SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “DAMPs”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Preference for and performance with damped and undamped hearing aids by listeners with sensorineural hearing loss.

This study investigated the relationship between acoustic damping of hearing aid responses and listeners' speech discrimination and judgments of preference and sound quality. Eighteen subjects with essentially equivalent hearing impairments participated. Subjects' speech discrimination was evaluated for a male talker in quiet and in noise and for a female talker in the same conditions with hearing aids with 0 dB, -5 dB, and -10 dB of damping. Subjects also compared the damping levels using eight bipolar adjective pairs and provided judgments of overall preference. Measurements of the hearing aid responses were made in a 2-cm3 coupler and in the subjects' ears using probe microphone techniques. Smoothness of the responses was quantified using the Index of Response Irregularity (IRI) and the Frequency Response Smoothness Quantification Index (FReSQI). Subjects preferred the two damped hearing aid responses to the undamped. They also had better speech discrimination with damped hearing aid responses. The bipolar adjectives were of limited use in comparing hearing aids. A few questions about hearing aid sound quality and preference appear adequate for evaluating listeners' choice of hearing aids. Smoothness of the hearing aid responses in the test box was higher for the damped hearing aids than for the undamped. However, for real ear responses measured using a probe microphone, smoothness did not change as a function of damping level.

Acoustics↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Home dampness and childhood respiratory symptoms in a subtropical climate.

The association between measures of home dampness and symptoms of respiratory illness was evaluated in 1 340 8- to 12-y-old children in the Taipei area. The following were reported to occur in the homes: self-dampness (i.e., home considered damp by residents), 36.8% of the homes; "classified" dampness (i.e., presence of mold, water damage, or flooding), 72.3%; visible mold, 38.3%; stuffy odor, 33.9%; water damage, 47.8%; and flooding, 15.1%. Moreover, the prevalence of all respiratory symptoms was consistently higher in homes for which the occurrence of molds or dampness was reported. The adjusted odds ratios ranged from 1.37 (95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.83) for allergic rhinitis to 5.74 (95% confidence interval: 2.20-14.95) for cough. In addition, the observed high prevalence of home dampness/mold indicated that dampness in the home was very common in the subtropical region studied, and home dampness was a strong predictor of respiratory symptoms.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Damp housing and childhood respiratory symptoms: the role of sensitization to dust mites and molds.

In 1990, a case-control study was conducted in the Netherlands into the association between damp housing, childhood respiratory symptoms, and sensitization to house dust mites and mold allergens. In this study, 259 children with chronic respiratory symptoms and 257 control children were involved. Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific IgE against house dust mites and a mixture of molds were determined. A visual inspection for signs of home dampness was performed in all homes. A questionnaire was given to the parents of the children to elicit information about the presence of signs of dampness in the previous 2 years and about risk factors for childhood respiratory disease. In the case group, 94 children had elevated serum IgE levels to house dust mites and 24 children to the mixture of molds. In the control group, house dust mite allergy was found in 31 children and mold allergy in two children. In a crude analysis, cases were slightly more likely to have been living in homes where damp or mold was reported or observed than were the controls. In cases as well as controls, home dampness was associated with increased sensitization to dust mites and molds. There was no relation between home dampness and case-control status after stratification for sensitization, however. Restriction of the analysis to cases with elevated serum IgE levels against dust mites and/or molds, and to controls without elevated serum IgE, increased the odds ratios, and several became significant at p < 0.05. This supports a connection between damp housing and sensitization to dust mites and/or molds and childhood respiratory symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Allergens↗

PubMed2006

Damping of magnetohydrodynamic waves by resonant absorption in the solar atmosphere.

