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PubMed1978

Lymph node invasion by Conidiobolus coronatus and its spore formation in vivo.

Lymph node invasion with presence of conidia, their replicates, germ tubes, condidia with hair-like projections and hyphae have been observed in a case of entomophthoromycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus. This rare occurrence of conidia with hair-like projections that is usually observed in vitro, has been observed in vivo, in the content of an abscess produced by this agent, C. coronatus in the present case. Severe disfigurement and destruction of facial and nasopharyngeal tissues, have also been observed in this case. Response to therapy with oral KI, surgery, combinations of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole and steroids though found useful initially, was ineffective subsequently as the disease progressed over 7 years. Findings of lymphatic invasion and the extensive destruction observed in the present case warrants a guarded prognosis. Free conidial reproduction found in lymph nodes may suggest the possibility of this disease being infectious, requiring an active and vigorous treatment schedule and control measures in this infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Study of the pathogenicity of Conidiobolus coronatus in experimental animals].

The pathogenicity of a strain of Conidiobulus coronatus isolated from Aenolamia postica was investigated in 152 mice, 42 guinea pigs and 47 hamsters. Four routes of inoculation were used: intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intratracheal and scarification in the oral mucosa. Each animal was inoculated 3 times at 3 week intervals. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 8, 15, 45 of 225 days after the first inoculation. Observations of macroscopic lesions (nodules, abscesses, adhesions, etc.) direct examinations, cultures and histopathological studies of different tissues were performed. The aforementioned lesions of tissue were the most frequently found and all of them were resolved by spontaneous cure. The animals inoculated intraperitoneally and subcutaneouslly presented the highest number of postive results. The histopathological features at the 1st and 8th days after inoculation showed an acute inflamatory infiltrate with well preserved fungus filaments; at the 15th day granulomas with giant cells were observed containing fragmented and disintegrated fungal hyphae; at the 45th and 225th days a fibrosis reaction was observed and no fungal filaments, could be found. In no animal was rhinoentomophthoromycosis never reproduced, and according to these results it is considered that either this strain is not a pathogen or its pathogenicity is very low.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Kinetics of the mycelial growth of Conidiobolus obscurus].

The growth of C. obscurus was studied in solid and liquid media. In agar media, the hyphal growth was linear, but the number of apices increased exponentially; total growth was consequently exponential but characterized by a low growth rate. In batch cultures in a fermenter, mycelial growth was continuously linear following a short exponential phase. The absence of branching induced a linear development of the fungus in liquid culture. Fermentation balances showed that the linear growth could not result from the presence of a specific inhibitor, nor from the existence of a limiting concentration of a nutrient in the medium. Hypotheses concerning the non-branching of the fungus in liquid culture are discussed.

Entomophthora↗
PubMed1986

Comparative antigenic studies of species of Basidiobolus and other medically important fungi.

An immunodiffusion technique was used to evaluate the antigenic relationship of various pathogenic and saprobic Basidiobolus spp., Conidiobolus spp., isolates of the order Mucorales, and several other medically important nonzygomycetous fungi. The antiserum to Basidiobolus haptosporus shared two lines of identity, designated inner (N) and outer (Y), when tested against exoantigens of known strains of B. haptosporus and Basidiobolus ranarum as well as exoantigens of a human Nigerian isolate and several wild isolates tentatively identified in B. ranarum. Both bands were heat stable at 56 degrees C for 30 min. Exoantigens of strains of Basidiobolus meristosporus, Basidiobolus microsporus, Conidiobolus incongruus, Conidiobolus coronatus, and other wild isolates of Basidiobolus spp. tested formed only the N immunoprecipitin band. Exoantigens of 10 isolates from other taxa did not produce any cross-reactive precipitin line. B. meristosporus antiserum that was tested against exoantigens of Basidiobolus spp. and of Conidiobolus spp. developed only an N band without a Y band. These data suggest that B. haptosporus and B. ranarum are antigenically similar to each other and distinct from B. meristosporus. Basidiobolus spp. and Conidiobolus spp. share a common N immunoprecipitin band, which implies a taxonomic relationship between these two genera. The absence of lines of identity between Basidiobolus spp. and other fungi tested suggests that, antigenically, Basidiobolus is a distinct genus.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed2005

[Rhinofacial entomophthoromycosis. About two new cases in Mayotte].

Conidiobolus entomophthoromycosis is a rare mycosis due to an ubiquitary telluric fungus. Although the organism is found around the world, it is more concentrated in warm, wet climates. Cases have been described in West Africa, Australia, South America and India. Conidiobolus spp was also to be found in animal like horse. The transmission mode of Conidiobolus has not been established but probably occurs via inhalation of fungal spores covering the nasal mucous membrane or from a minor trauma such as an insect bite. The clinical syndromes include intranasal tumour, nasal obstruction, broadening of the nose bridge, paranasal sinuses, cheeks and upper lip. Diagnostic is made by demonstrating distinctive non-septate hyphea with surrounding eosinophilic sleeve (Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenom) in tissue sections. We report here two cases contracted in Comoro Islands. The first one was a 26 year-old man treated by amphotericin B during six weeks and then by itraconazole, with a clear improvement. The second one was a 37 year-old woman. She has been treated by amphotericin B, subsequently by imidazoles. There was a clear benefit on life duration, but the results for aesthetic aspect are not satisfactory. In the discussion, we review treatment efficacy and failure; in fact, surgery which includes removal of infected tissue and reconstructive procedures, is seldom curative. Several combinations of drugs have been used with different degrees of success. Nevertheless imidazoles remain more efficient than amphotericin B.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Immunodiffusion test for diagnosing basidiobolomycosis.

