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PubMed2003

Gastric cancer prevalence in patients with liver cirrhosis.

An increased risk for gastric cancer in patients with liver cirrhosis has recently been reported in epidemiological studies. The present endoscopic study was performed to further evaluate whether people with cirrhosis are at increased risk for gastric cancer development. We reviewed the medical records of all cirrhotic patients referred to our Endoscopic Service for portal hypertension screening and, therefore, cases of latent gastric cancer were observed. For a comparison, the prevalence (age and sex standardized) of latent gastric cancer in the general population was estimated hypothesizing a latency period of 5 years. Overall, 1379 patients with cirrhosis were selected from a total of 15 791 endoscopically examined different patients observed during the period 1982-1997. Histological assessment revealed the presence of gastric cancer in 10 patients (9 males and 1 female). There was a significant 2.6-fold (P<0.01) increase in prevalence of gastric cancer compared with that expected in our cirrhotic patients. In conclusion, our findings confirm that liver cirrhosis would seem to be a risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. Other studies are needed to evaluate the pathogenic mechanisms involved.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The distribution of serum prostate-specific antigen levels among American men: implications for prostate cancer prevalence and screening.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to describe the distribution of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) among American men and to estimate the number of prevalent cases of biopsy detectable prostate cancer among men with normal serum PSA. METHODS: We analyzed data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002 (NHANES 2001-2002) data and combined these results with published data from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT). RESULTS: Most men in the US have a serum PSA < or = 4.0 ng/ml, and mean and median serum PSA values rise steadily with age. There are an estimated 1,607,585 (95% CI 1,370,848-1,844,322) prevalent cases of biopsy detectable prostate cancer in men aged 62-85 years with a serum PSA < or = 4 ng/ml. Among men aged 62-75 years, there are an estimated 1,252,143 (95% CI 1,054,677-1,449,609) prevalent cases, including an estimated 195,499 (95% CI 140,234-250,764) high-grade tumors. CONCLUSION: A large number of prevalent cases of biopsy detectable prostate cancer exist in American men with a normal PSA.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Occult breast cancer: prevalence and radiographic detectability.

The radiographic detectability of occult breast cancer has been difficult to determine. A prospective study of breast disease was carried out that involved the performance of subcutaneous mastectomies in 519 consecutive cases of traumatic or initially unexplained death in New Mexico. Routine mammograms and radiographs of 1-cm specimens were obtained. At least 18 biopsies were performed in each subject. Carcinoma was identified in ten subjects; one subject had metastatic carcinoma from the lung, and two subjects had bilateral breast cancer, for a total of 11 breast cancers identified with microscopic examination. Two of the cancers were seen on whole-breast mammograms, and six were seen on radiographs of thin-section specimens. Four of the 11 breast cancers were apparent only on histologic study of breast tissue that was not suggestive of malignancy. No cancer was found in subjects under the age of 39 years. Five carcinomas were found in the 40-69-year age group; six were found in the 70-year and over age group. No correlation was noted between the radiographic Wolfe parenchymal patterns and the prevalence of breast cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Second primary tumors involving non-small cell lung cancer: prevalence and its influence on survival.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with lung cancer have a relative high risk for second primary cancers. We studied the prevalence of second primary tumors in patients with a diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in their history or at follow-up. Furthermore, we studied survival in subgroups of those patients. METHODS AND PATIENTS: Retrospectively, 860 patients with NSCLC that had been diagnosed in the period from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 1999, were evaluated for second primary cancers either in their history or in the follow-up period. The patients were divided into the following four groups: group I, patients with another primary tumor detected in the follow-up period (n = 44); group II, patients with another primary tumor in their history (n = 148); group III, patients with no other primary tumor found in their history or at follow-up (n = 634); and group IV, patients with more than one other primary tumor in found in their history or at follow-up (n = 34). RESULTS: The most frequently diagnosed double tumors were located in the lungs, the head and neck region, and the urinary tract. The interval between another malignancy as the first tumor (group II, 83 months) and NSCLC as the second malignancy was significantly longer than vice versa (group I, 14.5 months; p < 0.05). In > 80% of patients, the second primary tumors were diagnosed within 1 year after NSCLC was diagnosed. The 5-year survival rate is significantly better for patients with more than two primary malignancies compared to patients without two primary malignancies and patients with one other tumor in their history (p = 0.004 and 0.012, respectively). The 5-year survival rate in patients with a second tumor in the follow-up period was better than in patients without any other second tumor (p = 0.029). As the TNM stage and therapy were comparable in all subgroups, it could not be used as explanation for the difference in survival rates. CONCLUSION: In 25% of patients, additional tumors that were NSCLC were diagnosed either in their history or in the follow-up period. The majority of second tumors following NSCLC are diagnosed within 1 year. Nevertheless, patients with a second tumor tend to have an overall better survival rate than patients without second primaries, suggesting different growth habits.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Choroidal metastases in breast and lung cancer. Prevalence and clinical features. A prospective study].

