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PubMed1990

Characterization of a primate model of hypertension. The response of hypertensive and normotensive male vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) to cold pressor stress, captopril administration, and acute bolus of atrial natriuretic factor.

In feral populations of African green monkeys or vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops), between 5 and 15% of adults have spontaneously elevated blood pressure (BP). We report here the initial biological and pharmacological characterization of this potential animal model of hypertension. Captive male monkeys with elevated systolic pressures show a modest pressure increase in response to stressors such as capture, phlebotomy and cold challenge. Acute captopril administration lowers BP in monkeys with high blood pressure (HBP), but has no effect on BP in control animals. Furosemide does not acutely reduce BP. Animals with elevated BPs have lower levels of angiotensin II than do age- and weight-matched controls. An acute infusion of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) diminishes BP and stimulates urinary output in control and HBP vervets. However, both effects are more pronounced in animals with HBP. Heart rate is not affected by any of the experimental manipulations. Taken together, these data suggest that African green monkeys with spontaneously elevated BP may be a useful experimental model for particular types of human hypertension. Additional studies are required to complete the endocrine and pharmacological characterization of individual animals with HBP.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

Immunity in plague: protection induced in Cercopithecus aethiops by oral administration of live, attenuated Yersinia pestis.

A live, attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccine, designated EV76 (Paris) F, was pathogenic in Cercopithecus aethiops when administered parenterally. Although an oral dose of 10(9) colone-forming units of the vaccine was nonfatal to vervets, a transient but severe gastrointestinal disturbance resulted in four of 12 animals. Seven immunized vervets were protected against intradermal challenge. The remaining five vervets without serologic reactions and five untreated controls died from typical bubonic (septicemic) plague within seven days. General reactions after vaccination were not predictive of later-developing immunity, which appeared to correlate with the production of Fraction I-specific antibodies. Marked differences in immunity were noted with two methods of vaccine administration (incorporation into bananas and dropping into the mouth). This finding supported the prior observation that the oral mucosa is the major portal of entry for this strain of vaccine. Local reactions in the buccal cavity after feeding were negligible. Thus this strain of Y. pestis is a nonlethal, effective weapon against bubonic plague in a susceptible species.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Biometric analysis of the mandibles of Papio anubis and Cercopithecus aethiops.

Six biometric measurements were recorded from dry mandibles of 53 Papio anubis and 84 Cercopithecus aethiops: intercondylar width, intercoronoid width, intermolar width (IMW), mesiodistal width of the condyles, height of the occlusal table and anteroposterior length of the chewing surface from P4 to M3 (CL). The mean values and correlation matrices of these variables show that, despite the difference in size, the overall shape of the mandible in male and female is similar within species. The principal component analysis shows that in P. anubis the six variables contribute almost equally to the first component (75% of total variance), suggesting that the large mandible may be force related because of the greater mechanical forces required for chewing certain foods. In C. aethiops, the contribution of IMW and CL is less in the first component (52.7% of total variance), suggesting that the biochemical forces of mastication are more complex to adapt the mandible to a shorter muzzle and a particular diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Parvalbumin in the medial septum/diagonal band complex of the African green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops.

The distribution of the calcium-binding protein Parvalbumin (PV), a marker for a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons, was studied in the septal complex of the African green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. PV-immunoreactive neurons were found in relatively small numbers in the medial septum and in large numbers in the nucleus of the diagonal band (BROCA). They were extremely rare in the dorsal and intermediate parts of the lateral septum. PV-immunoreactive neurons in the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band were mostly fusiform when located close to the midline and round to polygonal in more lateral locations. Some perikarya of immunopositive as well as immunonegative cells were covered with immunostained boutons whereas others were not. Our present descriptive data suggest that there are no principal differences in PV-containing neurons in the septal region between non-human primates and rodents which have been analyzed in great detail in previous studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Encephalitis and chorioretinitis associated with neurotropic African horsesickness virus infection in laboratory workers. Part IV. Experimental infection of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus).

