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PubMed1987

Making healthy public policy; developing the science by learning the art: an ecological framework for policy studies.

During the 1980s increasing attention has been given to the view that a vast array of public policies have great potential for health promotion and that this potential ought to be developed. After briefly discussing the basis for this concept and its policy implications, this article turns to a major corequisite for making healthy public policy a political reality: learning how to do it. Where healthy public policy exists, how did it happen? This is a question that calls for a new generation of policy studies, one that is relevant to advocates of healthy public policy within and outside governments. An ecological framework of policy-making is proposed for such studies, delineating the social climate, key players, and strategic action. From it, operational indicators and study methods are suggested, in order to learn some general principles, within a real-world context, of how to develop public policies that are healthful.

Ecology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development policy and the African demographic transition: issues and questions.

"This paper gives an overview of the recent demographic history of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, especially the start of a fertility decline. After discussing the evidence for a decline, and the nature of changes in fertility behaviour, the paper moves on to look at possible causes, in relation to development policy. Mortality, cultural structure, the status of women, education and economic crisis are all considered as candidates. The conclusion is reached that available evidence raises as many questions about the causes of fertility decline as it resolves, particularly in our understanding of the process of change. Finally, the potential consequences of falls in fertility and population growth slowdown in sub-Saharan Africa are considered."

Africa↗
PubMed1983

Internal migration in contemporary Nepal: models which internalize development policies.

"A set of models is developed to assess at the interdistrict level the relative importance of economic, demographic, social and government policy determinants of internal migration in Nepal. The first 'proximate' model and the second 'structural' model estimates are generated using ordinary least squares regression and specification error is investigated by spatial autocorrelation tests of the residuals of each model in its reduced form....Finally, to formalize and evaluate empirically the linkages between the 'proximate' and 'structural' determinants, a simultaneous equation model is developed using three stage generalized least squares regression."

Asia↗
PubMed1993

Rural-urban migration, informal sector and development policies: a theoretical analysis.

"A theoretical model of rural-urban migration has been developed with special reference to the informal sector. The wage rate and employment in the informal sector are determined endogenously. The paper shows the simultaneous existence of open unemployment and informal sector in the urban area in migration equilibrium. The effects of alternative subsidy policies on unemployment and welfare of the workers are studied." The model is intended primarily for use in analyzing trends and policies in developing countries.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Responsiveness and accountability in long-term care: strategies for policy development and empowerment.

This paper presents a model for engaging planners, service providers and consumers in a collaborative process of improving quality of life in long-term care facilities, discussing the implications of this approach for standards of care and policy development. This empowerment model was refined and tested in a large system of skilled-nursing-care facilities using a matched-pair comparison group design. The rationale, theory base and the relationship of the empowerment model to current concepts of health promotion are shown. Subsequent follow-up indicated examples of the impact of the model on broader aspects of public policy.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reuse of single-use equipment. The intravenous nurse specialist's role in institutional policy development.

The controversial issues and numerous regulatory, ethical, financial, and liability risks that must be considered when a healthcare organization evaluates implementation of a program to reuse single-use equipment are discussed. A role for the well-informed intravenous nurse specialist in institutional policy development regarding reuse of infusion equipment is suggested. Numerous resources on this topic are referenced.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2002

Optimizing the use of donated cadaver livers: analysis and policy development to increase the application of split-liver transplantation.

The American Society of Transplant Surgeons and the American Society of Transplantation jointly sponsored a conference in Crystal City, Virginia, on March 28th and 29th, 2001, to explore mechanisms for maximizing the cadaver-organ donor pool. Participants from transplantation medicine, surgery, organ procurement organizations, the general public, and government convened to address expanding utilization of each organ type. The committee assigned to review liver organ utilization identified multiple practices that could expand the potential donor pool including non-heart beating donors, marginal grafts, efficient allocation of cadaver organs, and wider application of split-liver transplantation. This article details the data reviewed by the liver committee and their recommendations on policy development for the expanded application of split-liver transplantation.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1992

Livestock development policy in The Gambia: a reassessment.

This paper examines the historical development of policy in The Gambia through an analysis of 3 recurring themes: the motivation for keeping livestock, growth of the cattle population and the resulting feed deficit, and the need to develop a mixed farming system. The paper argues that there are major discrepancies between the common understanding which emerges from these themes and the realities of livestock ownership and production. It is suggested that it is because of these discrepancies, that livestock policies and programmes, other than mass disease control, have seldom had their desired impacts.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

Risk analysis and safety policy developments in the Netherlands.

In the Netherlands, external safety policy has been developed and implemented since the early eighties on the basis of a risk-based approach involving quantitative criteria for the tolerability of risk. Good experiences have been gained with the risk policy that applies to some 4000 establishments in the Netherlands where hazardous substances are present. On the basis of these experiences, legislation is now being prepared to give the risk tolerability criteria a full legal basis. This is aimed, in particular, to balance between risk control measures at the source through the licensing system, and spatial planning instruments to protect, e.g. residential areas against major hazards. The revision of the Seveso directive (96/82/EC) leads to the implementation of an integrated form of safety reporting, evaluation and inspection. Practical tools were developed for this implementation, e.g. for facilitating the selection of establishments and for assessing risks from major hazard establishments to surface water. In the past few years, the application of risk-based safety policy has been extended to other fields than establishments, e.g. for transport of hazardous chemicals and external safety of airports.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1986

Urbanization and economic development policy in Korea.

"This paper has firstly discussed the development strategy and urbanization in [the Republic of] Korea for the period 1960-1980. [This is] followed with an intensive review of the past and recent population redistribution policy of Korea. Finally the authors make some general suggestions which are characterized as an expansion of opportunities and services in the underprivileged areas." (summary in CHI)

Asia↗
PubMed1991

Toward healthy longevity. Lessons in food and nutrition policy development from Finland and Norway.

For a variety of health, economic and social reasons, many countries are increasingly concerned about diet-related health problems impairing the quality and length of life. This article presents an analysis of the implementation of food and nutrition policies in Finland and Norway which are intended to address both the supply and demand aspects of food and dietary issues. The purpose was to identify policy problems and illustrate ways they have been addressed in order to be useful to other countries involved in developing such policies. The paper is based on on-site studies conducted in 1990, 1987, and 1980. Major findings indicate mixed progress due in part to problems in implementation. These include: development of an effective strategic capacity for planning, advocacy, coordination, and evaluation; integration into the health services system and other policy sectors; development of decentralized infrastructure for deploying policy; accuracy in public information on food and nutrition; the use of government market power, and social equity in the distribution of policy benefits and costs.

Finland↗