In the last decade we have been overwhelmed by an avalanche of discoveries of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and Transition Region and Coronal Explorer observatories. Both standing and propagating versions of fast magnetoacoustic and slow magnetoacoustic MHD waves have been detected. Information on the damping times and damping distances of these waves is less detailed and less accurate than that on periods and amplitudes. Nevertheless, observations show the damping times and damping lengths are often short. Also, different types of MHD waves in different types of magnetic structures likely require different damping mechanisms. The phenomenon of fast damping is well documented for the standing fast magnetosonic kink waves in coronal loops. This paper concentrates on standing fast magnetosonic waves. It reports on results on periods and damping times due to resonant absorption in one-dimensional and two-dimensional models of coronal loops. Special attention is given to multiple modes.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

Damp housing and adult respiratory symptoms.

The relationship between home dampness and adult respiratory symptoms was investigated using data from a parent-administered questionnaire on childhood respiratory symptoms that also included questions on parental respiratory symptoms. Questionnaires were returned by the parents of 3344 children living in the town of Helmond, The Netherlands. The response was 73%. Home dampness was characterized by reports of damp stains or mould growth on indoor surfaces and was reported by 23.6% and 15.0% of the study population, respectively. Of the homes, 25.4% had dampness and/or mould. Information about respiratory symptoms was collected for the mothers and fathers of a population of 6-12-year-old schoolchildren. Symptoms analysed were cough, phlegm, wheeze, asthma, and allergy to pollen or house dust. Cough and phlegm in both men and women were found to be strongly associated with living in a damp home. Weaker associations were found for wheeze and asthma, and there was little association between living in a damp home and allergy to pollen or house dust. Current smoking was strongly associated with cough, phlegm and wheeze in both men and women. Smoking was inversely associated with allergy to pollen or house dust, suggesting that allergic subjects do not start smoking, or give up the habit. The results suggest that the association between home dampness and respiratory symptoms previously reported for children also applies to adults. Suggested mechanisms include exposure to biological contaminants produced by fungi or house dust mites, but it has not yet been documented to what extent these exposures are responsible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2005

'Dampness' at home and its association with airway, nose, and skin symptoms among 10,851 preschool children in Sweden: a cross-sectional study.

UNLABELLED: There is convincing epidemiological evidence that 'dampness' in buildings is associated with respiratory effects. In order to identify health-relevant exposures in buildings with 'dampness', the study 'Dampness in Buildings and Health' (DBH) was initiated. In the first step of the study, cross-sectional data on home characteristics including 'dampness' problems, and symptoms in airway, nose, and skin among 10,851 children (1-6 years), were collected by means of a questionnaire to the parents. The prevalence of wheezing during the last 12 months was 18.9% and doctor-diagnosed asthma 5.4%. Rhinitis during the last 12 months was reported for 11.1% of the children and eczema during the last 12 months 18.7%. Gender, allergic symptoms among parents, and age of the child were associated with symptoms. Water leakage was reported in 17.8% of the buildings, condensation on windows in 14.3%, and detached flooring materials in 8.3%. Visible mould or damp spots were reported in only 1.5% of the buildings. The four 'dampness' indices were associated to higher prevalence of symptoms in both crude and adjusted analysis. Furthermore, it was found that the combination of water leakage in the home and PVC as flooring material in the child's or parent's bedroom was associated to higher prevalence of symptoms among children. However, the interpretation of this finding is unclear. The combination of water leakage and PVC may be a proxy, for example, reconstruction because of water damages. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The study have showed that moisture-related problems in buildings are a risk factor for asthma and allergic symptoms among preschool children. The recommendation to the general public is to remediate damp buildings.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗

