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PubMed1992

Improving dental epidemiologic data collection with computers.

A computerized dental data recording system (DDRS) was developed for the New England Elder Dental Study to improve data quality and increase field staff efficiency. The DDRS displays video screens similar to traditional paper forms to record data on coronal and root caries, dentate and denture status, subacute bacterial endocarditis screening, gingival bleeding, calculus, and periodontal attachment level. DDRS provides facilities for date and exam-component time tracking, on-line contextual comments, random record retrieval, editing, data backup, and data output in various data formats. This study compared the DDRS with a paper-form system for data entry accuracy. Dental caries and periodontal disease measurement data from 38 subjects were recorded on paper forms and independently entered using DDRS. The DDRS identified 150 illogical data errors, 39 inconsistent data errors, 7 invalid data and 34 miscellaneous data errors. Four technicians with field experience using both paper forms and DDRS reported time savings using DDRS in the field. DDRS has the potential for additional time savings by minimizing the time for data coding, cleaning, and management. Results demonstrate that DDRS could improve the quality of oral epidemiologic data by mandating strict adherence to protocols, preventing errors, and increasing field efficiency.

Computers↗

PubMed1991

A model for multidisciplinary data collection for cervical metastasis.

A system for multidisciplinary data collection for metastatic neck disease is discussed. Information from 87 neck dissections and 3218 lymph nodes is reported to illustrate the strength of the model. Clinical (endoscopic) assessment under general anesthesia, surgical assessment during the neck dissection, and radiographic (computed tomographic scan) assessment were compared with the pathological evaluation. All disciplines stratified the necks by region and node size. This model provides an effective stratagem for multi-institutional studies.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1989

Comparison between 180 degrees and 360 degrees data collection in technetium-99m MIBI SPECT of the myocardium.

In a series of 12 patients presenting with a single-vessel coronary artery disease and who were injected with 370 MBq of 99mTc-2-methoxyisobutylisonitrile at peak exercise, two consecutive single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) data collections, i.e., 32 views of 30 sec during a 180 degrees rotation and 64 views of 15 sec during a 360 degrees rotation, were performed 1 hr later. In both cases, transverse sections were reconstructed using (a) a backprojection method with a ramp filter, (b) a correction for downscatter, (c) a correction for depth attenuation by the Chang method, or (d) both corrections. Each reconstructed myocardium was then divided into four short-axis sections which were radially divided into nine sectors. Sectors with an activity below 80% of the maximum were considered as abnormal. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated relative to a sector-by-sector theoretical anatomic distribution of the perfusion abnormalities. Results demonstrate that, of all situations, the best balance between sensitivity and specificity was achieved with the 180 degrees data collection and no correction at reconstruction. Using the 360 degrees data sampling technique mainly lowered the sensitivity in the patients with a circumflex or right coronary artery disease. It is concluded that there does not seem to be any definite advantage in performing a 360 degrees rather than a 180 degrees data collection in 99mTc myocardial SPECT.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Proposal for a data collection system for colposcopy services].

A computerized system for colpocytologic data collection and filing, is presented. A descriptive and easy to elaborate recording of anamnestical data and examination findings is achieved using two correlated files. Step by step filing is obtained by multichoice scheme which progressively appears on the screen.

Colposcopy↗

PubMed1978

Monitoring disease in England and Wales: methods applicable to routine data-collecting systems.

This paper reviews routine data-collecting systems and methods for disease surveillance in England and Wales. It discusses population-based correlation studies, which seek to explain disease trends by relating routine health statistics to possible causative agents on a secular, geographical, or occupational basis. It describes recent developments in linking information collected by routine general purpose systems as a means of identifying and following individuals exposed to potential hazards.

Death Certificates↗

PubMed1989

The impact of changing methods of data collection on the reliability of self-reported drug use of adolescents.

