[Hungarian students--medical and non-medical--graduated from the University of Ferrara during the 15th and 16th centuries (based on original archive data)].
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Education↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Data archiving”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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[Changes in the pattern of schizophrenia based on the archival data on patients hospitalized for the first time 1927-1928 and 1967-1968].
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Aggression↗
Population data in social science data archives: the survey holdings of the Roper Public Opinion Research Center.
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Archives↗
Problems and suggested solutions in creating an archive of clinical trials data to permit later meta-analysis: an example of methotrexate trials in rheumatoid arthritis.
Because data archives contain patient-based rather than study-based data, they can address meta-analytic questions on uncommon outcomes and on predefined patient subsets, questions that are difficult to address using the traditional meta-analytic approach based on grouped data. We report the tasks involved in establishing the first data archive of rheumatoid arthritis trials. In general, problems stem from the heterogeneity of trials in the archive and we suggest some solutions. In the initial phases, difficulties include recruitment and incomplete participation of trial investigators, whereas later on, other issues arise, such as quality control, coping with different dataset designs, and incomplete documentation. Other issues include heterogeneous measures, missing variables, and comparing data across different visit intervals and trial lengths. Suggested solutions include requesting trial data in predefined archive-wide structures and asking for all possible documentation for each dataset. Data cleaning is necessary, as is rescaling of variables or developing unit-free outcomes, and estimating data for missing variables. Archive design should allow for referencing a patient's data among various datasets. Although one goal is to reduce the quantity of data in the archive while retaining information content, data from early stages of archive building must be accessible for developing new analysis datasets. Documentation of archive building and software choices are discussed. Our experience suggests data archiving for meta-analysis is time consuming and expensive, yet it provides a useful method for analyzing data from multiple trials.
Archives↗
Global environmental data for mapping infectious disease distribution.
This contribution documents the satellite data archives, data processing methods and temporal Fourier analysis (TFA) techniques used to create the remotely sensed datasets on the DVD distributed with this volume. The aim is to provide a detailed reference guide to the genesis of the data, rather than a standard review. These remotely sensed data cover the entire globe at either 1 x 1 or 8 x 8 km spatial resolution. We briefly evaluate the relationships between the 1 x 1 and 8 x 8 km global TFA products to explore their inter-compatibility. The 8 x 8 km TFA surfaces are used in the mapping procedures detailed in the subsequent disease mapping reviews, since the 1 x 1 km products have been validated less widely. Details are also provided on additional, current and planned sensors that should be able to provide continuity with these environmental variable surfaces, as well as other sources of global data that may be used for mapping infectious disease.
Communicable Diseases↗
The development of a virtual database to provide on-line access to a large archive of clinical data.
The archival database of the HELP Hospital Information System at LDS Hospital is too large to be stored on line. The archival data are important for clinical and research applications. Demountable disk packs have been used to store the archival database. This method of storage has four significant disadvantages. A virtual database was developed to overcome the limitations of this data-management scheme. This virtual database enables the transparent use of appropriate low-cost network-based storage technology to provide on-line availability of the entire archive of clinical data. The virtual database successfully resolves the problems associated with disk packs, and opens the door to enhanced use of the data for clinical and research applications.
Computer Storage Devices↗
An automated, web-enabled and searchable database system for archiving electrogram and related data from implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
The advent of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) has resulted in significant reductions in mortality in patients at high risk for sudden cardiac death. Extensive related basic research and clinical investigation continue. ICDs typically record intracardiac electrograms and inter-beat intervals along with device settings during episodes of device delivery of therapy. Researchers wishing to study these data further have until now been limited to viewing paper plots. In support of multi-center clinical studies of patients with ICDs, we have developed a web based searchable ICD data archiving system, which allows users to use a web browser to upload ICD data from diskettes to a server where the data are automatically processed and archived. Users can view and download the archived ICD data directly via the web. The entire system is built from open source software. At present more than 500 patient ICD data sets have been uploaded to and archived in the system. This project will be of value not only to those who wish to conduct research using ICD data, but also to clinicians who need to archive and review ICD data collected from their patients.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
The Data Protection (Amendment) Act, 2003: the Data Protection Directive and its implications for medical research in Ireland.