PubMed1989

Damp housing, mould growth, and symptomatic health state.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between damp and mould growth and symptomatic ill health. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of random sample of households containing children; separate and independent assessments of housing conditions (by surveyor) and health (structured interview by trained researcher). SETTING: Subjects' homes (in selected areas of public housing in Glasgow, Edinburgh, and London). SUBJECTS: Adult respondents (94% women) and 1169 children living in 597 households. END POINTS: Specific health symptoms and general evaluation of health among respondents and children over two weeks before interview; and score on general health questionnaire (only respondents). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Damp was found in 184 (30.8%) dwellings and actual mould growth in 274 (45.9%). Adult respondents living in damp and mouldy dwellings were likely to report more symptoms overall, including nausea and vomiting, blocked nose, breathlessness, backache, fainting, and bad nerves, than respondents in dry dwellings. Children living in damp and mouldy dwellings had a greater prevalence of respiratory symptoms (wheeze, sore throat, runny nose) and headaches and fever compared with those living in dry dwellings. The mean number of symptoms was higher in damp and mouldy houses and positively associated with increasing severity of dampness and mould (dose response relation). All these differences persisted after controlling for possible confounding factors such as household income, cigarette smoking, unemployment, and overcrowding. Other possible sources of bias that might invalidate the assumption of a causal link between housing conditions and ill health--namely, investigator bias, respondent bias, and selection bias--were also considered and ruled out. CONCLUSION: Damp and mouldy living conditions have an adverse effect on symptomatic health, particularly among children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Insomnia is more common among subjects living in damp buildings.

BACKGROUND: Insomnia is a condition with a high prevalence and a great impact on quality of life. Little is known about the relation between and sleep disturbances and the home environment. AIM: To analyse the association between insomnia and building dampness. METHODS: In a cross-sectional, multicentre, population study, 16 190 subjects (mean age 40 years, 53% women) were studied from Reykjavik in Iceland, Bergen in Norway, Umeå, Uppsala, and Göteborg in Sweden, Aarhus in Denmark, and Tartu in Estonia. Symptoms related to insomnia were assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS: Subjects living in houses with reported signs of building dampness (n = 2873) had a higher prevalence of insomnia (29.4 v 23.6%; crude odds ratio 1.35, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.48). The association between insomnia and different indicators of building dampness was strongest for floor dampness: "bubbles or discoloration on plastic floor covering or discoloration of parquet floor" (crude odds ratio 1.96, 95% CI 1.66 to 2.32). The associations remained significant after adjusting for possible confounders such as sex, age, smoking history, housing, body mass index, and respiratory diseases. There was no significant difference between the centres in the association between insomnia and building dampness. CONCLUSION: Insomnia is more common in subjects living in damp buildings. This indicates that avoiding dampness in building constructions and improving ventilation in homes may possibly have a positive effect on the quality of sleep.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Adverse health effects among adults exposed to home dampness and molds.

To investigate the association between home dampness and mold and health, questionnaires were administered through the primary school system to parents of school-aged children in six regions of Canada. The present report focuses on the symptoms of the 14,799 adults at least 21 yr of age. The overall response rate was 83%, and missing values for individual variables ranged from 3 to 8%. The presence of home dampness and/or molds (that is, damp spots, visible mold or mildew, water damage, and flooding) was reported by 38% of respondents. The prevalence of lower respiratory symptoms (any cough, phlegm, wheeze, or wheeze with dyspnea) was increased among those reporting dampness or mold compared with those not reporting dampness or mold as follows: 38 versus 27% among current smokers, 21 versus 14% among exsmokers, and 19 versus 11% among nonsmokers (all p values less than 0.001). This association persisted after adjusting for several sociodemographic variables (including age, sex, and region) and several other exposure variables (including active and passive cigarette smoke, natural gas heating, and wood stoves). The odds ratio between symptoms and dampness was 1.62 (95% confidence interval, 1.48 to 1.78) in the final model chosen. This association persisted despite stratification by the presence of allergies or asthma. Exposure to home dampness and mold may be a risk factor for respiratory disease in the Canadian population.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Asthma symptoms in relation to building dampness and odour in older multifamily houses in Stockholm.

