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PubMed1998

Capture techniques and morphological measurements of the mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) on the island of Grenada, West Indies.

Morphological measurements were collected from 12 wild and 12 captive mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona) on the Caribbean island of Grenada. Mona monkeys were introduced to Grenada from Africa approximately 200 to 300 years ago during the slave trade era. Wild monkeys were captured using either 1) a baited treadle-door trap and anesthetic-filled darts fired from a blowpipe, or 2) rifle-fired anesthetic-filled darts. All wild monkeys were released back into the forest after capture and were seen with their original groups within 24 hours of release. Captive monkeys were anesthetized using blowpipe-fired darts. A Ketaset/Rompun mixture was the most effective anesthetic for wild monkeys while Ketaset alone was suitable for captive monkeys. Responses to and recovery times from both drugs varied among individuals. Data on eight linear body measurements, canine length, testicle size, and weight were collected from all monkeys. Adult monkeys were significantly sexually dimorphic across all measurements. Mean adult male weight (mean = 4.7, SD = 0.9, n = 13) was almost twice that of adult females (mean = 2.8, SD = 0.8, n = 7). No significant differences in weight or measurements were found between adult wild and captive males. Preliminary comparisons with morphometrics for African C. mona from the literature showed the upper limit of Grenada mona body length and weight to be smaller than that of African monas for both sexes. These differences may be due to genetic divergence, ecological adaptation, inter-African geographic variation, and/or small sample sizes.

Africa↗

PubMed1988

Morphology and morphometry of the normal lung of the adult vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

The lungs of four adult specimens of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) have been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. A morphometric evaluation of the structural components directly involved in gas exchange has been carried out and the data have been modelled to estimate the anatomical diffusing capacity of the lung. The upper air-conducting airways of the lung were lined by an epithelium characterized by ciliated cells among which were dispersed goblet cells. The alveolar surface was lined by squamous type I pneumocytes and cuboidal type II granular pneumocytes. The blood-gas (tissue) barrier consisted of an epithelial cell, a common basal lamina, and an endothelial cell in the thin parts of the interalveolar septum. In the thicker parts of the septum, an interstitial space interposed between the basal laminae of the epithelial and endothelial cells contained supportive elements such as collagen, elastic tissue, and fibrocytes. The alveoli, the blood capillaries, and septal tissue composed 73%, 16%, and 11%, respectively, of the parenchyma. The harmonic and arithmetic mean thicknesses of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier were 0.311 micron and 1.048 microns; the surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier per unit body weight was 50 cm2g-1, and the surface density was 117 mm2.mm3-1. The weight-specific total morphometric diffusing capacity was 0.11 mlO2 (sec.mbar.kg)-1. In comparison, the pulmonary morphometric characteristics of vervet monkey lung were superior to those of the other primates (Macaca irus, M. mulatta, and Homo sapiens) for which equivalent data are available. The gas-exchange potential of the lungs of the nonhuman primates as revealed by morphometric studies surpasses that of man, a feature that can be attributed to the relatively less energetic human lifestyle.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Female social relationships in a captive group of Campbell's monkeys (Cercopithecus campbelli campbelli).

A study group of Campbell's monkeys (Cercopithecus c. campbelli) provided data on affiliative and agonistic relationships between females. Over a period of two years (involving 111 hr), we conducted observations of a captive group which had a composition similar to wild groups. We were able to identify a monitor-adjust social system with frequent affiliative interactions, directed gazing and avoidances rather than aggressive acts. We described long-term differentiated affiliative bonds: adult females interacting more often with some group mates than others, especially if they were relatives. Interactions between matrilines concerned essentially play and young adult females. We found a significant linear hierarchy of dominance with rare reversals and a stable intermatriline dominance. In contrast to other single-male groups, our adult male was socially integrated into the group although this may have been because of the housing conditions. Comparisons with the social organization of other captive and wild guenon groups are discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Competition, predation, and the evolutionary significance of the cercopithecine cheek pouch: the case of Cercopithecus and Lophocebus.

