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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Preoperative pupil fatigue.

Pupils are frequently dilated on the day before cataract surgery and for retinal detachment surgery so the fundus can be examined. This may, however, interfere with pupil mydriasis on the day of surgery. This study looked at the effect of pupil dilation with tropicamide 1% and with cyclopentolate 1% on pupil mydriasis 24 hours later, using phenylephrine 10% and cyclopentolate 1%, in 40 cataract patients. The pupils dilated with cyclopentolate one day previously demonstrated a mean reduction in subsequent mydriasis of 0.73 mm compared with pupils that had been dilated with tropicamide (P less than .0001). The magnitude of this difference was not related to the patient age (P = .12) or to iris color (P = .21). If it is necessary to dilate pupils on the day before surgery, tropicamide 1% rather than cyclopentolate 1% should be used, as it is less likely to interfere with the pupil mydriasis produced with cyclopentolate 1% and phenylephrine 10% on the day of surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of mydriatic eyedrops in low-weight infants.

The pupils of neonates often need to be dilated to examine the retina for retinopathy of prematurity and other disorders. It is known that low-weight infants (less than 1600 grams) are susceptible to systemic hypertension when 10% or 2.5% phenylephrine eye drops are used. To find the safest and best commercially available mydriatic agent in neonates, 30 low-weight infants were divided evenly into three groups. The drops tested were cyclopentolate 0.5% alone, cyclopentolate 0.5% plus mydriacyl 0.5%, and a combination drop of phenylephrine 1% and cyclopentolate 0.2%. There was no clinically significant effect of any of the drops on systolic blood pressure or pulse rate. The cyclopentolate and phenylephrine combination dilated the pupils by a mean of 2.8 mm which was statistically greater than the other groups (P less than 0.01) and had a longer duration of maximal dilation than the other drops (P less than 0.05).

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1988

Effects of mydriatic agents on neutrophil migration.

We have investigated the effects of various mydriatic agents on the locomotion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Human as well as rat neutrophils showed a dose-dependent increase of migration into micropore filters when tested against cyclopentolate hydrochloride at a dose range between 16 and 63 micrograms/ml. At higher doses (250 micrograms/ml), a complete inhibition of neutrophil migration was observed. A commercially available cyclopentolate hydrochloride preparation showed identical effects. Little or no changes in neutrophil locomotion were seen with atropine, homatropine, scopolamine or tropicamide when tested at the same concentration range. Since addition of cyclopentolate to either the lower or upper compartment of the multiwell chemotaxis chamber gave virtually the same results, it is assumed that the drug most likely induces a chemokinetic neutrophil response. However, an additional chemotactic effect cannot be excluded. These in vitro observations may help to explain an accidental observation in a patient with severe anterior uveitis who showed a massive, localized leukocyte accumulation on the corneal endothelium after contact with a cyclopentolate-soaked cotton pledget.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Precision in automated refraction.

Forty-six eyes were examined with automated refraction with the Nidek 1000-AR autorefractometer to determine how large variation there was in readings of each patient, under dry conditions (without cycloplegia) and in atropine and cyclopentolate cycloplegia. Likewise, the differences between methods of cycloplegia were analysed with regard to sphere, cylinder power, and axis. Overall the variation in each set of measurements was greatest for the spherical component, and a larger variation was found in the youngest age group. Variation in cylinder power and axis was small. Cycloplegics had a significant influence on the spherical component of automated refraction, and a mean difference of 0.76D was found between atropine and dry readings, and 0.23D between atropine and cyclopentolate readings. The differences between cycloplegic and dry readings in cylinder power and axis were insignificant. A regression model relating spherical power of dry and cyclopentolate automated refraction was developed, and the predictive power of this equation was tested.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Systemic reactions to ophthalmic drug preparations.

Adverse systemic reactions associated with the use of topical ophthalmic timolol, chloramphenicol, phenylephrine and cyclopentolate are surveyed, with special emphasis on precautions and contraindications for these ophthalmic drug preparations. Systemic reactions secondary to timolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist indicate that it should be used with caution in patients with asthma or a history of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cardiovascular disease and in those patients receiving systemic administration of beta-blockers or verapamil. Because significant blood dyscrasias or aplastic anaemia have been reported following topical ophthalmic chloramphenicol, the only absolute indication in ocular conditions is an organism that is resistant to all other antibiotics. Both 2.5% and 10% phenylephrine have been associated with cardiovascular effects and should be used with caution in selected patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants or atropine or in those with hypertension, advanced arteriosclerotic changes, aneurysms, orthostatic hypotension, long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes and in children with low bodyweights. Central nervous system toxicity secondary to cyclopentolate is dose-related and can be avoided by use of minimal concentrations and avoidance of unnecessary repetition of administration. Occlusion of the nasolacrimal passage with finger pressure immediately after instillation of any eyedrop also decreases the amount of drug that is absorbed systemically.

