the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the non-breeding season.

Ovaries of 16 adult pleuriparous, non-pregnant and non-lactating one humped female camels (Camelus dromedarius) belonging to National Research Centre on Camel, at Bikaner, India, were examined for the presence of follicular activity (< or = 0.5 cm diameter) using real-time ultrasonography during June-August, which is considered to be non-breeding season in India. Follicles > or = 1.0 cm diameter were found in eight females. These animals were mated with virile studs. In four out of eight camels pregnancy was confirmed by progesterone assay and ultrasonography. The study shows that pre-ovulatory follicle may develop in some female camels during June-August (non-breeding season in India) and successful pregnancies may be achieved after mating of individual animals during this period.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Molecular identification and immunohistochemical localization of atrial natriuretic peptide in the heart of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Atrial and B-type natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP) are cardiac hormones synthesized and secreted by the myoendocrine cells of the heart. They exert potent actions on body fluid balance. Since various body organs including the heart are under high physiological stress during water and food deprivation in the desert nomads, we intended to perform molecular biological and histological studies of ANP in the heart of the dromedary camel Camelus dromedarius. Initially, we isolated cDNAs encoding ANP from the atrium and BNP from the atrium and ventricle of the dromedary camel. Putative mature ANP, deduced from the cDNA sequence, was identical to that of human and pig ANP, but the putative mature BNP was more diverse and was most similar to pig BNP (94% identity). Thus, we used antisera raised against human ANP that did not cross-react with pig BNP in the subsequent immunohistochemical studies. The ANP-expressing myoendocrine cells are most concentrated in the right atrium, to a lesser extent in the left atrium, and almost absent in the left ventricle. The immuno-positive cells are scattered uniformly in each region and are characterized by the presence of immunoreactive granular deposits around the nucleus. The left atrium comprises some ramifications of conductive cells (Purkinje fibers), some of which also contained ANP-immunoreactive granules. At the electron microscopic level, myoendocrine cells possessed secretory granules primarily in the perinuclear zone and a well-developed Golgi apparatus. The present study is the first comprehensive report dealing with the molecular cloning and immunohistochemical localization of ANP in the heart of a desert dwelling mammal.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Chronological and ultrastructural changes in camel (Camelus dromedarius) oocytes during in vitro maturation.

Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from non-pregnant camels at a local slaughterhouse by aspiration from antral follicles (2-6 mm). In Experiment I, camel COCs (n=304) were matured in vitro in Hams-F10, fixed at different time intervals (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, or 48 h) and stained with 1% aceto-orcein to assess nuclear changes in culture. A majority of the oocytes (81.5%) underwent germinal vesicle break down (GVBD) between 6 and 12h. Forty-eight percent of the oocytes were observed at the metaphase I (M I) stage by 18 h culture. The percentage of matured oocytes (M II stage) at 30 and 42 h were 66.5 and 71% respectively, which were significantly (p<0.05) different to that observed at 24 h (42.5%). In Experiment II, after different periods of culture (12, 24, 36, or 48 h), the COCs (n=26) were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Expansion of both the cumulus and corona radiate cells occurred between 12 and 24 h in the majority of oocytes concomitant with enlargement of the cumulus cell process endings (CCPEs) in the developed perivitelline space. After 12 h of culture disruption of the junctions between CCPEs and the oolemma was observed together with and breakdown of the GV. For 24-36 h of culture cortical granules had spread and aligned along the oolemma. Signs of degeneration in the cytoplasmic organelles of the oocytes were also observed from less than 36 h. After 48 h of culture, larger vesicles and lipid droplets had appeared in the central part of the oocytes and showed uneven distribution throughout the ooplasm. Predominantly non-penetrating CCPEs were also observed in four oocytes by 48 h. In conclusion, based on both light and electron microscopic evaluations, the optimal culture time for the development of competent Camelus dromedarius oocytes in vitro appears to be 30 h using Hams-F10 medium.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Studies on rickets and osteomalacia in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus).