Reports of cercopithecine cheek pouch use and functional significance are largely anecdotal, and to date there have been no investigations into its use by species living in closed forest habitats. Here, I report on cheek pouch use in Cercopithecus ascanius and Lophocebus albigena in the Kibale National Park, Uganda, between July-October 1997. Two hypotheses were evaluated: this feature was selected for because of its role in 1) increasing feeding efficiency via a reduction in potential feeding competition, and/or 2) reducing vulnerability to predation. Results indicate that both species were more likely to use their cheek pouches when feeding on contestable foods and, after filling cheek pouches, retreated to more densely vegetated ("safer") positions for processing food. There was no influence of age and sex on L. albigena cheek pouch use. Subadult C. ascanius cheek-pouched less frequently than adults, although there were no differences between adult males and females. There was no relationship between feeding-patch size and number of plant food items cheek-pouched in either species. However, the diameter of breast height (dbh; a measure of patch size) of trees in which C. ascanius used their cheek pouches was significantly larger than the dbh of trees in which they did not. Both species were more likely to use their cheek pouches in the presence of greater numbers of conspecifics. These data provide insight into the relationship(s) among oral anatomy and feeding efficiency, and facilitate understanding into the selection for this important oral feature in stem cercopithecines.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1975

The application of biomechanical motion analysis to aspects of green monkey (Cercopithecus a. sabaeus) locomotion.

A cinematographic method of biomechanical motion analysis is presented which permits the determination of body segment forces and joint moments of force, and thereby dominant muscle action. An analysis of the horizontal leap of Cercopithecus is used as an example of the utility of this approach in the area of functional morphology. Kinematic and kinetic data are presented and discussed in terms of the biomechanical requirements of this form of locomotion. The importance of a consideration of inertial as well as gravitational forces in an analysis of positional behavior involving body motion is stressed.

Acceleration↗

PubMed1979

Locomotor adaptations within the Cercopithecus Genus: a multivariate approach.

Multivariate analysis as a technique for investigating locomotor differentiation among primates has proven its power and usefulness in many studies on various skeletal dimensions. In these analyses primate genera were distributed and sometimes clustered in a manner that was interpretable based on current knowledge of gross locomotor differences. In an effort to advance our understanding of arboreality and terrestriality in primates, the present research involves a careful look for the most subtle morphological differences in locomotor behavior. It is believed that by looking at such subtle shape differences an understanding of what it means morphologically for a primate to be either more or less arboreal may be achieved. The species within the primate genus Cercopithecus were analyzed. This genus includes species which may be placed along a habitat (ground-living to tree-dwelling) or activity spectrum. The different habitats or activity patterns clearly require slight variations in patterns of movement, which in turn may require subtle structural adaptations. Multivariate analyses of 67 postcranial variables on seven species within the genus allowed detection of slight degrees of morphological variation. However, when morphological differences are small, size variance among specimens may take on an inflated importance. A substantial amount of work was devoted to finding the least biased method of removing size variance from the variables while incorporating a discrete size variable into the study. Using these transformed skeletal variables, interspecific groupings were discovered. Much of this infrastructure is then related to differing locomotor behavior and provides an insight into the fine structure of primate locomotor adaptation in an arboreal habitat.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Blood protein variation in a population of Ethiopian vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops).

