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PubMed2003

Effects of oxygenated carotenoid beta-cryptoxanthin on morphological differentiation and apoptosis in Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells.

Beta-Cryptoxanthin (beta Cx) was investigated for cell functions in neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells. The following results were obtained. 1. Beta-Cx induced neurite outgrowth. 2. Beta-Cx inhibited the etoposide-induced activation of caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest a bioregulatry function of beta Cx in the control of differentiation and apoptosis in Neuro2a cells.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗
PubMed2004

Multiple linear regression analysis of the seasonal changes in the serum concentration of beta-cryptoxanthin.

Beta-cryptoxanthin (beta-CRX) is a carotenoid pigment found in Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruit, which is heavily produced in Japan. In this study, we evaluated the seasonal changes in the serum beta-CRX level and investigated predictors of serum beta-CRX level by multiple linear regression analysis. Blood tests and self-administered questionnaires were used every other month for one year. The subjects were healthy volunteers, 15 males and 12 females. The serum beta-CRX levels increased dramatically as the intake of Satsuma mandarin increased; the maximum increase was noted in January. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that, in males, the serum beta-CRX level could be predicted by Satsuma mandarin intake, age and the month of blood sampling; however, it was inversely associated with alcohol and smoking habits. Conversely, in females, the serum beta-CRX concentration could be predicted by Satsuma mandarin intake, the month of blood sampling and age; however, it was inversely associated with body mass index. The results of multiple linear regression analysis suggest that the serum beta-CRX levels can be used to evaluate the intake volume of Satsuma mandarin. Furthermore, beta-CRX is a useful biomarker to estimate the beneficial effects of Satsuma mandarin intake in epidemiological studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Seasonal changes in the relationship between serum concentration of beta-cryptoxanthin and serum lipid levels.

Beta-cryptoxanthin (beta-CRX) is a carotenoid pigment found especially in Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruit, which is mainly produced in Japan. Previously, we found that serum beta-CRX concentrations rose to extreme levels as the frequency of consumption of Satsuma mandarin increases. Using 94 non-smoking female volunteers, the present study evaluated the relationship between serum concentration of beta-CRX and serum lipid levels in September, when the Satsuma mandarin is not in season, and in January of the next year, when it is in season. The mean of increment in serum beta-CRX concentrations from September to January was 95.9 +/- 84.0 microg/dl (mean +/- SD). Although the changes in serum lipid levels did not correlate with the changes in serum beta-CRX, the serum HDL-cholesterol and apo-lipoprotein A1 levels in the highest quartile of the increment in serum beta-CRX from September to January were significantly higher than those in the lowest quartile in both September and January. In cross-sectional analyses, serum beta-CRX concentrations were correlated positively with those of LDL-cholesterol and apo-lipoprotein B levels in September, but these correlations were not observed in January. In contrast, serum beta-CRX concentrations were correlated positively with those of HDL-cholesterol and apo-lipoprotein A1 levels in January. These results suggest that habitual eating of Satsuma mandarin while it is in season may influence lipid metabolism throughout the year.

Apolipoprotein A-I↗
PubMed2004

Correspondence re Yuan JM et al., Prediagnostic levels of serum beta-cryptoxanthin and retinol predict smoking-related lung cancer risk in Shanghai, China. 2001;10:767-73. Neuhoser ML et al., Fruits and vegetables are associated with lower lung cancer risk only in the placebo arm of the beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial (CARET). 2002;12:350-8. Satia-Abouta J et al., Associations of micronutrients with colon cancer risk in African Americans and whites: results from the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study. 2003;12:747-54.

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Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

The relation of serum levels of antioxidant vitamins C and E, retinol and carotenoids with pulmonary function in the general population.

