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PubMed1992

The magnitude of mortality from acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years in developing countries.

This article reviews the available evidence of mortality from acute respiratory infections (ARI) among children aged under 5 years in contemporary developing countries and compares the findings with European populations before 1965. In European populations before 1965, the level of mortality was found to be a determinant of the proportion of deaths due to ARI. There were marked differences according to regional patterns of mortality. Deaths from ARI played a smaller role after 1950, when the use of antibiotics became generalized. In developing countries, the role of ARI mortality seems to be similar to the European experience. The age pattern is very marked. In absolute values, ARI mortality is highest in the neonatal period and decreases with age. In relative values, ARI mortality is highest in the postneonatal period. ARI, mainly pneumonia, accounts for about 18% of underlying causes of death in developing countries. Pneumonia and other ARI are frequent complications of measles and pertussis; ARI is also commonly found after other infections and in association with severe malnutrition. Virtually no data are available in developing countries to provide final estimates of the role of ARI in mortality of children aged under 5 years. However, the WHO figure of 1 out of 3 deaths due to--or associated with--ARI may be close to the real range of the ARI-proportional mortality in children of developing countries. Results are discussed in light of the definitions of ARI used in various studies, the difficulties in ascertaining and coding multiple causes of death and the quality of data from some sources.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

Tuberculosis and HIV-infection in developing countries.

Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in developing countries. In recent years, a (cost-)effective intervention has been developed in the national programmes of Tanzania and other developing countries. HIV transmission in populations with a high background prevalence of tuberculosis infection will increase the incidence of tuberculosis disease substantially. World Health Organization and World Bank are currently formulating new strategies to revitalise the global efforts against tuberculosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The needs of developing countries and the resources required.

Nosocomial infections in developing countries represent a major public health problem that is not universally recognized. In Latin America rates for nosocomial infections range from 10 to 26% with a severe impact on morbidity and mortality and a consequent economic burden. The fundamental needs are: (1) to recognize the importance of this problem; (2) to modify the attitude of government authorities in the sense that hospital care could be improved; (3) to teach medical personnel the importance of infection control at the beginning of their training; and (4) to increase the awareness of the population of its right to better health care. From an international point of view we should establish the following guidelines: (1) the World Health Organisation should establish a worldwide programme on nosocomial infections; (2) medical and nursing schools should include regular courses on infection control; (3) international organizations should support training and research programmes in developing countries, focusing on the regional needs for infection control.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1992

[Epidemiological studies on viral hepatitis among long-term sojourners in the developing countries and evaluation of preventive measures].

It is known that acute viral hepatitis is very common among sojourners in developing countries. In order to conduct effective health control, epidemiological studies were made on viral hepatitis which occurred among Japanese staying in developing countries, and evaluations were carried out on preventive measures. The subjects of present study were a group of Japanese people staying in developing countries for two years. Mid year population of the group was 1732 in 1988. Period of the present study is ten years from 1979 to 1988. The study was conducted based on the reports from offices in each country, survey trips and serological studies on the subjects. In 1979, frequency of hepatitis A (HA) was very high showing 79% of total hepatitides. However after starting of inoculation of human immune serum globulin (ISG), the frequency of HA declined remarkably. Statistical significance was recognized in the efficacy of ISG. Among 35 cases of hepatitis B (HB) (34 males and 1 female), 2 derived from HBe antigen carrier while the remaining 34 were regarded as infected during their stay in developing countries. No cases of HB were recognized among those who received injections of HB vaccine. The rate of people whose HB marker turned positive during their stay is showing a tendency of increase (4.2% in 1987). The frequency of infection with HB virus is especially high in Asian and African countries where the carrier rates of native people were also high. Ten cases of non-A non-B hepatitis were recognized. Among them 7 were infected in Asia, 1 in Africa and 1 in Central America.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ongoing research in occupational health and environmental epidemiology in developing countries.

Research in occupational health and environmental epidemiology can play an important role in furthering our understanding of occupational and environmental health problems. Research guides us in the recognition, management, and prevention of health problems. However, in developing countries, where rates of occupational and environmental illnesses and injuries are higher and where these problems are often more severe than in developed countries, research capabilities are less developed. In mid-1990, a project was undertaken to (a) document ongoing research in occupational health and environmental epidemiology in developing countries, (b) facilitate the exchange of information among researchers in this field, (c) stimulate research, and (d) avoid unnecessary duplication among researchers in this field. A questionnaire was mailed, the purpose of which was to learn the current status of research in developing countries and to develop a directory of such ongoing research. The questionnaire was sent to 1,528 individuals. Of the 500 research projects identified, 77% were investigating chemical hazards; 26%, physical hazards; 10%, biological hazards; and 10%, psychosocial hazards (some projects addressed multiple hazards). The chemical hazards studied most frequently were dusts, pesticides, and lead. The greatest number of research projects were identified in China, India, Brazil, Korea, and Thailand. Most projects were descriptive or cross-sectional epidemiologic studies or industrial hygiene or exposure-assessment studies. The World Health Organization has published a directory of the specific research projects that were identified in this survey.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1978

[Problems in production, control and utilization of veterinary vaccines in the developing countries].