Directive 95/46/EC on the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data has been transposed into national law and is now the Data Protection (Amendment) Act, 2003. The Directive and the transposing Act provide for new obligations to those processing data. The new obligation of primary concern is the necessity to obtain consent prior to the processing of data (Article 7, Directive 95/46/EC). This has caused much concern especially in relation to 'secondary data' or 'archived data'. There exist, what seem to be in the minds of the medical research community, two competing interests: (i) that of the need to obtain consent prior to processing data and (ii) the need to protect and foster medical research. At the same time as the introduction of the Act, other prior legislation, i.e. the Freedom of Information Act, 1997-2003, has encouraged candour within the doctor-patient relationship and the High Court in Ireland, in the case of Geoghegan v. Harris, has promulgated the 'reasonable-patient test' as being the correct law in relation to the disclosure of risks to patients. The court stated that doctors have a duty to disclose all material risks to patients. The case demonstrates an example of a move toward a more open medical relationship. An example of this rationale was also recently seen in the United Kingdom in the House of Lords decision in Chester v. Afshar. Within the medical research community in Ireland, the need to respect the autonomy of patients and research participants by providing information to such parties has also been observed (Sheikh A. A., 2000 and Irish Council for Bioethics, 2005). Disquiet has been expressed in Ireland and other jurisdictions by the medical research communities in relation to the exact working and meaning of the Directive and therefore the transposing Acts (Strobl et al). This may be due to the fact that, as observed by Beyleveld "The Directive makes no specific mention of medical research and, consequently, it contains no provisions for medical research as an explicitly delineated category." (Beyleveld D., 2004) This paper examines the Irish Act and discusses whether the concerns expressed are well-founded and if the Act is open to interpretation such that it would not hamper medical research and public health work.
Biomedical Research↗
DNA separations.
The use of two types of commercialized microfluidic chips for separation of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), suitable for personal scale and high throughput use, is described. Compared with conventional approaches such as slab-gel and capillary electrophoresis (CE), these devices offer the advantages of faster separation times, better data reproducibility, greater ease of use, labor savings in quantitative analysis, and ease in data archiving and data sharing owing to the digital data format. With some simple precautions taken in keeping bubbles and particulates out of the microchannels, Lab-on-a-Chip devices have been adopted by many researchers in molecular biology and genomics laboratories to increase their productivity.
DNA↗
Protein separations.
This chapter describes the use of two types of commercialized microfluidic chips for protein separation, suitable for personal scale and high-throughput use. Compared with conventional approaches, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), these devices offer the advantages of faster separation times, better data reproducibility, greater ease of use, labor savings in quantitative analysis, and ease in data archiving and data sharing owing to the digital data format. With some simple precautions taken to keep bubbles and particulates out of the microchannels, Lab-on-a-Chip devices have been adopted by many researchers in protein processing, protein engineering, and proteomics research laboratories to increase their productivity.
Electrophoresis, Microchip↗
Dynamics in the fine structure of schedule-controlled behavior.
The variability in the behavioral equilibrium established by six basic schedules was characterized. The measures were the pause preceding the first response in each interreinforcement interval; the mean rate of responding in each interreinforcement interval; and the relative frequency of each interresponse time. The temporal windows ranged across the 780-session exposure, across a session, and across the interreinforcement interval. A display of individual interresponse times as a function of time in the interreinforcement interval indicated clear recurrent responding at somewhat less than 3 Hz in every bird, even after extended exposure to a schedule and regardless of the contingency. No strong sequential dependencies in the interresponse-time distributions were identified. A simulator, based on a simple recurrent pulser, was presented that produced output similar to the obtained data. An archival data base of the behavior chronically maintained by the simple schedules was also generated.
Animals↗
Porter's generic strategies, discontinuous environments, and performance: a longitudinal study of changing strategies in the hospital industry.
OBJECTIVE: Changes in generic strategies in response to discontinuous environments have been relatively ignored in the management literature. This study reports an examination of the relationships between Porter's (1980) generic strategies, discontinuous environments, and performance. DATA SOURCES: Archival data for 1984 and 1988 were collected for 172 acute care hospitals in Florida in order to test these relationships. STUDY DESIGN: To examine fully the performance impact of changes in strategy in a discontinuous environment, a longitudinal research design that identified a firm's strategy at two points in time, 1984 and 1988, was used. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Results indicate that firms with a proper strategy environment fit performed the highest, firms that did not change their strategy had no change in performance, and firms that changed their strategy toward a proper strategy environment showed an increase in performance. CONCLUSION: Findings support the notion that hospitals with appropriate strategy-environment combinations will exhibit higher performance.
Analysis of Variance↗
London Archive of Longitudinal Growth Data.
An Archive of longitudinal growth data, accessible to research workers under the usual safeguards, has been set up in the Department of Growth and Development. The present S.I.R. database contains seven British and one Indian study. The Archive is open to receive other contributions if researchers wish.