Reduced pulmonary function is an important predictor of mortality in the general population, and antioxidant vitamins are thought to positively influence pulmonary function. Vitamin C, vitamin E, retinol, and carotenoids are powerful antioxidants but information about the joint relation of serum levels of these antioxidants to pulmonary function is limited. We analyzed the association of FEV(1) and FVC with serum vitamins C and E, retinol, and carotenoids (beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-carotene, and lycopene) in a cross-sectional study. The analysis was carried out in a sample of 1,616 randomly selected residents of Western New York, USA, age 35 to 79 yr and free of respiratory disease. Lung function was adjusted for height, age, sex, and race and expressed as percentage of predicted normal FEV(1) (FEV(1)%) and FVC (FVC%). Participants in the lowest quartile of each of the serum antioxidants had consistently lower FEV(1)% and FVC% than those in higher quartiles. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed significant associations of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-carotene, and retinol with FEV(1)% when these variables were investigated individually after adjustment for other covariates (smoking status, pack-years of smoking, weight, eosinophil count, and education). When all of these antioxidant vitamins were analyzed simultaneously in a multivariate regression model, the strongest association was seen with vitamin E and beta-cryptoxanthin. Only retinol showed an independent effect on FEV(1)% after controlling for vitamin E and beta-cryptoxanthin. As for FEV(1)%, vitamin E and beta-cryptoxanthin were most strongly related to FVC% when all variables were considered in the multivariate regression model. The differences in FEV(1) associated with a reduction of one standard deviation of serum vitamin E or beta-cryptoxanthin were equivalent to the negative influence of approximately 1 to 2 yr of aging. Our findings support the hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins may play a role in respiratory health and that vitamin E and beta-cryptoxanthin appear to be stronger correlates of lung function than other antioxidant vitamins.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of intake of fruits and vegetables: individual-level correlations in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).

OBJECTIVE: The aim in this study was to assess the association between individual plasma carotenoid levels (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin) and fruit and vegetable intakes recorded by a calibrated food questionnaire (FQ) and 24-h dietary recall records (24HDR) in nine different European countries with diverse populations and widely varying intakes of plant foods. DESIGN: A stratified random subsample of 3089 men and women from nine countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), who had provided blood samples and dietary and other lifestyle information between 1992 and 2000, were included. RESULTS: beta-Cryptoxanthin was most strongly correlated with total fruits (FQ r = 0.52, 24HDR r = 0.39), lycopene with tomato and tomato products (FQ r = 0.38, 24HDR r = 0.25), and alpha-carotene with intake of root vegetables (r = 0.39) and of total carrots (r = 0.38) for FQ only. Based on diet measured by FQ and adjusting for possible confounding by body mass index (BMI), age, gender, smoking status, alcohol intake, and energy intake, the strongest predictors of individual plasma carotenoid levels were fruits (R(partial)(2) = 17.2%) for beta-cryptoxanthin, total carrots ((partial)(2) = 13.4%) and root vegetables (R(partial)(2) = 13.3%) for alpha-carotene, and tomato products (R(partial)(2) = 13.8%) for lycopene. For 24HDR, the highest R(partial)(2) was for fruits in relation to beta-cryptoxanthin (7.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Intakes of specific fruits and vegetables as measured by food questionnaires are good predictors of certain individual plasma carotenoid levels in our multicentre European study. At individual subject levels, FQ measurements of fruits, root vegetables and carrots, and tomato products are, respectively, good predictors of beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, and lycopene in plasma.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

Incorporation of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin into human chylomicrons.

The intake of a carotenoid-rich diet is epidemiologically related to a lower risk for different chronic disorders like cardiovascular disease, some types of cancer or age-related macular degeneration. Red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and its dietary products contain a variety of carotenoids, which may contribute to the carotenoid pattern of human blood and tissues. The objective of the present study was to assess the availability of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin, including zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, beta-carotene and the paprika-specific oxocarotenoids capsanthin and capsorubin. After overnight fasting, the volunteers (n 9) ingested a single dose of the paprika oleoresin containing 6.4 mg zeaxanthin, 4.2 mg beta-cryptoxanthin, 6.2 mg beta-carotene, 35.0 mg capsanthin and 2.0 mg capsorubin. At different time points the carotenoid pattern in the chylomicron fraction was analysed to evaluate carotenoid absorption. From the major carotenoids present in the paprika oleoresin only zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene were detectable in considerable amounts. Although the xanthophylls in paprika oleoresin were mainly present as mono- or di-esters, only free zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin were found in human samples. The bioavailability of the pepper-specific carotenoids capsanthin and capsorubin from paprika oleoresin is very low. However, oleoresin is a suitable source for the provitamin A carotenoids beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin and the macular pigment zeaxanthin.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Structural and geometrical isomers of carotenoids in human plasma.