PURPOSE: To analyze the prevalence of choroidal metastases in patients with breast and lung cancer and report their clinical, ophtalmological and angiographic features. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 88 patients who in 1997 had been diagnosed of breast cancer (60 cases) and lung cancer (28) by the oncology unit in the University Hospital of Elche, underwent a thorough ophtalmological examination in search for choroidal metastases. Eighty six patients were newly diagnosed of cancer; the remaining two patients, in a complete remission status, relapsed during this period. RESULTS: Total prevalence of choroidal metastases in the sample was 4.54% (4 cases). Prevalence in lung cancer was 7.14% (2 cases) compared to 3.33% (2 cases) in breast cancer. Choroidal involvement was found in the following stages: 2 out of 7 patients (28.5%) in stage IV with disseminated breast cancer and 2 out of 9 patients (22.22%) in stage IV with disseminated lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one fourth of the patients showing disseminated breast and lung cancer (stage IV) showed metastases in the choroid. It appears from this study, that younger patients suffering from lung cancer are at greater risk of choroidal involvement (Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2002; 77: 23-28).

Adult↗
PubMed1999

N-acetyltransferase 2 influences cancer prevalence in hMLH1/hMSH2 mutation carriers.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), an inherited cancer predisposition syndrome, has been associated with germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Because a deficiency in MMR does not predict a specific cancer phenotype, modifying genes may account in part for the variation in disease expression. We determined the N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genotype in 26 unaffected and 52 cancer-affected hMLH1/hMSH2 mutation carriers coming from 21 Swiss HNPCC families. Slow acetylators were found to be significantly (P < 0.03) more prevalent in the group of affected mutation carriers. Our results suggest a protective effect of the NAT2 rapid acetylator phenotype, an observation that could have implications for genetic counseling and management of MMR gene mutation carriers.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2004

Epigenetic alterations in head and neck cancer: prevalence, clinical significance, and implications.

Head and neck cancers are a group of malignancies with diverse biologic behaviors and a strong, well-established association with tobacco and alcohol use. Although the hunt for genetic alterations in head and neck cancer has continued in the past two decades, with unequivocal proof of a genetic role in multistage head and neck carcinogenesis, epigenetic alteration in association with promoter CpG island hypermethylation has emerged in the past few years as one of the most active areas of cancer research. It is now firmly believed that, in cancer cells, promoter CpG island hypermethylation (epigenetic alteration) represents a bona fide alternative mechanism, as opposed to genetic factors, such as gene mutations and deletion, in the inactivation of many tumor-suppressor genes. It is also realized that epigenetic and genetic factors often work together, affecting multiple cellular pathways, such as cell-cycle regulation, DNA repair, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cell-to-cell adhesion, during the process of tumor growth and progression.

Cell Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1991

Low peptic ulcer and high gastric cancer prevalence in a developing country with a high prevalence of infection by Helicobacter pylori.

