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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2026

Stable chloroform emissions in southeastern China: insights from recent observations.

Chloroform (CHCl3) is a short-lived ozone-depleting substance not currently regulated under the Montreal Protocol. Due to the unique meteorological conditions in East Asia, CHCl3 emitted in this region has a greater potential to reach the stratosphere and contribute to ozone depletion. As an essential component of national CHCl3 emissions, southeastern China has attracted increasing attention. However, long-term observational data in this region remain relatively scarce, with no updates since 2020. In this study, we continuously measured atmospheric CHCl3 concentrations at a remote monitoring station in southeastern China from 1 June 2023 to 31 May 2025. Frequent concentration enhancements were observed during the monitoring period, with mixing ratios ranging from 9.3 to 134.1 ppt and an average value of 36.8 ± 19.7 ppt. Back-trajectory analysis indicated that air masses associated with elevated CHCl3 levels primarily originated from coastal industrial provinces in eastern China. Using the Potential Source Contribution Function and Concentration Weighted Trajectory methods, we identified the Yangtze River Delta (Jiangsu, Anhui, and Zhejiang Provinces) and Jiangxi Province as dominant source regions. Emissions of CHCl3 in southeastern China were estimated using the Tracer Ratio Method to be approximately 30.1 ± 5.3 Gg/yr from 2023-06-01 to 2025-05-31, indicating overall stability relative to earlier estimates and no apparent upward trend. These findings provide updated insights into the current status of CHCl3 emissions in southeastern China and highlight the need for continued monitoring and emission assessment of CHCl3 in East Asia, given its unregulated status and implications for ozone layer recovery.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1976

The effect of chloroform on Brucella abortus agglutinins in whey.

Defatting milk for the Brucella abortus whey agglutination test with chloroform caused some reduction in the titre in i.u./ml. in 42 of 57 samples and this reduction exceeded 50% in seven. Though this procedure will probably rarely affect the final interpretation of the test defatting the milk by centrifugation is preferred.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1978

Selective modification of the renal and the hepatic toxicities of chloroform by induction of drug-metabolizing enzyme systems in kidney and liver.

Renal and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities were measured in ICR male mice treated with phenobarbital (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). The effect of these agents on subsequently administered single doses of chloroform (CHCI3) were also determined. 3MC, TCDD and PCB increased renal as well as hepatic microsomal enzyme activities. PB increased hepatic but not renal microsomal enzyme activities. The hepatotoxicity of CHCI3 was increased by pretreatment with PB but decreased by pretreatment with TCDD. 3MC and PCB were without effect on CHCI3-induced liver damage. Pretreatment with 3MC, TCDD or PCB reduced the renal toxicity of CHCI3, but PB had no effect on CHCI3-induced kidney damage. Since at least one product of enzymatic metabolism of CHCI3 is believed to be a toxic, reactive intermediate the differential effects of inducers of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities on the renal and hepatic toxicities of CHCI3 strongly suggest that the CHCI3 metabolite(s) ultimately responsible for renal and hepatic damage are not generated at a common site. That is the metabolite responsible for hepatic is probably generated in the liver and the metabolite responsible for renal damage is probably generated in the kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Mechanisms involved in enhancement of plasma fibrinolytic activity by chloroform.

The effects of a single 1-min extraction with chloroform (CHCl3) on plasma fibrinolytic activity has been examined by 125I-fibrin solid phase assay, using normal plasma and plasma depleted of plasminogen (PLG) by lysine-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Fibrinolytic activity of normal plasma is increased (40%-175%), and more than 95% of antiplasmin activity is removed. The increase is demonstrable in PLG-depleted plasma, and is not inhibited by tranexamic acid (0.01 M). Purified PLG is not activated to plasmin by ChCl3 treatment. Bio-Gel A 0.5 m fractionation of CHCl3-extracted, PLG-depleted plasma reveals fractions with the following activities: (1) streptokinase-activatable, PLG-independent fibrinolytic activities; (2) PLG activator activities; and (3) plasmin-stimulated but PLG-independent fibrinolytic activities, which include activities inhibited by hexadimethrine bromide and which cofractionate in part with plasmin-stimulated procoagulant activities. In addition, similar fractionation of nonextracted plasma reveals two non-plasmin fibrinolytic activities (approximately 30,000 and 13,000 daltons) activated by streptokinase and plasmin, respectively. The findings indicate that the enhanced fibrinolytic activity resulting from CHCl3 treatment is independent of plasmin as the ultimate fibrinolytic enzyme, although activities stimulated by plasmin may contribute, and that such treatment is a useful maneuver for study of PLG-dependent and PLG-independent fibrinolytic mechanisms, and their interactions.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed1978

[Comparison of the cytotoxicity of chloroform on mouse L cells by measurement of proteins and chromium 51 release].

The authors describe a new cytotoxicity test based on the classical measurement of the residual proteins after a contact time of 4 days between the produit tested and the mouse L cells. The results are expressed as a cytotoxic dose 50 with a confidence limit for the 95% threshold after a statistical treatment of the analytical data by a computerized method. For chloroform, this method is more sensitive that the classical cytotoxicity test involving the chrom 51 release.

