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PubMed1985

[Differentiation of human and nonhuman primate ribs].

The ribs of 9 human beings and 6 animal-primates (4 Pongidae and 2 Cercopithecidae of 2 different species) had been examined metrically with regard to their relative dimensions and proportions. Special care was taken as well of the differentiation of single ribs of one individual as of interspecific differentiation. Generally the Pongidae show the greatest relative-dimensions. This concerns both the diameter as the length. The individuals of the genus Homo have medium-sized dimensions, while the Cercopithecidae have the smallest. In this way a first grouping of the measurements becomes possible. As for the rib-diameter Homo concurs more with the Pongidae than with the Cercopithecidae. At first from the rib-proportions resulted an indication to special similarity between the Pongidae and recent man from whom the Cercopithecidae distinctively differ as it is shown by the indices angulus-sternal end/tuberculum-angulus. A divariate presentation of the measurements of this index, however, proves that Homo concerning the single measurements occupies an intermediate position between the Pongidae and the Cercopithecidae in this case, too (Fig. 5). The examination of the craniocaudal trend of different ribmeasurements (length, depth and area of the rib-arc) produced a special similarity of the 4 upper ribs between the Pongidae and Homo. In the region of the lower chest a great conformity between the Pongidae and the Cercopithecidae became obvious in this respect. A different trend shows up in Homo - probably as an expression of the transformation-process in the human chest. The intraspecific morphometric discrimination of the single ribs proves to be especially difficult, above all between the 7th to 10th rib, if the ribs of an individual are not completely present. It is, however, possible in some cases by means of some measurements and indices of these ribs.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Hematology and serum chemistry in the white-crowned mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus) and in the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx).

Reference values of some hematologic and plasma chemical parameters were established in two species of clinically normal Cercopithecidae. The following variables were studied in seven mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and nine white-crowned mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus): hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, glucose, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, total serum proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin-globulin ratio, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, total phosphorus, chloride, and serum osmolality. Few differences were observed when compared with human hematological data and with other species of Cercopithecidae Primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Chromosomal painting shows that "marked chromosomes" in lesser apes and Old World monkeys are not homologous and evolved by convergence.

Cytogeneticists have long held that the single pair of metacentric, NOR-bearing "marked chromosomes" in lesser apes (Hylobatidae) and Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae) are homologous. Hylobatids have sometimes been excluded from Hominoidea (great apes and humans) and phylogenetically allied with the lower primates, primarily on the basis of this shared "trait." However, in situ hybridization of human chromosome-specific DNA probes to chromosomes of Hylobates lar, H. syndactylus, H. concolor, Cercopithecus aethiops, Macaca fuscata, Colobus guereza, and Presbytis cristata showed that the so-called "marked chromosomes" in Hylobatidae and Cercopithecidae evolved by convergence. Therefore, "marked chromosomes" cannot be used to exclude gibbons from Hominoidea or to link Hylobatidae with monkeys. Chromosomal painting is a powerful tool to resolve problems of chromosomal homology and helps eliminate phylogenetic errors due to confusing convergence with homology. Chromosomal painting improves the confidence in using cytogenetic data for evolutionary studies, especially in phylogeny and taxonomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Comparative anatomy and significance of the sesamoid bone of the peroneus longus muscle (os peroneum).

The os peroneum is found in only a few primate families and seems to be completely absent in the non-primate pentadactyl mammals, in the Prosimii and in the Platyrrhinii (New World monkeys). In the Cercopithecidae (Catarrhinii, Old World monkeys) and the Hylobatidae, the os peroneum is a coffee bean-shaped constant, large and regular bone. The lateral surface of the bone is convex in all directions and non-articular. The medial surface is covered with hyaline cartilage and articulates by means of a synovial joint with the corresponding facet of the cuboid bone. The histological structure and the mode of ossification of the os peroneum are identical to that of other short bones of the skeleton. The os peroneum of the Cercopithecidae and Hylobatidae is an example of a new skeletal element that has appeared in a tendon subject to unusual mechanical stress. In the case of the peroneus longus tendon the stress is due to repetitive friction because of the functional importance of this muscle in the adduction and pseudo-opposability of the hallux. This osseous element is genetically fixed and hereditarily transmitted. Its mode of appearance is analogous to that accepted for the origin of the patella. In the Pongidae, the os peroneum is absent or rare. In man, this bone is relatively infrequent (approx 20% of mature individuals) and its shape is most irregular. In this case, the os peroneum appears as a regressive form of the typical bone observed in the above families, which is in the process of disappearing. Besides fundamental genetical factors, this regression is probably in relation to the disappearance of the functional importance of the peroneus longus muscle to the loss of the hallux opposability. Thus the mechanical factors cannot be dissociated from the genetic and phylogenetic factors in explaining the appearance and the regression of the os peroneum.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Comparative anatomical studies of arteriographs of the hand and foot in primates including man.

