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PubMed2001

Role of iron-dextran on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-initiated and croton oil-promoted cutaneous tumorigenesis in normal and pregnant mice.

Skin chemical carcinogenesis has been divided into the process of initiation, promotion and progression. Earlier, we showed the role of iron overload in the promotion stage of skin carcinogenesis. In this communication, we report that iron overload does not augment croton oil-mediated tumor promotion in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated pregnant mice skin tumorigenesis. Virgin female Swiss mice were given 1 mg iron/mouse/day parenterally for 2 weeks to induce iron overload. After the last injection, a group of mice was left with male mice for 10 days. These animals showed an increase in cutaneous iron concentration as compared to normal mice. Papillomas were induced in mice skin by a single topical application of DMBA as initiator. A week after the initiation, promoting agent, croton oil was applied twice per week for 20 weeks. The appearance of the first tumor (papilloma), number of tumors/mouse and percentage incidence were recorded. When compared to the iron unloaded control and iron overload pregnant groups, the iron overload virgin animals showed an increased incidence of tumors. In iron overload virgin animals, tumors appeared earlier and also the numbers of tumors/mouse were significantly higher. However, in iron overload pregnant animals, diminished tumor incidence was observed and the numbers of tumors matched the result of normal pregnant animals. Our results show that iron overload in pregnant mice does not participate in the augmentation of DMBA- and croton oil-induced skin tumorigenesis.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗

PubMed2006

Croton cajucara Benth. leaf extract scavenges the stable free radical DPPH and protects against oxidative stress induced by paraquat.

Antioxidant effects of extracts from Croton cajucara BENTH. leaves was investigated in different in vitro and in vivo models. Extracts showed inhibitory radical scavenging activity against the stable radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (75%, 43% and 25% of the standard trolox at 1, 10 and 100 mg/ml, respectively; IC50 218 mg/ml). Percentage survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells treated with 10 mM paraquat increased by 21% and 55%, when 1 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml concentrations of the extract, respectively, were added. The cytosolic concentration of TBARS increased in animals treated with paraquat (+283%), while values did not significantly differ from the controls in rats additionally receiving the leaf extract. Paraquat administration also induced a significant increase in hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminiscence (+76%), that was partially prevented by the leaf extract (+31%). Liver SOD activity was a 158% higher in animals receiving paraquat as compared to the controls. This effect was abolished by administration of the leaf extract. Paraquat administration did not significantly modify the activity of GPx or catalase. Croton cajucara extract increased GPx and catalase activities in paraquat treated-animals by 342% and 70%, respectively. Our results confirm that Croton cajucara leaf extract present radical scavenging activity and reduce oxidative stress induced by paraquat, suggesting the beneficial use as a potential source of antioxidant agents of natural origin.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

HET-CAM bioassay as in vitro alternative to the croton oil test for investigating steroidal and non-steroidal compounds.

In this study the irritation phenomena at the chorioallantoic membrane of incubated hen's eggs as an in vitro model (HET-CAM assay) were investigated in comparison to the in vivo croton oil test by including hydrocortisone, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, acetylsalicylic acid, rutin, quercetin, apigenin, and p-coumaric acid as steroidal and non-steroidal test substances. For the first time the two methods were compared in a valid way with the perspective of a realistic reduction of animal experiments. It should be investigated whether an in vitro-in vivo correlation exists and, if there is any possibility, to replace the in vivo model by an in vitro test system. Both bioassays were able to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory potency of the constituents tested. The determination of the anti-inflammatory activity of all compounds in the two test systems showed individual trends of inhibitory effects. However, the in vitro HET-CAM test was much more sensitive in comparison to the in vivo croton oil test. The croton oil test gave dose-effect correlations in the anti-inflammatory substances investigated. The modified HET-CAM assay did not provide clear dose-effect ratios. The HET-CAM assay is an inexpensive test being easy to manage after a short practical training. Because of its sensitivity the HET-CAM assay could be considered a suitable tool for qualitative testing of the anti-inflammatory activity of substances if no appropriate dose-effect curves are required. From these results it can be concluded that the different courses of the dose-effect curves may be primarily due to different mechanisms of action.

Allantois↗

PubMed1990

Central modulation of croton oil induced subacute inflammation in rats.

