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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Cemeteries and crematoriums for animals? Social and emotional aspects of the changed human-animal relationship and the resulting needs and risks].

The man-animal-relationship in the modern society is characterized by a ambivalent attitude towards animals. On the one hand man distincts sharply between himself and animals but on the other hand he longs to nearness and familiarity with animals. He recognized himself in animal. Housing conditions of animals range from extensive anonymous to individual over protected. Also the death of animals mainly happens anonymous. In contrast companion animal owners wish to bury their pets in a dignified manner on a cemetery for animals and recently we even have to consider the growing demand for pet crematories. Based on the relevant legislation cemetaries for pets could be authorized and corps of single animals could be cremated in licensed waste facilities. The authorization of crematories for pets depends on the fulfillment of environment regulations and the interpretation of the concerning law. No special risks are seen if the principles written down in the referred regulations are preserved.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Facial reconstructions on the Vörs-Papkert B Cemetery series.

Seven skulls from the Vörs-Papkert B Cemetery were analysed according to the facial reconstruction method of KOLLMANN and GERASIMOV. The degree of expression of sex, metric data of the skull, morphological characteristics of the skull and characteristics of the reconstructed face are presented for each of the skulls.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed1996

Paleoepidemiology, healing, and possible treatment of trauma in the medieval cemetery population of St. Helen-on-the-Walls, York, England.

Traumatic lesions are commonly found in the archeological record and have potential to provide insight into the lives of past populations. This paper examines patterns of long bone fractures in the British medieval population of St. Helen-on-the-Walls from York (approximately 1100-1550) in an effort to determine patterns of healing and evidence for treatment. Long bones were macroscopically and radiologically examined. Clinical data were used to assess whether a fracture had successfully or unsuccessfully healed. The results indicate that fractures of the radius and ulna were most common. Males displayed more fractures than women. Most fractures were healed, well aligned, and without substantial deformity. Lack of evidence for deformity in bones likely to be severely affected by fracture implied that immobilization and possibly reduction was practiced on even the poorest residents of the medieval city.

England↗
PubMed1998

Second metacarpal midshaft geometry in an historic cemetery sample.

Study of bone mass at the second metacarpal midshaft has contributed to our understanding of skeletal growth and aging within and between populations and has relied extensively on noninvasive techniques and in particular radiogrammetric data. This study reports age, sex, and side variation in size and shape data acquired from direct measurement of cross-sections obtained from a large (n = 356), homogeneous skeletal sample. Correlation analysis and three-way ANOVA of size-adjusted data confirm general impressions of patterned variation in this element: males have absolutely but not necessarily relatively larger bones than females; the right side is larger than the left, though a larger than expected proportion (approximately 25%) of left metacarpals exhibits greater values than the right; and bone mass but not strength (in males) declines with age. Contrary to the widely accepted assumption of circularity for this location, direct measurement of cross-sectional geometry confirms previous biplanar radiogrammetric conclusions regarding the noncircularity of the second metacarpal midshaft and identifies a significant difference between males and females, with the latter having a more cylindrical diaphysis. Deviation of the axes of maximum and minimum bending strength associated with noncircularity suggests a distribution of bone mass to resist bending moments perpendicular to the distal palmar arch, though this conclusion awaits more robust study of the functional anatomy of the metacarpal diaphysis.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Biomechanical beam analysis of long bones from a late 18th century slave cemetery in Cape Town, South Africa.

This study aims to quantify the physical demands of a sample of late 18th century skeletons from an unmarked burial site on Cobern Street, Cape Town, South Africa. Historical studies suggest that these individuals were either slaves or "free black" people of low socioeconomic standing. Cortical cross-sectional areas of paired humeri and tibiae from the Cobern Street collection (N = 29), a modern cadaver collection (N = 31), and a hunter-gatherer collection (N = 30) were compared by means of biomechanical beam analysis on computerized tomography scans. Results showed that the Cobern Street sample, both males and females, were closer to the modern group in total tibial cortical area and in the second moments and polar moments of cortical area, than to the hunter-gatherer group. It is assumed that these results can be explained by differences in lower limb activity. Tibial strength properties showed the hunter-gatherer peoples to be highly mobile and active walkers in comparison to the Cobern Street and modern samples. The males from the Cobern Street sample showed significantly higher values for humeral strength properties than either the hunter-gatherer or modern individuals, attesting to their status as manual laborers. The humeral cross-sectional strength properties for females were very similar between the Cobern Street and modern groups but again significantly different from the hunter-gatherer sample. The domestic chores performed by females of the recent cadaver sample may be very similar to those performed by the Cobern Street sample.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Dental health of elderly confederate veterans: evidence from the Texas State Cemetery.

Analysis of the skeletal remains of 50 Confederate veterans provided a unique opportunity to explore the dental health of a geriatric sample. These men, who died between 1907-1932, had an average age at death of 76.7 years. Ninety percent were institutionalized at the Confederate Home for Men (Austin, TX) prior to their deaths. This elderly sample was assessed in terms of caries, antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), abscesses, and linear enamel hypoplasias. On a per tooth basis, the AMTL rate was 57.2%. Of 39 dentate men, 33 (84.6%) had dental caries, and 24.4% (121 of 496) of teeth were carious. Ten (25.0%) of the dentate men had hypoplastic teeth. At least one abscess was seen in 14 (28%) of 50 individuals. Results from this geriatric institutionalized sample are compared to contemporaneous historical samples. Disparities in dental health among these groups may be due to differences in average age at death, and these comparisons allow a better understanding of dental changes that occur with age. The sample is also compared to modern elderly samples: modern groups have higher caries rates, possibly because they retained more teeth. This finding may be due in part to diets in the United States becoming increasingly cariogenic over time. In addition, dental care has moved from the reactive practices seen in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (such as tooth extractions) to modern proactive solutions dedicated to preserving and restoring teeth (such as tooth brushing, fluoride treatments, and dental fillings).

Aged↗