Seven small groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops), totaling 124 individuals, from Awash National Park, Ethiopia, were trapped and blood samples were obtained. Twenty-three loci were examined by starch gel electrophoresis and four loci, Tf, E, ADA, and PMG2 were found to be polymorphic. The average heterozygosity (H) of the population was calculated to be 5.6%. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium proportions occurred and a chi-square test for group homogeneity was also not significant. Average Fst for all polymorphic loci was calculated to be 0.062. This suggests that the entire group functions as a single Mendelian population.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Patterns of genetic variability in the serum proteins of the Kenyan vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

An electrophoretic survey of 13 serum proteins was carried out on samples drawn from 340 vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) living in 30 troops from four different localities in central and southern Kenya. The proportion of polymorphic loci is 0.17 and the average heterozygosity is 0.05. The group specific component, prealbumin carboxylesterase, and transferrin are all polymorphic. The analysis of the patterns of gene diversity show that a large part of the genic variation exists within individual troops and among neighboring troops from the same trapping locality. Only a small proportion of the overall genetic variability occurs between the populations at the different trapping localities which are separated by between 80 and 380 km. The migration of young males from their natal troops is a likely mechanism of gene flow among the vervet populations. Gene flow appears to be sufficient to prevent high levels of geographic variation in the gene frequencies at these loci, but is insufficient to prevent the occasional fixation of alleles in some local populations.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1986

STLV-I antibodies in feral populations of East African vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Serum samples from feral populations of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were screened for antibodies to the simian T-lymphotropic virus, type I (STLV-I). Blood samples had been collected from 336 monkeys in 4 regions of central and southern Kenya in 1978 and 1979, from 114 monkeys in central Ethiopia in 1973, and from 85 monkeys from the Kampala region of Uganda in 1966. A total of 178/535 monkeys (33%) were seropositive (STLV-I+). Only 4/114 monkeys (4%) from Ethiopia were seropositive compared to 25/85 Ugandan monkeys (29%) and 149/336 Kenyan monkeys (44%). Epidemiological analysis of the Kenyan monkeys showed that 37% of the males and 54% of the females were STLV-I+, and that there was a progressive increase in the proportion of STLV-I+ monkeys of both sexes with age, rising from an average of 16% in infants (less than 9 months) to an average of 69% in adults (greater than 42 months). The proportion of STLV-I+ monkeys was higher among females in each age category. Seropositivity for antibodies to STLV-I had no apparent effect on the health of monkeys, and no association with the occurrence of Hepatocystis parasitemia was seen in this species. The analysis of data from infants of STLV-I+ mothers showed that seroconversion had occurred in 1 of 3 cases, suggesting that vertical transmission of the STLV-I virus is not an inevitable consequence for infants of seropositive mothers.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1975

Nervous connections between the brain and the pineal gland in the cat (Felis catus) and the monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Silver-impregnated series of cat and monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) brains were studied in an attempt to demonstrate the existence of nervous connections between the brain and the pineal gland via the pineal stalk (central pineal connections). The presence of such connections between both the pineal gland and the habenular area, and between the pineal gland and the posterior commissure was verified in this study. A well defined median nerve tract between the pineal gland and the posterior commissure is described.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Fetal membranes and placenta of the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

This study examined developmental changes in fetal membranes and placenta of Cercopithecus aethiops from a Carnegie developmental stage 12 embryo to near-term fetuses. Ultrastructurally, yolk sac cells (endoderm and mesothelium) were similar to comparable stages in other primates. Endodermal cells had few apical microvilli, abundant rough-endoplasmic reticulum, electron dense mitochondria and dense bodies. In contrast, mesothelial cells were squamous with numerous microvilli, small mitochondria and a few short strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Amnion cells early in gestation were squamous with few microvilli, large glycogen deposits and poorly developed cytoplasmic components. Tight junctions and desmosomes held adjacent cells together. The basal surface was smooth and the basal lamina was distinct. As development proceeded the amniotic cells became cuboidal and possessed numerous microvilli. Cytoplasmic organelles were better developed and glycogen deposits increased by mid-gestation. A thick layer of microfibrils and collagen fibers was prominent below the basal lamina. Near-term, the glycogen had virtually disappeared and the amount of lipid droplets increased. Basal infoldings and podocytic processes and the extracellular matrix had increased. The smooth chorion consisted of pseudostratified columnar cells. Cells had short microvilli, numerous granules and vesicles of variable size and electron density in early gestation. With increasing age, amounts of granules and vesicles decreased, as the endoplasmic reticulum became prominent. The chorionic trophoblast was a continuous layer in mid-pregnancy and its cells had well-developed organelles and inclusions. Late in gestation, the trophoblastic layer became discontinuous and wide intercellular spaces and channels were present. In the placenta, the trophoblastic elements showed features characteristic of primate placenta.