SETTING: Respiratory symptoms and hay fever in adults in relation to the indoor environment. OBJECTIVES: To study relationships between reports on respiratory symptoms and hay fever and building dampness and odours in older multifamily dwellings. DESIGN: A questionnaire study in a random sample of 231 multifamily buildings built before 1961, which included 4224 apartments. The response rate was 77% (n = 3241). Information on building characteristics was gathered from building owners and the central building register in Stockholm. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied, adjusting for age, sex, current smoking, population density, type of ventilation and ownership. RESULTS: In total, 22% reported at least one sign of dampness, and 32% reported odour in the dwelling. All types of odours were more common in damp buildings. Reports on dampness and odours were related to asthma symptoms and current cough, even when adjusting for potential confounders. A combination of odour and signs of high air humidity was related to an increase in asthma symptoms (OR = 2.82; 95%CI 2.70-2.95) and current cough (OR = 5.29; 95%CI 4.99-5.62). Similar findings were observed for a combination of odour and history of water leakage in the last 5 years, with an increase in asthma symptoms (OR = 3.59; 95%CI 3.37-3.82) and current cough (OR = 2.86; 95%CI 2.61-3.14). There was a dose-response relationship between respiratory symptoms and the number of signs of dampness. An association was also observed between dampness and a history of pollen allergy. CONCLUSIONS: Signs of high indoor air humidity, water leakage and odours were common, and related to respiratory symptoms. Exposure to odorous compounds from building dampness may be significant with respect to respiratory symptoms and possibly atopic sensitisation.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Effect of Chinese herbs on expression of aquaporin 3,4 gene in gastric mucosa of patients with Pi-Wei Damp-Heat syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between Pi-Wei Damp-Heat Syndrome (PWDHS) with expression of aquaporin (AQP) 3,4 gene in gastric mucosa and the effects of Qingre Huashi Recipe (QHR) on the expression. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients with chronic superficial gastritis were differentiated into Pi-Wei Damp-Heat Syndrome group (PWDHS, n = 53, 19 cases with predominant Dampness, 14 cases with predominant Heat, 20 cases with Dampness equal to Heat) and Pi deficiency Syndrome group (PDS, n = 15). The PWDHS were treated with QHR. The expression of AQP 3,4 gene in the two groups were determined by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR). RESULTS: Expression of AQP 3 gene in PWDHS was higher than that in PDS and the healthy group, but the difference showed no statistical significance. Expression of AQP 4 gene in PWDHS was obvious higher than that in PDS and the healthy group (P <0.05 or P <0.01), but the difference of AQP 4 gene expression between PDS and the healthy group was insignificant. Comparison among various sub-types of PWDHS showed that the AQP 4 gene expression in the predominant dampness > dampness equal to heat> predominant heat. AQP 3,4 gene expression in PWDHS was significantly decreased after QHR treatment, especially in the cases with predominant dampness syndrome (P <0.01), approaching that in the healthy group and PDS. CONCLUSION: Abnormal expression of AQP 3,4 gene may be one of the possible mechanisms of PWDHS pathogenesis, Chinese herbs could influence AQP 3,4 gene expression to play a key role in treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Differential effect of damp housing on respiratory health in women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of exposure to damp housing on respiratory symptoms in women and men. METHOD: We examined sex differences in the relationship between damp housing and respiratory symptoms in a cross-sectional survey of 1988 adults, 18 to 74 years of age, using a self-administered questionnaire. We used chi (2) and t-tests to test associations between potential risk factors and respiratory symptoms in men and women. We used multiple logistic regression modelling to determine adjusted odds ratios for several possible symptoms and home dampness. All multivariate analyses were stratified by sex. RESULTS: Men had a significantly higher prevalence of chronic wheeze compared with women. The prevalence of chronic wheeze, wheeze with shortness of breath, and allergy were higher for women reporting damp housing compared with those not reporting damp housing. No significant associations between damp housing and respiratory symptoms were found in men. CONCLUSION: These data raise the possibility that women may be more susceptible to the effects of damp housing than men are.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Relation between dampness-heat syndrome of glomerulonephritis and sialic acid and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG)].