We have quantitatively analyzed human plasma for the following carotenoids: all-trans-lutein, all-trans-zeaxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, the sum of all-trans-lycopene and its cis isomers, alpha-carotene and beta-carotene. In addition, we have tentatively identified and quantified 13-cis-lutein and 13-cis-zeaxanthin in human plasma. The latter two cis isomers are also apparent in samples of two common food items, spinach and corn meal. We have analyzed the ratios of all of the members of the beta, beta family of carotenoids (zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene) to their corresponding beta, epsilon structural isomers (lutein, alpha-cryptoxanthin and alpha-carotene) in human plasma. There are marked differences in these ratios, with beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin predominating in the carotene and monohydroxy-xanthophyll classes and lutein predominating in the dihydroxy-xanthophyll class. These differences could be attributable to dietary intake or to specific mechanisms in the way humans absorb and utilize these compounds.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Plasma carotenoids of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis and Saimiri sciureus) fed a nonpurified diet.

The major carotenoid pigments in the plasma and in a common, nonpurified diet of two species of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis and Saimiri sciureus) were measured. The xanthophylls, lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin, were the principal carotenoids in both the diet and the plasma. Lutein and zeaxanthin were abundant in the all-trans, the 9-cis, and the 13-cis geometrical isomers in the diet, but the 9-cis form was rarely measurable in plasma. However, the 13-cis isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin were found in higher proportions in plasma than in the diet. For both the monohydroxy-xanthophylls, alpha-cryptoxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin, and the dihydroxy-xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin, the beta, beta structural isomer (beta-cryptoxanthin or zeaxanthin) is less abundant than the beta, epsilon isomer in plasma than in the diet. These results indicate substantial specificity in the absorption or retention of closely related carotenoid isomers in primates. The proportions of different geometrical isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin in the plasma of both species of monkeys were nearly identical and were similar to human values. The hydrocarbon carotenoids, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene were usually undetectable in monkey plasma. The monkeys appear to be like humans in their utilization of lutein and zeaxanthin but distinctly different in some other aspects of carotenoid utilization.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Carotenoid intakes, assessed by dietary questionnaire, are associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations in an elderly population.

High intakes of fruits and vegetables and of carotenoids are associated with a lower risk for a variety of chronic diseases. It is therefore important to test the validity of dietary questionnaires that assess these intakes. We compared intakes of five carotenoids, as calculated from responses to the Willett 126-item food-frequency questionnaire, with corresponding biochemical measures. Subjects included 346 women and 201 men, aged 67-93 y, in the Framingham Heart Study. Unadjusted correlations were higher among women than men as follows: alpha-carotene 0.33 and 0.18, beta-carotene, 0.36 and 0.25; beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.44 and 0.32; lycopene, 0.35 and 0.21; and lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.27 and 0.10, respectively. Adjustment for age, energy intake, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), plasma cholesterol concentrations and smoking reduced the gender differences, respectively, to the following: alpha-carotene 0.30 and 0.28; beta-carotene, 0.34 and 0.31; beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.45 and 0.36; lycopene, 0.36 and 0.31; and lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.24 and 0.14. Plots of adjusted mean plasma carotenoid concentration by quintile of respective carotenoid intake show apparent greater responsiveness among women, compared with men, to dietary intake of alpha- and beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, but similar blood-diet relationships for lycopene and lutein + zeaxanthin. Reported daily intake of fruits and vegetables correlated most strongly with plasma beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene among women and with plasma alpha- and beta-carotene among men. With the exception of lutein + zeaxanthin, this dietary questionnaire does provide reasonable rankings of carotenoid status among elderly subjects, with the strongest correlations for beta-cryptoxanthin. Appropriate adjustment of confounders is necessary to clarify these associations among men.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Determinants of plasma anti-oxidant vitamin levels in a population at high risk for stomach cancer.