We compared the prevalence rates of peptic ulcer (duodenal and gastric) and gastric cancer in 1,796 dyspeptic Peruvian patients with those reported in 2,883 similar patients from developed countries. The prevalence of total peptic ulcer was significantly lower, and that of gastric cancer significantly higher, in the Peruvian patients. The prevalence of gastric ulcer was lower but not significantly so. We deduced that the significantly lower prevalence of total peptic ulcer was directly related to the low prevalence rate of duodenal ulcer. We hypothesize that the reason for these differences was probably a higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic atrophic gastritis with hypochlorhydria in the Peruvian patients. Hypochlorhydria decreases the predisposition to peptic ulcer (especially duodenal ulcer), and chronic atrophic gastritis may predispose an individual to gastric cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Estimation of colorectal cancer prevalence in France.

The prevalence in France of patients with colorectal cancer was estimated using data from five population-based cancer registries. At the end of 1994, the number of cases diagnosed in France no more than 5 years before was approximately 95000, of whom 12180 had suffered metastasis and 9746 a local recurrence. This type of cancer is the most common in both men and women and these results enable the need for care or surveillance to be evaluated more accurately.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Lymphatic involvement in early gastric cancer: prevalence and prognosis in France.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of early gastric cancer (EGC) is considered better than that of invasive gastric carcinoma, with a 5-year survival rate of more than 90% after surgery. The prevalence of lymph node metastasis in EGC ranges from 8% to 20% and is associated with a poor prognosis. HYPOTHESIS: The main prognostic factor of EGC in patients in France is lymphatic involvement. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: From January 1979 to December 1988, 332 patients with EGC were operated on in 23 centers of 2 of the French Associations for Surgical Research. Clinical, pathological, and therapeutic data were reviewed, and the reckoning point was in June 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The cumulative 5- and 7-year specific survival rates of EGC with or without lymphatic involvement. RESULTS: The cumulative 5- and 7-year specific survival rates of 332 patients with EGC (mean follow-up time, 80 months), excluding both operative and unrelated mortality, were 92% and 87.5%, respectively. Thirty-four patients (10.2%) had metastatic lymphatic spread: 13 exclusively in the lymphatic vessels close to the tumor, 17 in at least 1 lymph node, and 4 in both the lymphatic vessels and nodes. The rate of lymph node involvement (regardless of lymphatic vessel involvement) correlated significantly with submucosal invasion (P =. 05) and histologic undifferentiation (P =.03). Lymphatic vessel involvement correlated positively with lymph node involvement (P =. 003). Since 5- and 7-year survival rates of the 13 patients with EGC who had lymphatic vessel involvement without lymph node involvement did not differ significantly from those of patients who had EGC with lymph node involvement (85% and 84% vs 72% and 63%, respectively [P =.42]), all patients with lymph node and/or lymphatic vessel involvement were considered unique. Prognosis was poorest in these patients according to both univariate analysis (94% for 298 without node or vessel involvement vs 78% for 34 with node and/or vessel involvement; P =.006) and multivariate analysis (P =.01). Submucosal invasion was a prognostic factor independent of lymphatic involvement (P =.05). Five- and 7-year survival rates did not differ when the group of 211 patients for whom less than 15 lymph nodes were retrieved were compared with those (n = 51) for whom 15 or more lymph nodes were retrieved (95.5% vs 92% and 95.5% vs 88%, respectively), whether according to univariate (P =.21) or multivariate (P =.31) analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that both lymph node and lymphatic vessel involvement are important prognostic factors in patients with EGC. Lymphadenectomy in EGC is important to identify the high-risk population for whom prognosis is worse. The extent of lymphadenectomy (at least 15 nodes) in these patients, however, does not alter prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

T1 lung cancer: prevalence of mediastinal nodal metastases and diagnostic accuracy of CT.

