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PubMed2002

Saying goodbye to optical storage technology.

The days of using optical disk based mass storage devices for high volume applications like health care document imaging are coming to an end. The price/performance curve for redundant magnetic disks, known as RAID, is now more positive than for optical disks. All types of application systems, across many sectors of the marketplace are using these newer magnetic technologies, including insurance, banking, aerospace, as well as health care. The main components of these new storage technologies are RAID and SAN. SAN refers to storage area network, which is a complex mechanism of switches and connections that allow multiple systems to store huge amounts of data securely and safely.

Computer Storage Devices↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Digitizing stereoscopic optic nerve head photographs for storage and viewing using a personal computer.

Careful examination and monitoring of optic nerve head changes is essential in the treatment of patients with glaucoma. This often results in accumulation of numerous photographs and required appropriate storage space. A simple, inexpensive, and efficient means of storing and viewing stereoscopic optic nerve head photographs is described. Images were acquired with a fundus camera, on a color slide film. Slides were then scanned and digitized. A handheld stereoscope was used for stereoscopic viewing on a computer monitor. A scanning resolution of 300 dpi appeared optimal. At this resolution, the storage utilization was 16 kilobytes and the scanning time was 160 seconds per patient.

Computer Storage Devices↗
PubMed1993

Increased single-photon emission computed tomography image processing speed achieved in personal computers with memory-intensive algorithms.

Recent dramatic reductions in the cost of computer random access memory (RAM) and the ability of newer microprocessors and associated personal computer operating systems to address large amounts of memory make novel strategies for high-speed image processing possible. We developed image processing algorithms that use this newly available memory to achieve increases in effective processing speed. These algorithms rely on the use of precomputed lookup tables to avoid repeated use of relatively expensive machine instructions, such as multiplications and divisions. Programs using this strategy to perform single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) analysis were written in C and assembly language and tested on a Macintosh Quadra 950 (Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA) having 64 megabytes of RAM. The measured processing times are competitive with most dedicated nuclear medicine computers. A general implementation of such programs will allow personal computers to compete with dedicated imaging systems, at a substantial reduction in cost.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sharing digital micrographs and other data files between computers.

It ought to be easy to exchange digital micrographs and other computer data files with a colleague even on another continent. In practice, this often is not the case. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods that are available for exchanging data files between computers are discussed. When possible, data should be transferred through computer networking. When data are to be exchanged locally between computers with similar operating systems, the use of a local area network is recommended. For computers in commercial or academic environments that have dissimilar operating systems or are more widely spaced, the use of FTPs is recommended. Failing this, posting the data on a website and transferring by hypertext transfer protocol is suggested. If peer to peer exchange between computers in domestic environments is needed, the use of Messenger services such as Microsoft Messenger or Yahoo Messenger is the method of choice. When it is not possible to transfer the data files over the internet, single use, writable CD ROMs are the best media for transferring data. If for some reason this is not possible, DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW, 100 MB ZIP disks and USB flash media are potentially useful media for exchanging data files.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1994

Displaying radiologic images on personal computers: image storage and compression--Part 2.

This is part 2 of our article on image storage and compression, the third article of our series for radiologists and imaging scientists on displaying, manipulating, and analyzing radiologic images on personal computers. Image compression is classified as lossless (nondestructive) or lossy (destructive). Common lossless compression algorithms include variable-length bit codes (Huffman codes and variants), dictionary-based compression (Lempel-Ziv variants), and arithmetic coding. Huffman codes and the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) algorithm are commonly used for image compression. All of these compression methods are enhanced if the image has been transformed into a differential image based on a differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) algorithm. The LZW compression after the DPCM image transformation performed the best on our example images, and performed almost as well as the best of the three commercial compression programs tested. Lossy compression techniques are capable of much higher data compression, but reduced image quality and compression artifacts may be noticeable. Lossy compression is comprised of three steps: transformation, quantization, and coding. Two commonly used transformation methods are the discrete cosine transformation and discrete wavelet transformation. In both methods, most of the image information is contained in a relatively few of the transformation coefficients. The quantization step reduces many of the lower order coefficients to 0, which greatly improves the efficiency of the coding (compression) step. In fractal-based image compression, image patterns are stored as equations that can be reconstructed at different levels of resolution.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Digital tools in polysomnography.

Recent advances in the computing power and storage devices have made computer-based recording of polysomnograms (PSGs) very attractive. Digital PSGs offer the possibility of automating many tedious and time-consuming tasks of identifying sleep related events. Automation not only alleviates these laborious tasks, but also introduces a measure of objectivity in the scoring of various discrete events. In this paper we briefly review some automatic methods that have been previously developed by the authors. Automatic sleep staging methods is emphasized with some illustrative results on inter-scorer variations. We also discuss the leg movement event, respiratory event, sleep spindle and rapid-eye-movement detection methods.

Computers↗
PubMed2004

Performance analysis of an iSCSI-based unified storage network.

In this paper, we introduced a novel storage architecture "Unified Storage Network", which merges NAC(Network Attached Channel) and SAN(Storage Area Network), and provides the file I/O services as NAS devices and provides the block I/O services as SAN. To overcome the drawbacks from FC, we employ iSCSI to implement the USN(Unified Storage Network). To evaluate whether iSCSI is more suitable for implementing the USN, we analyze iSCSI protocol and compare it with FC protocol from several components of a network protocol which impact the performance of the network. From the analysis and comparison, we can conclude that the iSCSI is more suitable for implementing the storage network than the FC under condition of the wide-area network. At last, we designed two groups of experiments carefully.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2006

Developing a medical image content repository for e-learning.