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of different modes of data collection on the reliability of self-reported drug use of adolescents in a panel study. Adolescents were assigned to four groups based upon the ways they chose to respond to the survey instruments: 1) mailed questionnaires in both years, 2) survey interview in one year and mailed questionnaire in the next year, 3) mailed questionnaire in one year and survey interview in the following year, and 4) survey interview in both years. The quality of the self-reported data was examined in terms of return rates, missing data, internal consistency, and consistency of reported information over time. No significant differences were found between groups, suggesting that the mode of data collection does not affect the reliability of adolescents' self-reports of substance use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Computer-assisted drug data collection.

Computerized systems for recording information about medication prescribing and use are important for studies in health services and pharmacoepidemiology. Such systems, if properly designed, can facilitate analysis as well as data collection. Although drug information systems exist for pharmacy service delivery applications, there are currently no descriptions of systems developed primarily for research applications in this area. This paper describes a computerized data collection system, developed for researchers, usable on portable equipment, and containing error checking features; the system has been extensively tested in over 850 study subjects taking part in a study of medication use in nursing homes that examines the impact of educational interventions for doctors and nurses on prescribing practices.

Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗

PubMed1992

Fully three-dimensional reconstruction from data collected on concentric cubes in Fourier space: implementation and a sample application to MRI.

An algorithm is proposed for rapid and accurate reconstruction from data collected in Fourier space at points arranged on a grid of concentric cubes. The Fourier transform of the object to be reconstructed is decomposed into the sum of three functions by subdividing its domain into three non-overlapping mutually orthogonal double pyramids. Each of the three functions is zero-valued outside one of the double pyramids and has values inside that double pyramid which are the same as those of Fourier transform of the object to be reconstructed at the same points. Inverse Fourier transforms of these individual functions can be calculated using the chirp z-transform. The outputs of these inverse transforms for the three functions are estimates of their values at points of the same rectangular grid. The function to be reconstructed is estimated for this grid by adding together the three inverse transforms. The whole process has computational complexity of the same order as required for the 3D fast Fourier transform and so (for medically relevant sizes of the data set) it is faster than backprojection into the same size rectangular grid. The design of the algorithm ensures that no interpolations are needed, in contrast to methods involving backprojection with their unavoidable interpolations. As an application, a 3D data collection method for MRI has been designed which directly samples the Fourier transform of the object to be reconstructed on concentric cubes as needed for the algorithm.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1976

Medical economics survey-methods study: design, data collection, and analytical plan.

This paper describes the background, methodology, data collection, and analytical plan of a pilot investigation conducted under contract for the National Center for Health Statistics during 1975. The objective was to determine the cost effectiveness of a variety of strategies under consideration for national application to develop previously unavailable information on utilization of, and the costs and payments for, health care. Detailed data on health care utilization and expenditures were collected periodically from a panel of 691 Maryland households over a six-month interval. Issues to be tested through a random experimental design include whether periodicity (monthly vs bimonthly interviews) and type of contact (in-person vs telephone) are significant factors in the cost effectiveness of this type of survey. An extensive record check involving all providers and third-party payers identified in the household survey was carried out. Record information will be used to 1) provide a basis for measuring accuracy of household data, 2) fill gaps in household knowledge, and 3) determine whether a subset of the record sources can provide adequate information for correcting household data. The household survey resulted in an initial response rate of 77.5 per cent with a subsequent attrition rate over six months of 13.6 per cent. Signed permission to access record data was obtained for 84.9 per cent of the individuals completing the entire survey. The most intensive survey strategy, monthly, mostly in-person contact, resulted in the lowest participation. The analytical plan presents details of the approaches to be taken in making judgments on the relative accuracy and completeness of data obtained by the various survey strategies and the contribution made by availability of data from record sources.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

TCK: a clinical genetics data collection system.

This work examines the database design and user interface design for a clinical genetics data collection system known as TCK. A specific design goal is automatic generation of the CORN reports. Emphasis in this paper is on how the logical data model resulting from the database design, and the user interface work together to enforce the enterprise results pertaining to data. Data screens are shown, sample queries are explained and the data mapping to the CORN reports presented.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1979

Data collection for cross-sectional image reconstruction by a moving ring of positron annihilation detectors.