For a whole series of reasons, most of which are political, the developing countries are following a policy of national self-sufficiency in veterinary vaccines. They are faced with problems at various levels: (1) at the level of logistic distribution, the developing countries suffer from a shortage of trained personnel, frequently lacking in enthusiasm, an often chronic shortage of funds; poorly equipped premises; poor maintenance of sophisticated but indispensable equipment (e.g. freeze-driers); a lack of facilities for cold storage and of distribution channels; field personnel with limited experience; (2) at the level of production, they must contend with difficulties in obtaining supplies of flasks and glassware; irregular supplies of water and electricity; difficulties in obtaining susceptible animals for quality control. The developing countries have found basically pragmatic solutions to these problems, such as the strict separation of the sites, materials and personnel involved in routine diagnosis and those involved in production; temporary foreign technical assistance, with or without financial aid; the use of simple, unsophisticated techniques, which are known to be reliable, even if somewhat outdated; manufacturing in bulk in multiple-dose bottles; research into the thermostabilisation of vaccine strains and the development of thermoprotective diluents for freeze-drying and reconstitution; the extensive use of combined vaccines; the establishment of production and control standards under the auspices of the WHO/FAO/OIE. In spite of these obstacles, the cost price is particularly low (from 0.20 to 0.35 francs per dose), which compares favourably with that of foreign private industry.

Africa↗
PubMed1992

Psychiatric morbidity in developing countries and American psychiatry's role in international health.

Economic and social change in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Pacific Islands is associated with increased rates of behavior-related illnesses, including psychiatric disorders, alcoholism, and substance abuse. Between 10 and 20 percent of the presenting problems in primary care settings in those countries are psychosocial. The authors provide an overview of the epidemiology of psychiatric and psychosocial morbidity in developing countries and summarize its effect on medical care systems in those settings. They suggest that American psychiatry increase its involvement in improving mental health care in developing countries. Consultation should be directed toward priorities determined locally in those countries, including assessment of current clinical practices, applied epidemiologic research, and training of indigenous researchers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Nutritional problems in developing countries.

Nutritional problems in children constitute the major health problem in developing countries. Impact of a factors leading to different kinds of nutritional problems in developing countries are reviewed. Prevention and treatment of some special disease states are discussed. Outlines for some solutions to the greatest nutritional problems are presented.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1992

Advertising for all by the year 2000: public health implications for less developed countries.

This paper argues that the development of global advertising has significant implications for the public health of less developed countries. These implications can be seen in three areas. First, it is clear that advertising and marketing of lethal or health-compromising products like alcohol and tobacco not only can increase the level of death and disease, but can also produce serious indirect effects upon families, communities, and entire societies. Second, advertising promotes a consumption ethic which can have far-reaching effects that go beyond individual behavior, significantly altering social relationships, and influencing public policies and allocation of scarce resources. Third, advertising can restrict the public's knowledge about health issues by substituting distorted and manipulative sales messages for vital, accurate health information. In addition, revenues from advertising are a primary support for many mass media systems and this further limits the presentation of critical information.

Advertising↗
PubMed2026

Long-acting reversible contraception, condom use and sexually transmitted infections in developing countries: a multi-country serial cross-sectional analysis using demographic and health surveys.

INTRODUCTION: Unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major public health issues in developing countries. While long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) effectively prevents unintended pregnancy, there is limited evidence from large multinational studies on its association with condom use and STI-related outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the association between LARC use, condom use and STIs among women in developing countries. METHODS: This serial cross-sectional study extracted data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), a series of nationally representative household surveys conducted in developing countries. The analysis included women aged 15 to 49 years, with data on contraceptive methods and demographics. Generalised linear mixed effect models (GLMMs) were used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for condom use and self-reported STI-related outcomes, comparing LARC users with both non-LARC users and oral contraceptive users. Subgroup analyses were conducted at the individual level and at the country level. RESULTS: Data from 2 171 884 women across 31 countries were analysed. Overall, the prevalence of self-reported STI-related outcomes was 7.4%, 3.9% of participants used LARC, and 7.5% of participants reported consistent condom use. LARC users were significantly less likely to use condoms compared with non-LARC users (aPR=0.40, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.53) and compared with oral contraceptive users (aPR=0.61, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.78). LARC use was associated with a higher prevalence of STI-related outcomes compared with non-LARC users (aPR=1.19, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.28) and compared with oral contraceptives users (aPR=1.14, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.24). Associations were stronger in low-Human Development Index (HDI) countries, especially among younger women (15-19 years), but were not significant in high-HDI countries. Country-level heterogeneity was observed. CONCLUSIONS: LARC use is associated with reduced condom use and higher self-reported STI prevalence, particularly among younger women and in lower HDI developing countries. These findings support integrating STI prevention into LARC services and promoting dual-method use to prevent both unintended pregnancies and STIs.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Nursing aspects of infection control in developing countries.

The quality of the infection control programme in developing countries is determined by the resource allocation to the health sector and the health care delivery system. These depend to a great extent on the socio-economic development of the country. Morbidity and mortality from communicable infections, such as diarrhoeal diseases and malaria are high. There is often an irregular water and electricity supply. Essential material resources, e.g. paper towels, gowns, gloves, masks and disinfectants may not be available and some disposable materials have to be re-used. Most hospitals have no infection control programme due to the lack of awareness of the problem or absence of trained personnel in infection control practices. Developing countries differ in many ways from each other, often having dissimilar cultures and languages and state of socio-economic development. Solutions will emerge only if there is co-operation between countries and provision of assistance, where appropriate, from wealthier countries.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1976

[Tuberculosis in developing countries compared to europe (author's transl)].

It is relatively easy to obtain a survey of the tuberculosis situation in the geographically demarcated countries of Europe. On the other hand it is impossible to acquire reliable and representative information on the majority of developing countries. Also the concept of a developing country cannot be accurately defined: the geographical, ethnic and cultural conditions predominating there may be diametrically different. In addition the paper is intended not only to take into account the present tuberculosis situation, but also to say something on the future development of tuberculosis in Europe and the developing countries during the next few years.

Adult↗