Chloroform↗
PubMed1977

Reduction of nitro-BT by some components of the chloroform-methanol extract of the grey matter of the rat brain.

An attempt was made to extract the substance present in the nerve fibres of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia which reduced Nitro-BT in alkaline medium pH 9-5 [4,5]. The investigations were performed on 40 white Wistar rats of both sexes and ca. 200 g of body weight. The brains taken for studies were fixed in Baker's formalin for 1,5 hr, thereafter grinded and homogenized in chloroform-methanol solution supplemented up to 100 ml of final volume after homogenisation. Thus prepared solution was left for 24 hr at 4 degrees C temperature and than centrifuged 2000 g/min. The extract was evaporated and the sediment further investigated. The following fraction were received: 1. fraction soluble in aceton, 2. fraction soluble in ethylalcohol, 3. fraction soluble in ether, 4. fraction soluble in water and 5. the sediment. Each fraction was incubated with a standard medium containing Nitro-BT. After incubation the amount of reduced Nitro-BT in each of the incubation medium was spectrophotometrically measured. The most intense reduction was found in the incubation medium with the water fraction. The spectrophotometrically determined reduction of Nitro-BT of the water fraction compared with that of the gangliosides solution were similar. The addition into the incubation media biogenic amines and N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine enhances the reduction of Nitro-BT significantly. According to the results obtained an interference of gangliosides and of the investigated amines in the reduction of Nitro-BT is suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Determination of bilirubin in the amniotic fluid by means of the chloroform-extraction method].

A reproducible method for the determination of bilirubin in amniotic fluid by measuring the extinction of the the chloroform extract is described. The measurements can be carried out by means of a simple spectrophotometer. In case of extraction of amniotic fluid containing blood informative results are obtained as well. Since the extinction values are equal to the deltaE-values it is possible to determine the degree of morbus haemolyticus fetalis using the schema of Liley.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1975

A comparative study on the irreversible binding of labeled halothane trichlorofluoromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride to hepatic protein and lipids in vitro and in vivo.

1) After intraperitoneal injection of labeled CCl4, CHCl3, and halothane in mice, 14C is preferentially bound to liver endoplasmic protein and lipid. A considerable activity is also associated with mitochondrial constituents. Maximal protein binding (nmol/mg): CCl4: 2.8 (0.5 hrs); CHCl3: 11.5 (6 hrs); halothane: 5 (6 hrs). Lipid binding: CCl4: 6.4 (5 min); CHCl3: 8 (4 hrs); halothane: 13.5 (2 hrs). The form of the binding curves in microsomal and mitochondrial protein and lipid differed with the individual haloalkanes. 2) The irreversible (covalent) binding of 14C from labeled haloalkanes in anaerobic suspensions of isolated rabbit liver microsomes and NADPH after 30 min was for protein (lipid) (nmol/mg): CCl4: 15 (58); CHCl3: 3.4 (3.2); halothane: 2.3 (10); trichlorofluoromethane: 6.5 (30). Anerobic incubation favored dehalogenation, but CHCl3 metabolism and irreversible binding requires oxygen. The greatest differences in the in vitro "covalent" binding rates were observed with CHCl3 in rat, mouse, and rabbit. 3) Altered microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentrations in newborn animals, or produced by pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), or CoCl2 effected similar, but not proportional changes in the rates of irreversible protein and lipid binding. Upon addition of CCl4 the difference of light absorption of reduced liver microsomes from MC-pretreated rats containing cytochrome P-448 appeared at 452 nm. The irreversible binding rate in these microsomes was also increased. The small accleration in irreversible binding in liver microsomes from rats pretreated with isopropanol is not proportional to the high increase of CCl4 toxicity. 4) Practically no binding to added, soluble albumin or RNA was observed in microsomal incubates. However, 14C is bound to the nicotine-adenine dinucleotides of the NADPH system. All haloalkanes produced a similar increase of NADPH oxidation in incubates of rabbit liver microsomes and NADPH.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1978

Sulfhydryl reactivity of human erythrocyte superoxide dismutase. On the origin of the unusual spectral properties of the protein when prepared by a procedure utilizing chloroform and ethanol for the precipitation of hemoglobin.

1. During purification of human superoxide dismutase by the McCord-Fridovich procedure (McCord, J.M. and Fridovich, I. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 6049--6055) the "extra" sulfhydryl groups react with a variety of sulfur containing compounds including zero-valent sulfur to yield several dismutase fractions containing excess sulfur atoms and having a unique absorption band in the region of 325 nm. This is shown to be artefact of the purification procedure. 2. Cysteine trisulfide and glutathione polysulfide were found to react with native human superoxide dismutase to yield derivatives having no reactive sulfhydryl groups and possessing spectral properties similar to the various fractions obtainable from the above purification procedure. A structure of the type protein-CH2-S-(S)n R is proposed to account for the results. The value of n is variable, and the additional sulfur reactive toward thiol reagents is thought to be due to persulfides (R = H). The 325 nm band is probably due to a n leads to sigma ss transition associated with a strained S-S bound.

Chloroform↗