Amnion↗

PubMed1981

Peripheral correlates of serotonergically-influenced behaviors in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus).

The associations among twelve behaviors and three potential peripheral markers of central serotonergic activity were investigated in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). The behaviors monitored included approach, heterogroom, rest, eat, avoid, be solitary, be vigilant, huddle, initiate aggress, receive aggress, and engage in sexual behavior. The biochemical parameters measured were whole blood serotonin, plasma free tryptophan, and plasma total tryptophan. Throughout the study period, intraindividual variability in both the behavioral and the biochemical measures was small, although there was substantial interindividual variability in both sets of measures. Free and total tryptophan correlated positively with approach, heterogroom, and eat, and inversely with avoid and be solitary. Whole blood serotonin correlated inversely with avoid and be solitary. These data are compatible with previously reported observations on the behavioral consequences of manipulating serotonergic systems in vervet monkeys and suggest that in normal, drug naive monkeys, free and total tryptophan are better correlates of the central serotonergic activity influencing behavior than is whole blood serotonin.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Spheno-occipital synchondrosis--a fluorescence and polarization microscopy study in Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys].

On 17 Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys we investigated with the method of the polychromic sequential dye marking system the histomorphology as well as the dynamics of growth and calcification of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. The age of the animals ranged from change to teeth to late adolescence. The animals had been divided into four different groups: I: late change of teeth; II: young adult; III: fully grown; IV: late adolescence. In the first group the spheno-occipital synchondrosis showed no ossification in the gap which is filled with cartilage. It showed the characteristic structure with a central zone of equally distributed chondrocytes. Adjacent to this we found a zone of proliferation cell hypotrophy and cell degeneration. With increasing age there is decrease of the density of cells (groups II to IV) and after change to teeth the synchondrosis starts to ossify (group II). Due to the ossification the synchondrosis subdivides into different cartilage regions. We found that the closing of the synchondrosis started in the cranial region and progressed toward the caudal region. During this procedure the synchondrosis never ossified completely. Several cartilage regions persisted uncalcified until late adolescence. Interstitial growth of the synchondrosis was found until the end of the change of the teeth (group I). This growth which was always found in a sagittal direction ceased after bony connections had been formed between both poles of the synchondrosis. The sphenoidal and occipital pole of the synchondrosis showed equal growth potential.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

A preliminary study on the social relationships in a semi-free ranging colony of sun-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus solatus), a species recently discovered in Gabon.

In 1984, a species of guenon endemic to Gabon was discovered: the sun-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus solatus). This species is difficult to locate and observe in the wild, and hence to date has been little studied. The Centre International de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon, houses the world's only breeding colony of C. solatus, on which eco-ethological investigations can be carried out in a semi-free ranging environment. The data reported here present the first results of observations on the social relationships of this colony and support the scant field observations available on this species, showing a basic social unit of one adult male and several females with their offspring. The resident male systematically repulses any second adult male in proximity to the group. A clear hierarchy exists among the females, with mature female offspring eventually acquiring a rank just below that of their mother.

Aggression↗

PubMed2006

Red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) hunt green pigeons (Treron calva) in the Kalinzu Forest in Uganda.