Epidemiological studies have indicated incidences of 32.9% and 27.8% for rickets and osteomalacia, respectively, in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus), but there is an increased incidence under drought conditions, sometimes reaching 75%. We have found that concentrations of phosphorus and copper in forage and soil samples in a drought affected area were significantly lower than in a control area or normal reference values (P < 0.01) ; the mean Ca:P ratio in the forages was 50:1. The phosphorus content of blood and hair from affected camels was significantly less than that in controls (P < 0.01) and concentrations of copper in the liver and kidney were significantly lower in affected camels than control animals (P < 0.01); the concentrations of triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the serum from affected animals were significantly higher than those from healthy controls (P < 0.01); serum inorganic phosphorus and ceruloplasmin levels were lower than those in the controls (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); the concentrations of serum alpha-globulin and beta-globulin were significantly higher in the affected camels than in the healthy controls (P < 0.01). The pathological changes seen in camels affected with rickets included porous, brittle, light, osteoporotic bones that were susceptible to fractures and had less resistance to cutting and sawing. Wrist joints were enlarged with an apparent bowing of the long bones in forelimb and with typical broadening of the epiphyses. In adult female camels, many enlarged scars were often seen in ribs indicating earlier fractures. The disease could be cured with supplementary bone meal, phosphate or mineral mixtures and in field investigations clinical signs disappeared within 15 days. Over the same period, the concentrations of phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in blood returned to normal. The disease may be effectively prevented by use of mineral blocks (block salt licks) or dosing orally with copper, selenium and cobalt soluble glass boluses. We conclude that rickets and osteomalacia are mainly caused by phosphorus and copper deficiencies in the pasture.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Partial cloning and localisation of leptin and its receptor in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Based on the studies and results presented here, leptin and its receptor were expressed by adipose tissue, mammary alveolar epithelial cells, liver hepatocytes, and the lining epithelium of the bile duct of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Our observations support the biological importance of leptin in the mammary gland as well as the likely local effect of leptin on the peripheral tissues. We suggest that there may be an association between hepatic leptin and the lipogenic activity of the liver in the dromedary camel.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Real-time ultrasonography of ovaries and breeding of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the early postpartum period.

Ovaries of 17 adult, pleuriparous, and lactating one-humped she-camels (Camelus dromedarius) were examined per rectum for uterine involution and for presence of follicles (>/=1.0 cm diameter) by real-time ultrasonography at the National Research Centre on Camel at Bikaner, India at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days postpartum. Involution was completed from 25 to 30 days postpartum and follicles (>/=1.0 cm diameter) could be found in only nine camels (52.7%) from 34 to 70 days postpartum. These nine camels were mated with virile studs. Four conceived and were confirmed pregnant at 60 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Sequence analysis of Camelus dromedarius milk caseins.

Alpha s1-, alpha s2-, beta- and kappa-caseins from Somali camels (Camelus dromedarius) were purified by acid precipitation at pH 4.4, crudely separated into an alpha-CN and a beta-CN fraction and further purified by reversed-phase HPLC. Fragments of tryptic digests were sequenced. Amino acid patterns obtained were used to screen a cDNA library constructed from mRNA from lactating udder tissue. Full length clones corresponding to the four caseins were sequenced. The numbers of residues in the sequences deduced were alpha s1-CN 207, alpha s2-CN 178, beta-CN 217, kappa-CN 162. Percentage similarity to bovine proteins was alpha s1-CN A 39, alpha s2-CN 56, beta-CN 64, kappa-CN 56. Acid-precipitated casein of pooled milk was separated by reversed-phase HPLC and monitored at 220 nm, and its composition, estimated from peak integration, was (g/kg total casein) alpha s1-CN 220, alpha s2-CN 95, beta-CN 650, kappa-CN 35. Degrees of phosphorylation and glycosylation were determined by laser ionization mass spectrometry and sequence pattern analysis. Molecular masses determined were (kDa) alpha s1-CN A, 24.755 and 24.668; alpha s1-CN B, 25.293; alpha s2-CN 21.993; beta-CN, 24.900; kappa-CN 22.294-22.987. The pH values of the most probable isoelectric points were: alpha s1-CN A 6P 4.41, alpha s1-CN B 6P 4.40, alpha s2-CN 9P 4.58, beta-CN 4P 4.66, kappa-CN 1P, with ten sialic acid residues bound, 4.10.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

The gross anatomy of the cranial cervical ganglion and its branches in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).