Earlier studies from this laboratory have indicated that CNS exerts a modulatory influence over acute inflammation in rats. The present study examines the existence of a similar modulatory effect of CNS on a subacute inflammatory paradigm, the croton oil-induced granuloma pouch in rats. The inflammatory exudate, collected on 6th day after croton oil administration, was found to be substantially less in intracerebroventricular (icv) cannulated and artificial cerebrospinal fluid administered rats as compared to their uncannulated saline (ip) administered counterparts. This effect may be due to stress induced by cannulation. Centrally administered pharmacological agents which attenuate central monoaminergic, cholinergic or prostaglandin systems had insignificant effects on the inflammatory exudate. However, induced increase in central noradrenergic activity was found to attenuate the inflammation when the treatment was done before, but not 48 hr after, the induction of the inflammation. In contrast, induced increase in central serotonergic activity had no effect on the volume of the inflammatory exudate at either time period. Steady state levels of rat brain noradrenaline and serotonin, but not dopamine, were enhanced by the inflammatory procedure. However, these effects may be attributed to the stress induced by croton oil inflammation. The investigation indicates that the modulatory influence of CNS remains limited to the acute phase of inflammation, being exerted mainly by the central noradrenergic system. Once the inflammation has progressed, this modulatory influence of CNS is no longer apparent.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Rat pleurisy induced by kaolin or croton oil: time course of fluid accumulation and white cell migration.

Rat pleurisy was induced by intrapleural injection of 0.1 ml of 1% kaolin or 1% croton oil, and the time courses of pleural fluid accumulation and white cell migration were examined. Peak pleural fluid accumulation was observed at respectively 5 and 16 h after the inciter injection. Migration of white cells into the pleural cavity showed a peak at respectively 7 or 24 h after each inciter. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were predominant in pleural cells of kaolin pleurisy at 3 h, while in croton-oil pleurisy the major white cells were mononuclear cells and lymphocytes at 3 h, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes appeared later around 16 h. Pretreatment with several agents modified both types of induced pleurisy. Kaolin pleurisy at 3 h was suppressed by indomethacin, mefenamic acid, paramethasone, bromelain and soy-bean trypsin inhibitor, while croton oil pleurisy at 3 h was suppressed significantly by indomethacin and paramethasone.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Comparison of croton oil and cantharidin induced inflammations of the mouse ear and their modification by topically applied drugs.

The inflammatory response to topical application of cantharidin or croton oil to the mouse ear was studied. Croton oil dermatitis developed more rapidly and reached its apparent peak earlier than cantharidin dermatitis. Either dermatitis detected topical rather than systemic antiinflammatory activity of glucocorticosteroids and distinguished between steroid esters and their alcohols. A number of drugs were tested for their ability, after topical application, to inhibit these dermatitides. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs weakly inhibited croton oil dermatitis but were without effect on cantharidin dermatitis. Beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists inhibited both dermatitides. It is suggested that the use of these simple models of dermatitis is appropriate for identifying new, topically effective antiinflammatory drugs.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1999

Antimicrobial potential of Spondias mombin, Croton zambesicus and Zygotritonia crocea.

The antimicrobial activity of Spondias mombin, Croton zambesicus and Zygotritonia crocea sourced from herbalists through an ethnobotanical survey of Egbado-South in Ogun State in Nigeria is reported. The extracts of the leaf of Spondias mombin and the stem bark of Croton zambesicus exhibited wide spectrum antibacterial effects comparable to those of ampicillin and gentamycin. The antifungal effect of extracts of Zygotritonia crocea and Croton zambesicus were comparable to those of tioconazole. There is justification for the use of these little studied medicinal plants as antiinfective agents in traditional medicine.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed1999

Theoretical Investigations of the Influence of Pressure on the Selectivity of the Michael Addition of Diphenylmethaneamine to Stereogenic Crotonates.