Red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) were observed hunting green pigeons (Treron calva) in the Kalinzu Forest in Uganda. During 2 h 39 min, I observed two cases of successful hunting and one case of unsuccessful hunting in a Ficus saussureana tree. Red-tailed monkeys stalked the pigeons until they were within 2-3 m, and then jumped and caught them. In both successful cases, blue monkeys (C. mitis) ran to the hunting site from adjacent trees in order to poach the prey, and the red-tailed monkeys fled. One of these red-tailed monkeys dropped the pigeon while fleeing, and the blue monkey climbed down from the tree to search for it. This is the first record of cercopithecoid monkeys hunting birds that are outside of the nest and moving freely, and also the first record of red-tailed monkeys hunting vertebrates. However rare it may be, the repeated hunting attempts using similar techniques and the immediate attempt of blue monkeys to poach the prey suggest that this type of hunting was not a one-time event that happened by chance. Blue monkeys and an adult chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in and around the fig tree did not attempt to hunt. The hunting of volant birds may be enabled by the small body size and the quick movements of red-tailed monkeys.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Rhodanese from Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet monkey) liver. I. Purification and some physical characteristics.

Rhodanese (thiosulphate sulphurtransferase , EC 2.8.1.1.) from Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet monkey) liver has been isolated and purified by means of extraction, ammoniumsulphate and pH fractionation, anion-exchange chromatography, Sephacryl S-300 gel chromatography and cation-exchange chromatography. A yield of about 10% pure enzyme with a specific activity of 242 U/mg protein corresponding to a purification factor of 523 was obtained. The enzyme was physically characterized and its homogeneity determined by electrophoretic studies and gel chromatography. The rhodanese enzyme has a molecular weight of 37,000 daltons, a D020 ,w value of 7.6 X 10(-7) cm2 sec-1, a Stokes radius (molecular size) of 2.75 X 10(-7) cm and a frictional ratio of 1.071.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental transmission of Leishmania major to vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) by bites of Phlebotomus duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae).

Experimental transmission of Leishmania major to vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) was accomplished by bites of Phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies. Three-day-old, laboratory-reared P. duboscqi were fed on leishmanial lesions on hamsters infected with L. major. The flies were re-fed on monkeys 10 d after infection. Five adult male vervet monkeys were used in concurrent transmission trials. Two of the monkeys received subcutaneous inoculations with stationary-phase promastigotes (2 x 10(6) promastigotes in 0.1 ml of medium) on the base of the tail. Putatively infected P. duboscqi were allowed to feed on the remaining 3 monkeys at sites on the base of the tail and on the right eyebrow. Challenges by sandfly bites resulted in multiple leishmanial lesions at all bite sites and, consequently, more lesion area than was produced by needle challenges. Post-feeding dissection of sandflies indicated that multiple lesions could be caused by bites of a single fly, and that probing alone, without imbibing blood, was sufficient for transmission. These first experimental transmissions of L. major to vervets by bites of P. duboscqi demonstrate that sandfly challenge is an efficient alternative to needle challenge, making available a unique Leishmania-sandfly-non-human primate model for use in vaccine development.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Manual laterality in Campbell's Monkeys (Cercopithecus c. campbelli) in spontaneous and experimental actions.

Behavioural asymmetries, once thought to be exclusively human, appear to be widespread in vertebrates. A population-level bias should stem from natural selection and reflect a cerebral dominance, while individual preferences might be linked to individual characteristics. Manual laterality has been extensively investigated in non-human primates. However, despite a strong data base, no general patterns have emerged, resulting in a few explanatory theories and little consensus. This study was interested in manual laterality in 12 Campbell's monkeys (Cercopithecus c. campbelli). Several theories were examined, using both direct behavioural observations during feeding behaviour and six controlled experimental conditions, in which we varied task demands to investigate the effect of two factors. We systematically varied the individual posture (sat, tripedal, bipedal, clung) and the complexity of the task (box with or without a lid to open). Concerning the direction of preference, we found individual and action-specific preferences for experimental actions, which match previous reports. No population bias emerged and each subject appeared to react differently to the factors, hereby contradicting the theories. However, concerning the strength of preference, all individuals tended to be affected in similar ways. Spontaneous actions were less lateralized than experimental ones, and the simplest task and spontaneous category tended to show the weakest laterality. The relative complexity and novelty of these actions may account for these results.

Animals↗