A ring of positron annihilation detectors capable of two independent motions in the plane of the ring is considered. It can rotate around its center, and the whole ring may move so that its center traces a circular path. Provided certain parameters are chosen according to given formulas, data collected by such a detector ring can be reorganized (rebinned), in a computationally very inexpensive fashion, so that the data items in each bin are measurements along parallel lines spaced at small equal intervals. Efficient high resolution reconstruction algorithms that assume such data organization can therefore be applied to data collected collected by a moving positron ring detector. The method is demonstrated on a realistic example.

Computers↗

PubMed1991

The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System: design, questionnaire, data collection and response rates. PRAMS Working Group.

The birth certificate, the primary tool for population-based surveillance of the condition of infants at birth and maternal status during pregnancy, provides little data about maternal behaviour during pregnancy. To collect data on maternal behaviours that influence pregnancy outcome, we implemented the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System in seven states. For this population-based surveillance, new mothers were sampled from birth certificates 2 to 6 months after delivery and contacted by mail; follow-up of nonrespondents was by telephone. Participants completed a 10-page questionnaire. Stratification permitted over-sampling of women with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Among 10,563 women sampled during 1988 and 1989, stratum-specific response rates ranged from 30% to 89%. In 11 of the 28 strata, response rates were greater than 70%. Response rates varied considerably between states. Rates were lower for Black mothers, mothers of low birthweight infants, unmarried mothers and mothers with less than 12 years of education. Active refusal to participate and undelivered mail occurred infrequently. Mail and telephone surveillance of new mothers can yield adequate response rates in selected population groups. Trials of alternative approaches to enhancing response among Black and disadvantaged mothers, such as additional mailings or post-partum in-hospital recruitment, are needed.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1975

Gamma-ray spectrometry data collection and reduction by simple computing systems.

The review summarizes the present state of the involvement of relatively small computing devices in the collection and processing of gamma-ray spectrum data. An economic and utilitarian point of view has been chosen with regard to data collection in order to arrive at practically valuable conclusions in terms of feasibility of possible configurations with respect to their eventual application. A unified point of view has been adopted with regard to data processing by developing an information theoretical approach on a more or less intuitive level in an attempt to remove the largest part of the virtual disparity between the several processing methods described in the literature. A synoptical introduction to the most important mathematical methods has been incorporated, together with a detailed theoretical description of the concept gamma-ray spectrum. In accordance with modern requirements, the discussions are mainly oriented towards high-resolution semiconductor detector-type spectra. The critical evaluation of the processing methods reviewed is done with respect to a set of predefined criteria. Smoothing, peak detection, peak intensity determination, overlapping peak resolving and detection and upper limits are discussed in great detail. A preferred spectrum analysis method combining powerful data reduction properties with extreme simplicity and speed of operation is suggested. The general discussion is heavily oriented towards activation analysis application, but other disciplines making use of gamma-ray spectrometry will find the material presented equally useful. Final conclusions are given pointing to future developments and shifting their centre of gravity towards improving the quality of the measurements rather than expanding the use of tedious and sophisticated mathematical techniques requiring the limits of available computational power.

Activation Analysis↗

PubMed1991

Reporting errors in time-to-pregnancy data collected with a short questionnaire. Impact on power and estimation of fecundability ratios.