Adolescent↗
Defining drug use: a model for the integration of measures through the census tract.
The nature and severity of drug use has been measured both directly and indirectly by various studies employing different indicators, although the majority of studies still tend to use single measures of drug use. The need to employ multiple measures in examining drug abuse is constrained by the fact that available data may have been collected through diverse methodologies and measured on different levels or units. The purpose of this study was to develop and test in Philadelphia a model using qualitatively different types of data integrated by the common geographic unit of a census tract. The types of data used included: archival data, key informant data, and survey data. Using this approach the paper examines the relationships of drug use measures to each other, to the social environment, and to drug market factors. Major findings of the analysis indicate that there are several independent measures of drug use as reflected in five composite indicators which differentiate behavioral activities or consequences of drug use. Moreover, heroin use indicators exhibit relationships with social-environmental characteristics and drug market factors which are different from those existing with amphetamine or synthetic drug use.
Adult↗
Computer-intensive methods in traffic safety research.
The analysis of traffic safety data archives has improved markedly with the development of procedures that are heavily dependent upon computers. Three such procedures are described here. The first procedure involves using computers to assist in the identification and correction of invalid data. The second procedure makes greater computational demands, and involves using computerized algorithms to fill in the "gaps" that typically occur in archival data when information regarding key variables is not available. The third and most computer-intensive procedure involves using data mining techniques to search archives for interesting and important relationships between variables. These procedures are illustrated using examples from data archives that describe the characteristics of traffic accidents in the USA and Australia.
Accidents, Traffic↗
"Permanent" records: experience with data migration in radiology information system and picture archiving and communication system replacement.
In the replacement of both a radiology information system (RIS) and a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) archive, data were migrated from the prior system to the new system. We report on the process, the time and resources required, and the fidelity of data transfer. We find that for two PACS archives, both organized according to the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) information model, data may be transferred with full fidelity, but the time required for transfer is significant. Transfer from off-line backup media was found to be faster than transfer from our robotic tape library. In contrast, the RIS replacement required extensive labor to translate prior data between dissimilar information models, and some data were inevitably lost in the translation. Standards for RIS information models are needed to promote the migration of data without loss of content.
Computer Storage Devices↗
Proposal for the creation of a Web-based heterogeneous distributed archive for psychological data.
This report presents a proposal to create archives of data from psychological research and associated metadata Web pages and link them into a heterogeneous distributed archive on the World-Wide Web. Several specific recommendations are made concerning some of the issues faced by the data archivist and data archive user hoping to use the Web. In particular, a recommendation is made to create a publicly accessible Web page for each data set and place keywords, experimental methods, data descriptions, pointers to journal articles, and pointers to other archive Web pages pertinent to this data set on this metadata Web page. If the archivist includes a special keyword (PsychologyDataArchive) on the metadata Web page, Web-based search engines will automatically be able to subset all participating data archives for indexing and semantic analysis. The secondary data analyst can then include the word PsychologyDataArchive in his Web search and will be able to effectively find relevant participating Web data archives.
Archives↗
Detection of atrial fibrillation by implanted devices with wireless data transmission capability.
Remote telemetry may facilitate the management of implantable devices. We tested the reliability of a new automatic, wireless home monitoring (HM) system that archives data every 24 hours. We retrospectively analyzed archival data from 276 consecutive pacing system implants to define temporal atrial fibrillation (AF) patterns and associated ventricular rate. An "AF day" was defined by a >20%/24 hour mode switch (MS) duration, irrespective of the MS number. Management decisions resulting from transmissions were noted. A pilot study confirmed that 89% of 22,356 transmissions were successful, of which >90% were received in <5 minutes. Data integrity was 100% preserved. Overall, AF developed in 29 patients (10.5%), representing a total of 645 AF days (mean = 22.2 +/- 29.6 AF, median = 9 days), over 12 +/- 2 months of monitoring. AF was infrequent ( /=1 day during which the AF burden was >50% of 24 hours. Ventricular rates during 645 AF days in 29 patients averaged 95.1 +/- 9.9 beats/min (median = 94 beats/min). Ventricular rates were >80 beats/min in 25 +/- 30 AF days (median = 11 days). HM enabled rapid anticoagulation decisions. In recipients of implantable devices, automatic wireless telemetry with HM was efficient and reliable. Its application may overcome some current challenges in AF management by early notification and precise measurement of both AF burden and ventricular rate during AF.
Atrial Fibrillation↗