The integration of medical informatics and e-learning systems could provide many advanced applications including training, knowledge management, telemedicine, etc. Currently, both the domains of e-learning and medical image have sophisticated specifications and standards. It is a great challenge to bring about integration. In this paper, we describe the development of a Web interface for searching and viewing medical images that are stored in standard medical image servers. With the creation of a Web solution, we have reduced the overheads of integration. We have packaged Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) network services as a component that can be used via a Web server. The Web server constitutes a content repository for searching, editing, and storing Web-based medical image content. This is a simple method by which the use of Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) can be extended. We show that the content repository can easily interact and integrate with a learning system. With the integration, the user can easily generate and assign medical image content for e-learning. A Web solution might be the simplest way for system integration. The demonstration in this paper should be useful as a method of expanding the usage of medical information. The construction of a Web-based repository and integrated with a learning system may be also applicable to other domains.

Computer Security↗
PubMed1996

Picture archiving and communication system bandwidth and storage requirements.

The purpose of this work was to determine the requirements for image storage and network bandwidth for a total digital department in a moderate sized academic radiology department. Data from the radiology information system was combined with image production information to produce a model of image acquisition. Destinations of images to reading rooms were studied to determine the final distributions of film. All findings were used to model the flow of data that would be expected if the images in the department were completely digital. Using today's standards, the department would produce approximately 15.7 Gbytes of data per day or 3.5 Tbytes of data per year if all acquisitions were digital. The peak acquisition rate would be 1.8 Gbytes per hour with a sustained rate greater than 1 Gbyte per hour for most of the working day. The anticipated bandwidth for the total digital department exceeded the capabilities of the existing picture archiving and communication system equipment. A distributed networked archive solution was shown to optimize access to images by radiologists and referring clinicians.

Computer Storage Devices↗
PubMed2006

On the mathematical reconstruction of two dimensional plants.

A set of 10, chosen medicinal plants (some of them with a reputation as remedies for tuberculosis) has been investigated through Partitioned Iterated Function Systems-Semi Fractals with Angle (PIFS-SFA) coding, Lempel, Ziv, Welch with quantization and noise (LZW-QN) compression, and surface density statistics (f(alpha)-SDS) discrimination techniques. The final outcomes of this quantitative analysis were, firstly: the linear ordering of the plants in question accompanied by the hope that it reflects their medical significance, secondly: the mathematical representation of each of the plants, and thirdly: the impressive compression achieved, leading to remarkable computer memory saving, and still permitting successful pattern recognition i.e., proper identification of the plant from the compressed image.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Managing digital clinical photographs.

Digital cameras have been used for clinical photography in the Medical Illustration Department at Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust for eight years. In that time methods have evolved to take advantage of both technological advances and experiences gained in operating a routine digital photographic service. The management of a large number of digital images requires assiduous attention to all stages of production. Current techniques are described for: controlling quality and exposure in the acquisition of images with a digital camera; temporary and permanent storage, backing up and archiving procedures; and cataloguing of clinical images. Planning for network delivery, the Electronic Patient Record and the management of images in teaching collections are discussed.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Choice of electron equipment for x-ray diagnostic digital scanning system].

The paper deals with the choice of electron equipment for X-ray diagnostic devices with digital image processing which are intended for population-based mass prophylactic examinations of lung. Guidelines for the optimization of the package of electron devices for processing and storing of data and for obtaining hard copies of X-ray films.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed2006

On the use of DICOM cine header information for optimisation: results from the 2002 European DIMOND cardiology survey.

The paper explores the level of information contained within the DICOM header in images from various cardiology systems. Data were obtained in the European DIMOND survey on image quality (Italy, Ireland, Belgium, Greece and Spain). Images from five standard diagnostic cardiology procedures carried out in six European hospitals have been analysed. DICOM header information was extracted to a database in order to analyse how it could help in the optimisation of the procedures. The level of data contained in the headers differs widely between cardiology systems. None of the X-ray systems in the 2002 survey archives the dosimetric data in the DICOM header. The mean number of runs per procedure ranges between 7.5 and 15.4 and the mean number of frames per procedure between 575 and 1417. Differences in kVp, mA, pulse time, distances and C-arm angulations are substantial and suggest that there exists a wide range for optimisation.

Cardiology↗
PubMed2004

Image catalogs.

The advent of digital photography and radiography allows documentation of interesting clinical findings with unprecedented ease, and many orthopaedic surgeons have taken extensive advantage of this opportunity to create large digital libraries of clinical results. However, this leaves surgeons with a rapidly increasing volume of data to store and organize; therefore, a system for archiving, locating, and managing images, radiographs, and digital slide presentations has become a crucial need in most orthopaedic groups and practices. However, many surgical groups and practices are not familiar with the computer technology available to initiate such systems. In this review, we discuss several software solutions currently on the market to address the specific needs of orthopaedic surgeons, and as a practical example, discuss a system that is in place in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at our institution. Overall, depending on the individual circumstances of each institution, there are various options that meet different technologic and financial requirements.

Computer Storage Devices↗
PubMed2001

Digital photography technology offers unique capabilities, advantages, and challenges to dental practices.

Digital photography technology has both advanced substantially in the past few years and decreased in price. Today, high-resolution cameras offer an attractive option to dentists ready to incorporate digital photography into their practices. This article begins with a technical explanation of how digital photography works as the basis for understanding how it compares and contrasts with film photography, as well as how it offers unique benefits to dental practices. It describes how digital camera design affects image characteristics such as resolution and color fidelity and provides dentists with suggested camera features they should consider. The article explores issues associated with the display and storage of images. It then provides guidelines to help dentists determine whether they are ready to adopt digital photography, including a discussion about the advantages of digital photography as well as suggested ways digital photography will affect office workflows and productivity.

Computer Storage Devices↗