SIBFA (sum of interactions between fragments ab initio computed) molecular mechanics systematics has been modified to take into account the effect of pressure on intra- and intermolecular energies. The van der Waals radii are related to the pressure, using Bridgman results on the variation of crystal volume, on one hand, and the relation between the volume of an atom and its van der Waals radius on the other. This procedure produces a decrease of the volume of the systems considered. The modified systematics is used for the study of the conformation at 1 atm and 15 kbar of two stereogenic crotonates and of the complexes formed by these two molecules with the diphenylmethaneamine and the three solvent molecules present in the experiment. The results obtained show that in the case of NMECC 1a the diastereoselectivity induced by high pressure and by the presence of methanol proceeds from an important stabilization of the pro-R reactive complex in which the crotonate has a stacked-transoid conformation. This stabilization is mainly due to intermolecular interactions. In the case of the second crotonate considered, NMCC 1b, our results indicate that pressure induces a stabilization of the pro-R and pro-S complexes having the axial conformation for which the reaction exhibits little diastereoselectivity in qualitative agreement with experimental data. This study tends to show that it is possible to account theoretically for the influence of pressure on molecular conformation and/or complex structure, using a molecular mechanics method that is able to take into account the variation of volumes of the different entities present in the system studied.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1977

Occupational contact dermatitis due to croton (Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss var. pictum (Lodd.) Muell. Arg.). Sensitization by plants of the Euphorbiaceae.

One of today's most decorative and popular ornamental potted plants is Croton. Handling this plant over a period of 6 months produced contact eczema of the hands in a nursery gardener. Patch tests with Croton leaves were positive. Control tests remained negative. Sensitization experiments in guinea pigs with a methanolic extract of the leaves were successful. All results of the study indicate that: -latex of croton produces no primary irritant reaction -latex is able to induce a real contact allergy -contact allergens are constituents of the milky sap. Whether the di- and triesters of phorbol so far isolated as irritant and cocarcinogenic factors from the latex of various Euphorbiaceae species and sensitizers shall be investigated in further experiments.

Allergens↗

PubMed2006

Croton lobatus, an African medicinal plant: spectroscopic and chemical elucidation of its many constituents.

The chemical constituents of the African medicinal plant Croton lobatus were elucidated and characterised using 1D and 2D-NMR analysis and the application of the technique of High Resolution Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HREIMS) and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). The novel triglyceride lobaceride or 3-((6Z,9Z)dodeca-6,9-dienoyloxy)-2-octanoyloxypropyl (6Z,9Z)dodeca-6,9-dienoate, along with ten compounds were isolated from the stems and leaves of Croton lobatus.

Carboxylic Acids↗

PubMed1977

Induction of the deficient acid DNAse activity in mouse interfollicular epidermis by croton oil as a possible tumor promoting mechanism.

Histochemical activity of acid DNAse, intensity of nucleic acid staining and histological alterations in mouse interfollicular epidermis (I.F.E.) were investigated after a single dose or after chronic topical administration of two hyperplastic agents, of which one (croton oil) was a potent tumor promotor, and the other one (podophyllin) did not promote skin carcinogenesis. Podophyllin induced intense uniform I.F.E. hyperplasia without any proliferation of poorly differentiated basal cells, without increased nucleic acid staining and without any appreciably decreased acid DNAse activity. On the other hand, croton oil (as well as TPA) produced almost immediate, distinct hyperplasia of poorly differentiated basal cells with increased intensity in the staining of both nucleic acids and nearly complete deficiency in acid DNAse activity. Similar histochemical and histological patterns were observed at the sites of wounding hyperplasia in untreated control mice. Such wounding hyperplasia was thought also to be a tumor promoting factor. It was suggested that the decrease in acid DNAse activity which occurred almost immediately after administration of potent tumor promoters and which could not be induced by a hyperplastic agent without tumor promoting action may have a particular importance in the mechanisms of tumor promotion.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Vasorelaxant effect of new neo-clerodane diterpenoids isolated from Croton schiedeanus.

The vasorelaxant effect of two new neo-clerodane diterpenoids, (12R)-12-hydroxycascarillone and 5beta-hydroxy-cis-dehydrocrotonin, in addition to the known cis-dehydrocrotonin and trans-dehydrocrotonin, all them previously isolated by us from Croton schiedeanus Schlecht, was studied in isolated aorta rings contracted by high K+ (80 mM) or phenylephrine (1 microM). According to their IC50 values to KCl induced contraction, the potency order was (12R)-12-hydroxycascarillone > cis-dehydrocrotonin > 5beta-hydroxy-cis-dehydrocrotonin > trans-dehydrocrotonin (0.3, 1.5, 96 and >100 mM, respectively). The possible cooperativity between diterpenoid compounds and the predominant flavonoid (ayanin) was studied. The vasorelaxant activity of cis-dehydrocrotonin and ayanin was increased when both compounds were incorporated simultaneously to the aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine. These results suggest that Croton schiedeanus induces its effects via the synergistic actions of several vasodilator substances, among which neo-clerodane diterpenoids play an important role.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Essential oil analysis and anticancer activity of leaf essential oil of Croton flavens L. from Guadeloupe.