Our objective was to identify the determinants of plasma levels of anti-oxidant vitamins which have been linked with decreased risk of cancer and other chronic diseases. Correlation analyses were performed between baseline plasma levels of ascorbic acid, alpha- and beta-carotenes, cryptoxanthin, lycopene and alpha- and gamma-tocopherols and baseline information on dietary and other demographic and life-style factors among 1,364 subjects 35-69 years of age, who are participants in a chemoprevention trial on pre-cancerous lesions of the stomach in Venezuela. Males had lower levels of ascorbic acid, alpha- and beta-carotene and cryptoxanthin and higher levels of alpha-tocopherol than females. This finding was confirmed in non-smokers and non-drinkers. In females, but not in males, age was positively associated with levels of ascorbic acid, cryptoxanthin, alpha- and beta-carotene and gamma-tocopherol. Male tobacco users had lower plasma levels of ascorbic acid, alpha- and beta-carotene and cryptoxanthin than nonusers, and regular alcohol drinkers had a decreased plasma levels of beta-carotene compared with non-drinkers. Female tobacco users had lower levels of ascorbic acid and cryptoxanthin than non-users, and regular alcohol drinkers had lower levels of ascorbic acid and lycopene than non-drinkers. Frequencies of consumption of fresh fruits, fruit juice, raw vegetables and plantains showed weak positive associations with plasma levels of several vitamins studied in both sexes. Sex, age in females, tobacco and alcohol use and dietary consumption affected plasma anti-oxidant vitamin levels in this population significantly. These factors may influence the effect of anti-oxidant treatment in intervention trials.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

In vitro antimutagenic and in vivo anticlastogenic effects of carotenoids and solvent extracts from fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids.

The water insoluble residues of some carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables, such as apricots, oranges, brussels sprouts, carrots, yellow-red peppers, and tomatoes, were sequentially extracted with n-hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, and 2-propanol, and solvent extracted materials were tested for inhibition of mutagenicities induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), and cyclophosphamide (CP) in histidine-deficient strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Antimutagenic activities were found in many extracts, but especially in the n-hexane extracts. For example, in the case of oranges, 100 microg of this extract reduced the bacterial mutagenicity of AFB1, BaP, CP and IQ by 72, 67, 53, and 27%, respectively. Separation by semi-preparative HPLC of the n-hexane extracts of carrots, tomatoes, and oranges indicated that the antimutagenicity was mainly associated with the fractions of the hydrocarbon carotenoids (alpha-, beta-carotene, lycopene), the xanthophylls (beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein), and also the carotenolesters (oranges). When 16 reference carotenoids were investigated as described above, the following results were obtained: In the case of BaP, antimutagenic activity, quantified by dose-response curves, was exhibited by 8'-apo-beta-carotenal, alpha- and beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, retinal, and retinol (ID50-values: 20-100 nmol ml-1 top agar, 50-70% maximum inhibition at 1 micromol ml-1 top agar), while the maximum inhibition by torularhodin did not exceed 40%. Astaxanthin, 10'- and 12'-apo-beta-carotenal, bixin, canthaxanthin, ethyl-8'-apo-beta-caro-ten-8'-oate, lycopene, and zeaxanthin were inactive or at best marginally active (<20% inhibition). Closely similar results were obtained with AFB1. The bacterial mutagenicity of CP was strongly reduced by alpha- and beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and retinol (ID50-values: 67-112 nmol ml-1 top agar, 50-63% maximum inhibition at 1 micromol ml-1 top agar), moderately by beta-cryptoxanthin, and lutein (45% and 28%, respectively), and only marginally or, not at all, by all remaining carotenoids. In the case of IQ, the carotenoids exhibited the weakest antimutagenic potency (7-43%, ID50-values of retinal and retinol: 160 and 189 nmol ml-1 top agar, 60% and 55% inhibition, respectively). The mutagenic activity of the proximal mutagen of IQ, N-OH-IQ, in S. typhimurium TA 98NR was not significantly reduced by any carotenoid tested. These observations as well as the inhibition of various cytochrome P-450 linked 7-alkoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activities (EROD, MROD, PROD) by four selected carotenoids (retinol>beta-cryptoxanthin>beta-carotene>lutein, IC50-values: 19-109 microM), indicate that the inhibition of the metabolic activation of the different promutagens could cause antimutagenicity. Finally, it could be demonstrated that the number of BaP or CP induced micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in bone-marrow of mice was reduced significantly by the carotenoids lycopene, canthaxanthin, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin (25-46%). These results clearly show that carotenoids possess biological activities in vitro and in vivo distinct from their function as precursors of vitamin A or antioxidants suggesting effects on activation of promutagens.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A prospective cohort study on antioxidant and folate intake and male lung cancer risk.