Ten specimens of the head and neck of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) were dissected to study the situation, arrangement and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion (ganglion cervicale craniale). The ganglion was a greyish fusiform structure, averaging 15-20 mm in length, 4-6 mm in width and 3 mm in thickness, located on the rostro-lateral surface of the longus capitis and covered by the mandibular gland. The branches of the cranial cervical ganglion included the internal carotid nerve, external carotid nerve, jugular nerve and the branches connecting with the glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal and first cervical nerves.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Normal haematopoiesis, cellular components and stainable iron content in the bone marrow of camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Bone marrow samples were collected from the ribs of 20 healthy adult male Iranian camels (Camelus dromedarius). The bone marrow smears were stained using Wright's stain. Blood samples were collected at the same time for routine haematological examination. The development and morphology of the blood cells in the bone marrow of the camels were similar to those of other domestic species. The mean myeloid/erythroid ratio was 1.21, the mean erythroid percentage was 42.7% and the mean myeloid percentage was 52.0%. The mean percentage of other cells was 5.3%. The mean percentage of eosinophils in the myeloid series was higher than in other domestic species. Iron stores, estimated from Perl's stain, ranged from scant (1+) to moderate (3+) but most samples had 2+ iron content. All peripheral blood results were within reference ranges.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Studies on normal haematological and serum biochemical values of the 'Hijin' racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kuwait.

Haematological estimations and serum biochemical analyses were made on 100 samples collected from clinically healthy 'Hijin' racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kuwait. The red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and total white blood cell counts were estimated. In the serum biochemical analyses, sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, total protein and cholesterol concentrations were measured, as were the alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase activities. The results are discussed in relation to other findings reported in camels.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Preliminary observations on the concentrations of serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during gestation in bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus).

The concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the serum of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) throughout pregnancy were analysed by radioimmunoassay. The samples were withdrawn at intervals of half a month. The serum LH concentrations varied significantly between 2.2+/-0.9 and 20.3+/-18.8 ng/ml during the pregnancy, with the highest value on the day of artificial insemination, which indicated that a preovulatory LH peak appeared. Thereafter, the LH concentration tended to fall, reaching a fairly constant low level by the eighth month of pregnancy. The serum FSH concentrations varied between 7.0+/-0.2 and 28.9+/-0.4 ng/ml during gestation, with the peak value being reached at 4.5 months, followed by a marked drop to 7.0+/-0.2 ng/ml at 7.5 months.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of season on the productivity of camels (Camelus dromedarius and the prevalence of their major parasites in eastern Ethiopia.

The productivity and the prevalence rates of the major parasites of camels (Camelus dromedarius) kept under traditional management conditions at Errer valley, Ethiopia were assessed for a year (October 1997-September 1998). The daily milk offtake was significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the wet season (3.12 +/- 0.03 L) than during the dry season (1.49 +/- 0.04 L). Likewise, significantly higher (p < 0.05) daily weight gains (50.68 +/- 0.54 g) were observed during the wet season than during dry season in immature camels aged 1-4 years. Trypanosoma evansi, Sarcoptes scabiei and strongyle parasites were present throughout the year, but their prevalence rates were higher during the rainy months than during the dry months. The minimum and maximum point prevalence rates for T. evansi were 5.4% and 20.6%, respectively. Similarly, the point prevalence rates for S. scabiei also varied from 4.7% during the dry season to 21.7% during the rainy months. The highest strongyle egg counts per gram of faeces and highest point prevalence rate (85.7%) were observed in October, a rainy month, whereas the lowest number of eggs per gram of faeces and the lowest point prevalence rate (61.5%) were recorded in April, a dry month.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Retinol values in the plasma of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) and the influence of aflatoxicosis.

The normal values are reported of the concentration of vitamin A (retinol) in the plasma of 44 male and female adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates. The concentrations of the vitamin in the plasma of eight camels of both sexes afflicted with aflatoxicosis were also determined. The mean concentration (+/-SD) of the vitamin in healthy camels was 460.1 +/- 49.3 ng/L. Sex had no significant effect on the concentration of the vitamin. Camels with aflatoxicosis had a mean concentration of retinol in the plasma of 243.4 +/- 32.3 ng/L. The concentrations of aflatoxins in the liver and ruminal contents of these animals were 18.2 +/- 1.3 and 243.4 microg/kg, respectively.

Aflatoxins↗