Few tools exist in reproductive epidemiology for studying adverse effects on fertility. Data on time to pregnancy (the number of menstrual cycles required to conceive) can be used to estimate fecundability ratios, a sensitive endpoint for identifying factors associated with reduced fertility. Time-to-pregnancy data can be collected in detailed interviews. The accuracy of data collected on brief, self-administered questionnaires is not known. In a study of occupational exposures to dental assistants conducted in 1987-1988, 523 women provided time-to-pregnancy data both on a short, mailed questionnaire and in a detailed telephone interview. The correlation between the two measures was 0.82. Assuming that the detailed data were accurate, reporting errors in data from the short form were distributed nondifferentially with respect to most covariates of interest in fecundability analyses. Simulation studies were conducted to estimate bias and loss of power from the misclassification. Bias was toward the null. Substantial power was lost in detecting weak exposures. However, exposures that reduce fecundability by 50 percent (equivalent to adding about three cycles to the median time to pregnancy) could still be detected with 80 percent power in samples of about 100 women (half of them exposed to a possible toxin). The authors conclude that time-to-pregnancy data collected with a few self-administered questions can be useful in a variety of epidemiologic studies, including occupational and environmental surveillance programs.

Bias↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Valve data collection: problems and pitfalls.

Since 1981, the Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering at the University of Sheffield has been responsible for the organization, management and data collection associated with the largest multicentre heart valve implant patient follow-up study in the Western world. At the present time, the database comprises information on over 16,000 valve implants, which have been provided by 57 surgeons working at 22 centres in the UK. All this data is available for in-depth statistical analysis. Over 30 individual valve models presently are included in the Study and these can be categorized into five main types: ball, disc, porcine, pericardial and homograft. Analysis includes descriptive statistics as well as valuable information on the various performances of the different valves. Survival and event-free survival graphs are obtained by actuarial methods and individual valve types can be studied in depth in terms of freedom from thromboembolic complications and valve dysfunction. Whilst this approach provides interesting and valuable survival data, it does not take account of the wide variation in prognostic factors which occur within large groups of patients. This latter problem can be addressed by the use of proportional hazards analysis and this paper provides details of this approach and typical results obtained from the use of this method. These include the comparative performances of the major types of valves currently in use in terms of the event-free survival of the patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Quality control of dietary data collection in the CARDIA study.

The Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) Study developed and implemented quality control (QC) measures to minimize misclassification associated with dietary data. Manual and automated data inspection were used to monitor quality. Of the 5111 participants who completed a dietary history, 717 (14%) had dietary forms reviewed and 153 (3%) had the interview audiotaped. Results show that for the 717 forms reviewed, the overall form completion error rate was 0.22% and the "critical" error rate (i.e., those errors impacting on nutrient computations) was 0.12%. The proportion of forms free of any type of error increased over time (p less than 0.0001). The discrepancy rate in recording and interviewing methods as estimated from the 153 audiotaped interviews was 0.7%. Inter-interviewer differences were small as indicated by the audiotaped interviews and the proportion of error-free forms completed by interviewers. The results indicate that the dietary data collected in CARDIA were completely and accurately recorded for use in analysis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

International Collaborative Effort (ICE) on birthweight; plurality; and perinatal and infant mortality. I: Methods of data collection and analysis.

This paper describes the collection and analysis of data by a group of international collaborators (International Collaborative Effort on Perinatal and Infant Mortality) interested in comparative studies on birthweight distributions and reproductive outcome. This is the first of a series of reports on the results of these studies. It gives an account of the countries or states involved, and the collection and characteristics of the data. The countries and states included sixteen of the United States, plus England and Wales, Denmark, Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia from the Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Japan, Norway, Scotland, and Sweden. The data comprised birthweight distributions in 500-gram groups for all births and for singletons separately, for livebirths, stillbirths, first week deaths and, where available, late neonatal and infant deaths, from 1970 up to 1985.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed1976

A quantitative assessment of femoral head activity using 99Tcm -polyphosphate and a computer data collection system.

Abnormal femoral head activity in Legg-Calve-Perthes' disease has been measured using 99Tcm -polyphosphate and a gamma camera/computer data collection system. A reference point on the data matrix, which is unaffected by the diease, is used for deriving comparative uptake ratios in each femoral head. The reference point remains unaltered after surgical procedures or short intervals between follow-up studies. Early abnormality can be measured in both unilateral and bilateral femoral head pathology.

Child↗