Neurotropic vaccine strains of African horsesickness (AHS) virus types 1 and 6 were implicated as the possible aetiological agents in 4 cases of encephalitis and uveochorioretinitis in laboratory workers accidentally exposed to the freeze-dried vaccine preparations of the virus. To date, AHS virus has not been known to infect man. To ascertain whether or not primates were susceptible to infection with AHS virus, vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus pygerythrus) were inoculated, either transnasally or intraconjunctivally, with vaccine strains of AHS virus types 1 and 6. The course of infection was monitored using parameters such as behavioural changes, febrile reaction, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, serology, magnetic resonance imaging and autopsy. Encephalitis, manifested by varying degrees of fever, behavioural changes and pleocytosis, but no chorioretinitis was detected in all 6 transnasally infected monkeys. This was confirmed by autopsy, where a meningo-encephalitis affecting the medial temporal lobe but no lesions in the eyes was demonstrated. Neither virus appeared to infect the animals after intraconjunctival inoculation. These findings support the theory that the patients were infected by the inhalation of freeze-dried vaccine preparations. The pathogenesis of the eye lesions, however, remains uncertain.

African Horse Sickness↗
PubMed1991

Unmyelinated nerve fibers associated with Meissner's corpuscle in the green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops L.).

The ultrastructure and organization of free nerve fibers occurring in dermal papillae containing Meissner's corpuscles were studied in the fingertips of the Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops L.). The course of the thin unmyelinated fibers leads in the vicinity of Meissner's corpuscles in the connective tissue of its sheaths, between the epidermis and the peripheral fibroblast layer; they never come into contact with the nervous component of the receptor. Consequently, neither a "pericorpuscular reticulum" nor an "apparatus of Timofeew" is formed. The presence of thin axons containing dense-cored vesicles is evident, but they are not autonomous fibers, as indicated by the negative results of the Falck-Hillarp test for catecholamines. The nerve fibers occasionally seem to bear a close resemblance to the "open" and "plain" endings described by other authors in papillae devoid of corpuscles. Despite failure for close mutual contact to be established between the Meissner's corpuscle and the unmyelinated fibers ramifying in the connective tissue surrounding it, the hypothesis that the two may cooperate to form a "multimodal sensory package" is not without interest.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Angiology of the brain of the baboon Papio ursinus, the vervet monkey Cercopithecus pygerithrus, and the bushbaby Galago senegalensis.

The investigation was undertaken to compare the blood supply and venous drainage of the brain of the baboon P. ursinus, the vervet monkey C. pygerithrus, and the bushbaby G. senegalensis with that of man, because these animals are extensively used as research models. The blood supply of the three primates was found to be similar in each case. Like man they have a complete circulus arteriosus; but they have a single anterior cerebral artery, whereas man has paired anterior cerebral arteries. The arterial supply to the cerebellum in the primates is similar to that in man, the main difference being a "common inferior cerebellar artery" which bifurcates to form the anterior inferior cerebellar and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. In man, these arteries arise separately from the basilar artery and vertebral arteries, respectively. The dural venous drainage was also found to be similar in these primates but was far more extensive than in man. The primates have additional sinuses--the more important of these being the "basisphenoid sinus" and the petrosquamous sinus. The former drains the basilar sinus and is itself drained via the vertebral venous plexus and internal jugular vein. The latter drains via the petrosquamous foramen into the retromandibular vein. The petrosquamous sinus has a rostral extension which drains through the foramen ovale and two lateral and medial connecting sinuses which drain the cavernous and basilar sinuses, respectively. These sinuses are not found in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The cephalometric analysis of Cercopithecus aethiops.