In this study we have tried not only to report the variations in the arteries of the hand in Hominoidea (Pongidae and Hominidae) and the frequency with which these deviations occur, but also to deal with them phylogenetically and ontogenically. The arterial system of the human hand and foot are considered to have changed from the ground plan of Old World monkeys. In this paper, the entire arterial system of the primates including man (Cercopithecidae, Pongidae and Hominidae) is discussed in a stereoscopic analysis of angiographs. In the hand, a three-dimensional angiographic analysis of the deep palmar arterial arches and their correlating arteries revealed the following features. In Cercopithecidae, 3 deep palmar arches are formed by branches of the 2nd dorsal metacarpal artery: 2 proximal arches (the catella volaris proximalis and arcus volaris profundus) and 1 distal arch (the catella volaris distalis). The palmar intermetacarpal arteries arise from the catella volaris proximalis and the palmar metacarpal arteries arise from the arcus volaris profundus. In Pongidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and the catella volaris proximalis is more developed than the arcus volaris profundus. In Hominidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and they consist of the arcus volaris profundus and an incomplete catella volaris distalis. This change may have been caused by the development of the thumb and its effect on finger movements. In the foot of Macaques, the saphenous artery, instead of the anterior tibial artery, reaches the dorsum of the foot and its branches supply most of the foot. The dorsal arteries are dominant as far as the metatarsal spaces of the lateral four toes. The 2nd dorsal metatarsal artery shows a tendency to be the single dominant artery and to give rise to even 4th plantar common digital artery through the catella plantaris distalis. This tendency was observed more clearly in other macaque species than the Japanese monkey. The perforating branch at the second proximal metatarsal space forms the arcus plantaris profundus, which is accompanied by the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve. Beneath the arch, the catella plantaris proximalis is formed on the metatarsal bones among the perforating branches of dorsal metatarsal arteries. The posterior tibial artery forms the arcus plantaris superficialis, whose thin branches commonly enter the plantar common digital arteries. As described above, some similar arterial patterns in the hand and foot are ones that are secondarily acquired in man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Angiography↗
PubMed1980

Highly repetitive component alpha and related alphoid DNAs in man and monkeys.

The genomes of Old-World, New-World, and prosimian primates contain members of a large class of highly repetitive DNAs that are related to one another and to component alpha DNA of the African green monkey by their sequence homologies and restriction site periodicities. The members of this class of highly repetitive DNAs are termed the alphoid DNAs, after the prototypical member, component alpha of the African green monkey which was the first such DNA to be identified (Maio, 1971) and sequenced (Rosenberg et al., 1978). The alphoid DNAs appear to be uniquely primate sequences.--From the restriction enzyme cleavage patterns and Southern blot hybridizations under different stringency conditions, the alphoid DNAs comprise multiple sequence families exhibiting varying degrees of homology to component alpha DNA. They also share common elements in their restriction site periodicities (172 . n base-pairs), in the long-range organization of their repeating units, and in their banding behavior in CsCl and Cs2SO4 bouyant density gradients, in which they band within the bulk DNA as cryptic repetitive components.--In the three species from the Family Cercopithecidae examined, the alphoid DNAs represent the most abundant, tandemly repetitive sequence components, comprising about 24% of the African green monkey genome and 8 to 10% of the Rhesus monkey and baboon genomes. In restriction digests, the bulk of the alphoid DNAs among the Cercopithecidae appeared quantitatively reduced to a simple series of arithmetic segments based on a 172 base-pair (bp) repeat. In contrast with these simple restriction patterns, complex patterns were observed when human alphoid DNAs were cleaved with restriction enzymes. Detailed analysis revealed that the human genome contains multiple alphoid sequence families which differ from one another both in their repeat sequence organization and in their degree of homology to the African green monkey component alpha DNA.--The finding of alphoid sequences in other Old-World primate families, in a New-World monkey, and in a prosimian primate attests to the antiquity of these sequences in primate evolution and to the sequence conservatism of a large class of mammalian highly repetitive DNA. In addition, the relative conservatism exhibited by these sequences may distinguish the alphoid DNAs from more recently evolved highly repetitive components and satellite DNAs which have a more restricted taxonomical distribution.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Brief communication: the popliteal sesamoid bone (cyamella) in primates.

A study of 246 adult nonhuman primates belonging to 34 genera indicates that a popliteal sesamoid bone is always present in the tendon of the popliteus muscle in Prosimii and Callitrichidae. The bone occurs only variably in Atelidae and Pongo, and is usually absent in Gorilla. The bone is absent, or very rare, in Cebus, Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae, Pan, and humans. When the bone is present, it articulates with the posterior part of the articular surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia, and lies very close to the head of the fibula, at the angulated part of the popliteal tendon, near the tendomuscular junction. The presence of the popliteal sesamoid bone in primates is a primitive character.

Animals↗