An immunodiffusion test was developed for the diagnosis of basidiobolomycosis. When culture filtrate antigen (CFA) from Basidiobolus ranarum was reacted against two human patient and two rabbit antisera, 2 precipitin bands, inner (N) and outer (Y), were revealed for both patient and rabbit antisera. A line of identity was also observed between precipitin bands obtained with patient and rabbit sera. When CFA from B. ranarum (B CFA) was reacted against rabbit sera which contained antibody to Conidiobolus coronatus and Pythium insidiosum, 1 precipitin band corresponding to inner band (N) was observed. This finding showed that B. ranarum, C. coronatus and P. insidiosum shared at least one common antigen. After B CFA was absorbed with Pythium rabbit antiserum, the inner precipitin line that occurred between B CFA and rabbit antisera of Pythium and Conidiobolus disappeared. However, with Basidiobolus rabbit antiserum, the result did not change. The antigens which could be demonstrated by inner (N) and outer (Y) precipitin bands were heat stable at 56 degrees C for 30 min. The titer of the antibodies specific to these antigens decreased as the lesions subsided. When B. ranarum CFA was reacted against sera from 20 apparently normal persons, 20 diabetes mellitus patients, 5 aspergillosis patients, 2 candidosis patients and 3 pythiosis patients, no precipitin band was found. B. ranarum CFA was also treated with each rabbit antiserum specific to Candida albicans, Malassezia furfur and Aspergillus fumigatus. No precipitin bands occurred with any of these antisera. Thus, this test was found to be practical, sensitive and specific, and can be used to monitor patients infected with Basidiobolus ranarum.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

PCR-based molecular discrimination of Pandora neoaphidis isolates from related entomopathogenic fungi and development of species-specific diagnostic primers.

Studies were performed to assess the genetic variation amongst isolates of the aphid-pathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis (syn. Erynia neoaphidis). 37 isolates were examined, from a range of pest and non-pest aphid species, as well as 21 from eight other entomophthoralean species. Universal primers were used to amplify the ITS rDNA regions and all of the species tested produced discrete ITS groups, with the exception of Conidiobolus spp. Neighbour-joining analysis of the ITS2 regions from P. neoaphidis, P. kondoiensis and Zoophthora radicans demonstrated that these three species formed distinct groups with sequence identities of 58-82% between the groups. An ITS size of ca 1,100 bp was diagnostic for P. neoaphidis, while ca 1,450 bp was characteristic of P. kondoiensis. ITS-RFLP analysis failed to yield intraspecific polymorphisms in any of the P. neoaphidis isolates screened, although it was useful in distinguishing between different entomophthoralean species. Some intraspecific variation in the ITS region was detected in a number of isolates of Z. radicans and Conidiobolus spp. We propose that two isolates previously identified as P. neoaphidis based on conidia morphology, are actually P. kondoiensis based on molecular studies. Sequencing analysis of the complete ITS region from P. neoaphidis and P. kondoiensis allowed species-specific primers to be developed for P. neoaphidis and P. kondoiensis. These were used to screen aphids infected in laboratory bioassays and from field-collected samples, without prior isolation of the fungus. The primers are useful tools for quantifying the epizootiology of P. neoaphidis in aphid populations, as well as assessing competitive interactions between these two species.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Observation on the initial inoculum source and dissemination of Entomophthorales-caused epizootics in populations of cereal aphids.

A total number of 1092 migratory alates were trapped from air in wheat grown area of Yuanyang County, Henan Province from early April through May 2002 in order to confirm the source and dissemination of entomophthoralean inocula to cause epizootics of cereal aphids. Those included 415 Sitobion avenae, 642 Rhopalosiphum padi, 22 Metopolophium dirhodum, and 13 Schizaphis graminum. The trapped alates were daily collected and individually reared for 7 days on wheat plants in laboratory. Of those 341 alates died of fungal infection, taking 31.2% in the trapped alates. These included 224 S. avenae, 106 R. padi, 8 M. dirhodum, and 3 S. graminum. Deaths of all infected alates occurred during the first 5 days and 78.9% of the deaths occurred within the first 3 days. Individual examination under microscope proved that all deaths were attributed to entomophthoralean fungi. Of those Pandora neoaphidis accounted for 84.6%, Conidiobolus obscurus for 9.9%, and Entomophthora planchoniana for 5.5%. Four alate deaths died of cross infection of P. neoaphidis and C. conidiobolus. Based on the high infection rate of the migratory alates trapped from air and the field occurrence of epizootics in populations of cereal aphids during the trapping period, Entomophthorales-caused epizootics were likely disseminated by infected alates through their flight and colonization. This makes it reasonable to interpret worldwide distribution of aphid epizootics, particularly caused by P. neoaphidis that has no resting spores discovered.

Animals↗