A Steiner-based cephalometric study of 46 adult Vervet monkeys was undertaken using craniometric points as closely correlated to those in the human as possible. On tracings of each cephalogram 13 measurements were recorded. The results were statistically analysed. Whilst the monkey face does vary individually this variation is apparently much less than is that of the human face. It is possible that the positions of the monkey incisor crowns bear a relatively constant relationship to the soft tissue profile. The establishment of some cephalometric norms for the Vervet monkey may be useful for future growth studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of size on vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops) gait parameters: a longitudinal approach.

Changes in the values of certain locomotor parameters were analyzed over a range of speeds for five immature vervet monkeys sampled at 6 month intervals over approximately a 3 year period. Lateral and diagonal sequence walking gaits and transverse and rotary gallops were commonly used. The monkeys switched from walking to galloping at long cycle durations for their mass, although, as a group, their transition speeds were in agreement with data from other mammals. However, for individual monkeys, transition speed was not consistently dependent on body mass. Cycle and stance durations generally increased with increasing size at each speed for each animal, with the greatest increases occurring at slower speeds. Swing durations increased slightly with size. For any particular individual, speed was highly predictable from cycle (or stance) duration and body mass (or age). However, the multiple regression equations for each animal were significantly different from each other, suggesting that no single equation is satisfactory for all of the individuals within a species.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Effects of growth and speed on hindlimb joint angular displacement patterns in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Hip, knee, and ankle joint displacement patterns are compared across both age and speed for five immature vervet monkeys sampled approximately every 6 months over a 3 year period. The analysis indicated that, as a group, the animals displayed no consistent changes in joint patterns as they grew. However, individual animals showed consistent patterns. There were also no consistent effects of size across animals at the walk-gallop transition. This is contrary to McMahon's prediction (J. Appl. Physiol. 39:619-627, 1975) based upon his elastic-similarity model of animal scaling. With increasing speed, when symmetrical gaits were used, all of the animals tended to show a decrease in the relative positions of the hip, knee, and ankle maximum values. Furthermore, across the walk-gallop transition, the animals tended to show a decrease in the range of ankle and knee movements.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Infanticide and social organization in the redtail monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti) in the Kibale Forest, Uganda.

The redtail monkeys of the Kibale Forest, W. Uganda, live in social groups of about 35 members with only one adult male. In one of the study groups the harem male was replaced by a new male from outside the group. This male-replacement was followed by the new male killing and eating two newborn infants in the group. Infants and young juveniles older than one month were not attacked. Following the infanticide the new male copulated with several adult females in the group. 8 months after this male joined the group, 5 other adult and subadult males associated with it. This multimale influx was accompanied by frequent and intense aggression among the males. Comparisons are made with the studies of langurs in India and Ceylon and it is suggested that infanticide following male-replacement in the harem affords reproductive advantages to the new male.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Spectral and orientation specificity of single cells in foveal striate cortex of the vervet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops.

1. The spectral sensitivity, orientation specificity and inhibitory surround of seventy-three cells were studied in the vervet monkey. The eye was in the dark or illuminated with steady white or spectral light. The cells were in the striate cortex corresponding to the foveal representation. Nearly all the cells gave on- or on/off-responses.2. More than a third of the cells (41%) responded over a narrow spectral band, in the blue, green, yellow or red section. Three quarters of them were orientation specific with flanking inhibitory surround and half of these were of the ;stopped-end' variety as well. The effect of the wave-length of the background indicated that only a half were activated by such excitatory-inhibitory colour pairs as have been described in the geniculate nucleus.3. A third of the cells (36%) responded to most colours but with the greatest response to green, yellow or red. Less than half were orientation specific. Unlike the narrowband cells, the response decreased with the intensity of the light. Two thirds were activated by the excitatory-inhibitory colour pairs that have been described in the geniculate nucleus.4. In both groups of cells the wave-length of the spectral peak could be different when the stimuli were weak compared with when they were strong.5. One quarter of the cells (23%) gave on/off-responses to all spectral flashes; half were not orientation specific. The difference in orientation specificity between narrow- and broadband cells is significant (P < 0.01).

Action Potentials↗