Plasmic and urinary sialic acid and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) of 87 glomerulonephritic patients with and without Dampness-Heat Syndrome were measured, and the influence of clearing up Dampness-Heat therapy on above-mentioned parameters was investigated. The results showed that Psa, Usa and UNAG of Dampness-Heat Syndrome were significantly higher than those of non-Dampness-Heat Syndrome (P < 0.05-0.01). The further analysis indicated that the patients with acute onset of chronic nephritis manifested as Dampness-Heat, showed marked positive correlation between Usa and UNAG as well as between UNAG and proteinuria respectively (r = 0.75 and 0.722, P < 0.001). With the treatment of Abelmoschus manihot which could remove the Dampness-Heat, the amount of proteinuria, Usa and UNAG were all significantly decreased (P < 0.05-0.001). It suggested that Usa and UNAG might be as diagnostic and curative parameters of Dampness-Heat of glomerulonephritis.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

PubMed1997

Crystal structure of a decameric complex of human serum amyloid P component with bound dAMP.

Serum amyloid P component (SAP) is a glycoprotein that binds in a calcium-dependent fashion to a variety of ligands including other proteins, glycosaminoglycans and DNA. SAP is universally associated with the amyloid deposits in all forms of amyloidoses including Alzheimer's disease. Small-molecule ligands that displace SAP from amyloid fibrils and thereby expose the fibrils to proteolytic clearance mechanisms hold potential as drugs for the prevention and treatment of amyloidosis. We have carried out a screen for novel SAP ligands and have identified 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate (dAMP) as a ligand. The crystal structure of the SAP-dAMP complex determined at 2.8 A resolution (R = 0.232, R(free) = 0.252) reveals a decamer in which all interactions between SAP pentamers are mediated by the ligand. The stability of the decamer in solution has been demonstrated by gel filtration chromatography. The two calcium ions of SAP are bridged by the dAMP phosphate group and five hydrogen bonds are formed between the protein and the ligand, including specific interactions made by the adenine base. This mode of dAMP binding is not compatible with the nucleotide being part of double-helical DNA. The SAP-dAMP decamer is stabilized mainly by base-stacking of adjacent ligand molecules and possibly by electrostatic interactions involving the dAMP phosphate groups; decamerization buries 1000 A2 (2.6%) of the pentamer solvent-accessible surface. Ligand-induced decamerization of SAP, which utilizes the high cooperativity of a multiple-site interaction, may be a strategy to overcome the problems for drug design associated with the rather modest affinities of SAP for small-molecule ligands.

Computer Graphics↗

PubMed1982

Nucleic acid metabolism in yeast VI. Utilisation of exogenous dAMP.

It is shown that mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae able to efficiently utilise exogenous dTMP can also utilise exogenous dAMP. Under extracellular conditions permissive for dTMP uptake label stemming from offered [8-3H]dAMP is incorporated preferentially into alkali-resistant, high molecular weight material (putative DNA); only about 30% of high molecular weight cell-bound dAMP label was found to be sensitive towards mild alkali hydrolysis. This putative RNA label can be minimised to practically zero when greater than or equal to mM Ade is employed in a dAMP labelling assay. Exogenous dAMP at much greater than 10 microM was found to be cytostatic similarly to much greater than microM dTMP and similarly to inhibit effectively import of exogenous Pi. We conclude from our results that there exists a yeast cytoplasmic membrane permease able to import dAMP. A model of this hypothetical permease system is presented.