Chloramphenicol↗
PubMed1978

Use of dilute drug solutions for routine cycloplegia and mydriasis.

Clinic patients and students were given several regular drops of commercial 10% phenylephrine HCl, and 1.0% cyclopentolate HCl or 1.0% tropicamide HCl. The drops were given three times at five-minute intervals. Mydriasis and cycloplegia were determined and compared with the results obtained by using one of the following: microdrops (0.005 or 0.01 ml) of a mixture of 5% phenylephrine HCl and 0.5% tropicamide HCl, or regular drops of mixtures of 1% phenylephrine HCl, or 0.4% hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide with 0.1% cyclopentolate HCl, or 0.1% tropicamide in a vehicle of 1.6% or 1.0% methylcellulose 400, or artificial tears or lubricants (Absorbobase, Contique, Isopto Tears, Liquifilm, Lyteers, Ultra Tears). Except for an initial lag in the production of mydriasis with the diluted mixtures, the results were similar for all preparations. The diluted solutions produced little ocular irritation or tearing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Automated refraction. A comparative study of automated refraction with the Nidek AR-1000 autorefractor and retinoscopy.

A prospective study was performed on 46 eyes to compare results of different methods of objective refraction, namely automated refraction with the Nidek AR-1000 autorefractometer and retinoscopy in cycloplegia. We found that automated refraction in cyclopentolate cycloplegia gave results that differed little from results of retinoscopy in atropine cycloplegia both with respect to sphere and cylinder. Axis determination was even better with automated refraction. Dry automated refraction gave inaccurate results for the spheric component presumably because of suboptimal control of accommodation in this group of young patients. We recommend automated refraction in cyclopentolate cycloplegia as an easy, rapid, accurate and convenient method for obtaining an objective refraction where accommodative disorders are suspected.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1977

Dilating dangerous pupils.

Altogether 85 eyes from patients at risk to the development of closed-angle glaucoma were dilated with either parasympatholytic or sympathomimetic drugs. Of 21 eyes dilated with cyclopentolate 1/2%, 9 developed angle closure and a significantly raised pressure at some stage during dilatation and subsequent miosis. Of 58 eyes dilated with tropicamide 1/2%, 19 developed angle closure and a significantly raised pressure during dilatation. Treatment with intravenous acetazolamide and pilocarpine rapidly returned pressure to normal levels. Six eyes that had previously had a positive provocative test with simultaneous pilocarpine and phenylephrine were safely dilated with phenylephrine alone. Subsequent miosis with pilocarpine produced closed-angle glaucoma in all eyes. The significance of these observations is explained and discussed, and it is suggested that high-risk eyes should never be dilated with cyclopentolate. Tropicamide is safe if elementary precautions are observed. Safest of all, however, is phenylephrine-induced mydriasis and subsequent miosis with thymoxamine drops 1/2%.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed1992

In vivo observation of the axial movement of intraocular lenses through an anterior eye segment analysis system.

The small axial movement of the anterior surface of implanted intraocular lenses (IOLs) were examined in pseudophakic eyes with one-piece and three-piece IOLs using an anterior eye segment analysis system. The movement was calculated as the distance between the posterior surface of the cornea and the anterior surface of an IOL under a normal pupil size, following the instillation of 1% pilocarpine and 1% cyclopentolate solutions, respectively. The axial movement including movement after instillation of pilocarpine and cyclopentolate was 0.17 +/- 0.06, 0.05 +/- 0.07 and 0.13 +/- 0.06 mm, in phakic eyes and eyes with one-piece and three-piece IOLs, respectively. Image analysis techniques using Scheimpflug images proved its usefulness in the research field of IOL implantation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Review: systemic absorption of topically applied ocular drugs in humans.

Literature on human plasma concentrations after instillation of ocular timolol, levobunolol, atropine, cyclopentolate, scopolamine, phenylephrine, betamethasone and technetium Tc 99m and theories of lacrimal drainage were reviewed. In all studies the eyedrops absorbed rapidly into the systemic circulation. Like the kinetics of the tracer substances in lacrimal scintigraphy, the plasma drug levels showed interindividual variations. Plasma levels of ocular drugs were lower when punctal occlusion was applied, the mechanism, however, could not be explained. Since an early and a late plasma peak was occasionally registered in some subjects in timolol and cyclopentolate studies, it is suggested that systemic absorption of ocular drugs is low during the nasolacrimal passage but occurs during conjunctival and nasal contact.

Absorption↗