Many studies have reported inverse associations between vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of several antioxidants and folate in this relationship. In the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer, 58,279 men of ages 55-69 years at baseline in 1986 returned a questionnaire including a 150-item food frequency questionnaire. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 939 male lung cancer cases were registered. A new Dutch carotenoid database was used to estimate intake of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene, completed with the antioxidant vitamins C and E and folate. Using case-cohort analysis, rate ratios were calculated, adjusted for age, smoking, educational level, and family history of lung cancer. Protective effects on lung cancer incidence were found for lutein + zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, folate, and vitamin C. Other carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene) and vitamin E did not show significant associations. After adjustment for vitamin C, only folate remained inversely associated, and after adjustment for folate, only beta-cryptoxanthin and vitamin C remained significantly associated. Inverse associations were strongest among current smokers and weaker for former smokers at baseline. Inverse associations with carotenes, lutein + zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin seemed to be limited to small cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Only folate and vitamin C intake appeared to be inversely related to small cell and squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Folate, vitamin C, and beta-cryptoxanthin might be better protective agents against lung cancer in smokers than alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, and lycopene.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

The association of plasma micronutrients with the risk of cervical dysplasia in Hawaii.

Limited data from hematological studies suggest that certain nutrients, including carotenoids, tocopherols, and vitamin C, may protect against malignant change in cervical tissue. Recognizing that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection induces most neoplastic transformation of cervical tissue, the authors conducted a case-control study to examine the association of plasma micronutrient concentrations with the risk of cervical dysplasia after careful adjustment for HPV infection, using a sensitive and reliable HPV detection method. The sample included 147 multiethnic women, between 18 and 65 years of age, with biopsy-confirmed squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) of the cervix and 191 clinic controls identified between 1992 and 1996. Cases were identified through cytology and pathology logs in three clinics on Oahu, Hawaii. Controls were selected randomly from admission logs of the participating clinics. In-person interviews were conducted in the subjects' homes, and a fasting blood sample was drawn to measure plasma levels of lutein, lycopene, cryptoxanthin, total carotene, retinol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and cholesterol. The presence and type of HPV was determined in exfoliated cell samples using PCR dot blot hybridization. Mean plasma lycopene, total cryptoxanthin, and alpha-cryptoxanthin levels were lower among cases than controls. We found an inverse dose-response of alpha-cryptoxanthin, total tocopherol, and alpha-tocopherol to the odds ratios for cervical SIL after adjustment for HPV and other confounders. The odds ratio among women in the highest compared with the lowest quartile was 0.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.7) for alpha-cryptoxanthin and 0.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.8) for alpha-tocopherol. Negative trends in the odds ratios were suggested for other carotenoids and vitamin C, but these were weak, and confidence intervals were wide. Our results support existing evidence that high plasma levels of antioxidants may reduce the risk of cervical SILs independent of HPV infection. These findings are significant because diet is potentially modifiable, and nutrition education and dietary intervention might be targeted at specific high-risk groups.

Adolescent↗