Cell Membrane↗

PubMed1999

Nasal and ocular symptoms, tear film stability and biomarkers in nasal lavage, in relation to building-dampness and building design in hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: To study the relationships between dampness in concrete floors and building design on the one hand, and symptoms and medical signs of the eyes and nose in hospital workers, on the other. METHODS: Four hospitals for geriatrics were selected to represent buildings with different ages and design, irrespective of symptom prevalence. The first building was built in 1925. The second, built in 1985, was known to have dampness in the floor. Conventional building techniques were used in the third building, built in 1993, and the last building was built in 1994, and was specially designed to include high ceilings, and minimal use of fluorescent lighting and interior plastic materials. The interior surfaces were painted with water-based beeswax glazing. All staff (n=95) working day shifts were invited to take part in a medical examination of the eyes and nose including acoustic rhinometry and nasal lavage, and a medical questionnaire, and 93% participated. Measurements of temperature, relative air humidity, air flow, illumination, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), molds, and bacteria were carried out in all buildings, together with measurements of formaldehyde, respirable dust, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and ozone. Statistical analyses were performed by bivariate analysis, and linear, ordinal, and logistic multiple regressions, adjusting for age, gender, tobacco smoking, atopy, and the perceived psychosocial work environment. RESULTS: Dampness in the upper concrete floor surface (75-84%), ammonia under the floor [3 parts per million (ppm)], and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in the air were detected in the two buildings built in 1985 and 1993. Increased occurrences of ocular and nasal symptoms, an increased concentration of lysozyme in nasal lavage, and decreased tear film stability were found in the subjects working in the damp buildings. Those in the specially designed building had fewer ocular and nasal symptoms, and increased tear film stability. All buildings had low levels of formaldehyde, molds, bacteria, ozone, and NO(2). The lowest total concentration of VOCs, and the highest concentration of specific VOCs of microbial origin, were found in the building with special design. CONCLUSION: The study provides new evidence of the role of dampness-related alkaline degradation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) building material. Emissions related to degradation of DEHP due to dampness in the floor, indicated by increased 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in the air, seem to increase both the secretion of lysozyme from the nasal mucosa and the occurrence of ocular and nasal symptoms. The indoor environment of the specially designed building with high ceilings and no fluorescent lighting or interior plastics seemed to have a positive influence on the nasal and ocular mucous membranes.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

The interaction of 4-DAMP mustard with subtypes of the muscarinic receptor.

The compound 4-DAMP mustard (N-2-chloroethyl-4-piperidinyl diphenylacetate) is a 2-chloroethylamine derivative of the selective muscarinic antagonist 4-DAMP (N,N-dimethyl-4-piperidinyl diphenylacetate). At neutral pH, 4-DAMP mustard cyclizes spontaneously into an oziridinium ion that binds covalently with muscarinic receptors. Analysis of the kinetics of receptor alkylation showed that the interaction of 4-DAMP mustard with M2 and M3 receptors was consistent with a model in which the aziridinium ion rapidly forms a reversible complex with the receptor which converts to a covalent complex at a relatively slower rate. The rate constant (k2) for alkylation of M2 and M3 receptors was approximately the same (k2 = 0.1 min-1); however, the affinity of the aziridinium ion for the M3 receptor (KD = 7.2 nM) was approximately 6.3-fold greater than that for the M2 receptor (KD = 43 nM). The results of competitive binding experiments on Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the M1 - M5 subtypes of the muscarinic receptor showed that the affinity of the aziridinium ion for the M1, M3, M4 and M5 subtypes was approximately the same and about 11-fold greater than that for the M2 receptor. 4-DAMP mustard is a useful tool for selectively inactivating all non-M2 muscarinic receptors, particularly when it is used in the presence of a reversible M2 selective antagonist to protect the M2 receptor from alkylation. The results of studies on isolated smooth muscle preparations that have had their M3 receptors alkylated with 4-DAMP mustard are consistent with the postulate that the M2 receptor can elicit contraction by inhibiting the relaxant effect of isoproterenol and forskolin on histamine induced contractions.

Alkylation↗

PubMed2000

Fast repair of dAMP radical anions by phenylpropanoid glycosides and their analogs.

Repair effect on 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate (dAMP) radical anions by phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs) and their analogs, isolated from Chinese folk medicinal herb, was studied using pulse radiolysis technique. The radical anion of dAMP was formed by the reaction of hydrated electron with dAMP. On pulse irradiation of nitrogen-saturated dAMP aqueous solution containing 0.2 M t-BuOH and one of PPGs or their analogs, the transient absorption spectrum of the radical anion of dAMP decayed with the formation of that of the radical anion of PPGs or their analogs within several decades of microseconds after electron pulse irradiation. The results indicated that dAMP radical anions can be repaired by PPGs or their analogs. The rate constants of the repair reactions were deduced to be 1.6-4.5 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1).

Anions↗