The leaf essential oil of Croton flavens L., a native plant from the Caribbean area used in traditional medicine, was extracted by hydrodistillation. The composition of the volatile fraction of this essential oil was determined by GC and GC-MS analyses. We have identified 47 compounds, of which viridiflorene (12.22%), germacrone (5.27%), (E)-gamma-bisabolene (5.25%) and beta-caryophyllene (4.95%) are the main components. The anticancer activity of this extract was tested on human lung carcinoma cell line A-549 and human colon adenocarcinoma cell line DLD-1. Croton flavens leaf essential oil was found to be very active against both tumor cell lines, with a GI(50) of 27 +/- 4 microg/ml for A-549 and 28 +/- 3 microg/ml for DLD-1. Three compounds identified in the leaf essential oil, alpha-cadinol (3.97%), beta-elemene (1.53%) and alpha-humulene (1.06%) are cytotoxic against tumor cell lines.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗

PubMed2005

Anti-inflammatory activity of Croton cuneatus aqueous extract.

The aqueous extract of Croton cuneatus Klotz. (Euphorbiaceae), was tested for its antinociceptive effects using chemical and thermal test models in mice. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined in Sprague-Dawley rats in a model of acute plantar inflammation induced by bovine serum albumin. Croton cuneatus aqueous extract at doses of 7 mg/kg showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect compared with commonly used non-stereoidal drugs as ketoprofen, sodium diclofenac and ASA (acetylsalicylic acid).

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Crotonic acid as a bioactive factor in carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.).

Water extracts from the carrot seed (Daucus carota L.) var. Perfekcja exhibit plant growth inhibitory properties against cress, cucumber, onion and carrot in a dose-dependant manner. This property results from the action of low-and high-molecular components of the extract. The low-molecular component was identified as crotonic acid ((E)-2-butenoic acid). Its presence was also confirmed in other late varieties of carrot. The determined strong herbicidal properties of crotonic acid and its availability after release to soil combined with its high level in seeds suggest that it might be considered as an allelopathic and autotoxic factor in the seeds.

Brassicaceae↗

PubMed1986

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of steroids with the beta-crotonate side chain.

An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of some ethyl 3-stereoidyl crotonates [ethyl-24-nor-20(22)-cholen-23-oate derivatives] was developed. The separations were achieved by reversed-phase chromatography (Separon Si C18) using methanol, methanol-water, methanol-0.1 M formic acid and ethanol-0.01 M aqueous phosphoric acid mixtures as mobile phases. The steroidal crotonates were detected at 230 and 240 nm.

Butyrates↗

PubMed2003

Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Croton schiedeanus.

Two new neo-clerodane type furano diterpenoids were isolated from the aerial part of Croton schiedeanus, besides the clerodane diterpenes cis- and trans-dehydrocrotonin, previously isolated from other species of Croton. Structural elucidation was achieved on basis of extensive NMR experiments, including X-ray diffraction analysis and molecular mechanics calculations. The previously known flavonoids ayanin and quercetin-3,7-dimethyl ether were also obtained from the extract of this plant.

Colombia↗

PubMed2003

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Croton malambo bark aqueous extract.

Croton malambo (K.) bark aqueous extract, popularly known in Venezuela as "palomatias" or "torco" was tested for acute toxicity and for its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects using tail flick and writhing syndrome tests models, respectively. Croton malambo aqueous extract (6.15 mg/kg i.p.) administered intraperitoneally had a significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects compared to acetylsalicylic acid (200mg/kg p.o.) and sodium diclofenac (5.64 mg/kg p.o.). Studies to determine correlation between chemical composition and pharmacological activity are underway.

Albumins↗