To determine the prevalence of mediastinal lymph node metastases in T1 non-small cell lung cancer and assess the sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography (CT) in detection of such metastases, the CT scans and surgical findings in 104 patients with T1 lesions were reviewed. Nodes longer than 10 mm on the short or long axis were considered abnormal. All patients underwent thorough mediastinal lymph node dissection at mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy. A total of 362 lymph nodes were sampled. Nodal metastases were present in 22 patients (21%). The sensitivity of CT for metastases to individual nodal stations was 41% for nodes measured on the short axis and 55% for those measured on the long axis. The specificity was 93% and 86%, respectively. When the adjacent nodal stations were included in the analysis, the sensitivity of CT was 59% for nodes measured on the short axis and 77% for those measured on the long axis; the specificity was 91% and 73%, respectively. T1 lung cancer has a higher prevalence of lymph node metastasis than previously reported, and CT is recommended in the preoperative staging of this disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of c-kit expression in small cell lung cancer: prevalence and prognostic implications.

c-kit, a growth factor receptor with tyrosine kinase activity, plays an important role in the biology of cancer. Its expression has been documented in several malignancies. We performed a retrospective study in 85 patients diagnosed with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) to determine the prevalence and role of c-kit as a possible prognostic marker in this lung cancer malignancy. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from patient charts. c-kit, analyzed as immunohistochemical expression in paraffin-embedded tumour tissues, was observed in 60% of patients. All patients were former or present smokers. At diagnosis, 46% of the patients had limited disease (LD) and 54% extended disease (ED). c-kit expression was observed in 59% of LD and 61% of ED patients (p=0.4). Patients received a median of 4 cycles first-line combination chemotherapy (platinum and etoposide). In LD patients, time to progression (TTP) was 11.5 months in c-kit (+) versus 5.9 in c-kit (-) patients (p=0.14), and median survival 15.4 and 12.8 months, respectively (p=0.33). In the ED group, TTP was 5.5 months in c-kit (+) versus 3.8 in c-kit (-) patients (p=0.34), whereas median survival was 6.3 and 7.9 months, respectively (p=0.45). With the limited number of patients in mind, our findings tended towards an association between c-kit expression and survival in the LD group.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2001

Fatigue in ambulatory patients with advanced lung cancer: prevalence, correlated factors, and screening.

Although it has been indicated that patients with lung cancer experience higher level of fatigue than patients with other cancers, few published studies have focused on the characteristics of this fatigue and how it interferes with daily activities. The purpose of this study was to clarify fatigue prevalence and the factors correlated with fatigue, and to develop a screening method for fatigue in patients with advanced lung cancer. One hundred fifty-seven patients completed two fatigue scales (Cancer Fatigue Scale [CFS], and Fatigue Numerical Scale [FNS]) plus other measures, along with a self-administered questionnaire asking whether fatigue had interfered with any of 7 areas of daily activities. Fifty-nine percent of patients had experienced clinical fatigue, which was defined as fatigue that interfered with any daily activities. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that symptoms of dyspnea on walking, appetite loss, and depression were significant correlated factors. Both CFS and FNS were found to have sufficient sensitivity and specificity for use as a screening tool. The results indicated that fatigue is a frequent and important symptom, which is associated with both physical and psychological distress in this population. The CFS and FNS were confirmed to have sufficient screening ability.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Psychological distress following first recurrence of disease in patients with breast cancer: prevalence and risk factors.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for psychological distress following first recurrences of breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The sample was drawn consecutively from the inpatient and outpatient populations of the National Cancer Center Hospital in Japan during an 18-month period from July 1996 to December 1997. Of the 56 eligible patients, 55 women aged 30-73 year with recurrent breast cancer participated in the study. The prevalence of psychological distress, including major depressive disorder and adjustment disorders was evaluated according to the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third edition-revised (DSM-III-R). Risk factors for psychological distress were analyzed with a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of the 55 subjects, 42% met the DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive disorder or adjustment disorders. Major depressive disorder was seen in 4 (7%), and adjustment disorders in 19 (35%). Logistic regression analysis showed that a disease-free interval of less than 24 months significantly predicted a diagnosis of major depressive disorder or adjustment disorders (odds ratio 5.28, 95% confidence interval; 1.28-21.8, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that it is important for all oncology staff to pay careful attention to the psychological health of patients who have been informed of their cancer recurrence, and that some psychosocial intervention is necessary for preventing distress in patients facing early recurrence.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1992

Pain in ambulatory patients with lung or colon cancer. Prevalence, characteristics, and effect.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated the epidemiology and effect of pain in ambulatory patients with cancer who are undergoing active therapy. This information is needed to develop strategies for supportive care in this population. METHODS: The prevalence and characteristics of pain were determined in a prospective survey of ambulatory patients with lung or colon cancer. To reduce bias and acquire comprehensive information, the methodology used face-to-face interviews by trained quality assurance analysts, a multifaceted assessment instrument, and multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS: In a telephone interview, "persistent or frequent" pain during the previous 2 weeks was reported by 57 of 145 (39.3%) patients with lung cancer and 52 of 181 (28.7%) patients with colon cancer; 91 of these patients (47 lung and 44 colon) were interviewed in detail. All patients had excellent performance status, and with the exception of pain location, there were no significant differences between the two tumor types. One-third of the patients had more than one discrete pain. Median pain duration was 4 weeks (range, less than 1 week-468 weeks), and average pain intensity was moderate. Approximately 90% of patients experienced pain more than 25% of the time. Pain interfered moderately or more with general activity and work in approximately half of the patients; more than half reported moderate or greater pain interference in sleep, mood, and enjoyment of life. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the daily frequency of pain, the intensity of the worst pain, the score on a mood scale, and the frequency of the worst pain accounted for 58.7% of the variance in average pain intensity. Likewise, 52.1% of the variance in a derived measure of pain interference in function was explained by the mood score, frequency of the worst pain, number of pains, and pain intensity. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that pain is prevalent among well-functioning ambulatory patients and substantially compromises function in approximately half of the patients who experience it. Pain is a complex symptom; aspects other than intensity, such as frequency, strongly influence its effect.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Menopausal symptoms in women with breast cancer: prevalence and treatment preferences.

Menopausal symptoms are common and problematic for women receiving adjuvant treatment for breast cancer and management presents a challenge. This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to investigate the experience of menopausal symptoms, current management and treatment preferences of 113 patients with breast cancer. These women (who were prescribed tamoxifen and were on average 3 years post-diagnosis) were recruited from a breast unit database. They completed the Hot Flush and Night Sweats Questionnaire (HFNSQ), the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ) and subscales of the EORTC-QLQ-C30 and the BR23, as well as questions about treatments. Forty-four of this sample were also interviewed. The prevalence of hot flushes and night sweats was 80 and 72%, respectively (average 30 per week). Having more problematic hot flushes and night sweats were associated with more anxiety and sleep problems (WHQ), and with poorer emotional and social functioning and worse body image (EORTC-QLQ-C30). The women had used a range of treatments for menopausal symptoms but there was often no evidence for the efficacy for many of these treatments. Strongest preferences were for non-medical treatments, particularly vitamins and herbal remedies and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The evidence for the effectiveness of the former is weak, whereas CBT has been shown to reduce menopausal symptoms, but needs to be evaluated in a population of women who have been treated for breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An estimate of prostate cancer prevalence in Italy.

Estimates of the total number of men with a previous diagnosis of prostate cancer in Italy range from 55,000 to 135,000. This wide range of variation is largely due to uncertainties on the number of protein-specific antigen-detected, asymptomatic cases. The number of clinically detected cases, including cases with advanced disease, is less subject to uncertainty, with reasonable estimates ranging from 45,000 to 60,000.

Europe↗