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PubMed1991

Religion and families of children with developmental delays.

Parents in 102 families with a 3- to 5-year-old child with developmental delays of uncertain etiology were interviewed concerning religion and adaptations to their child with delays. Religious parents were somewhat more familistic than were nonreligious parents, emphasized parental nurturance, and said that their child was an opportunity rather than a burden. Religious and nonreligious families were similar on other measures of developmental beliefs and social support. Religious parents described the "purpose" of their children with delays in their lives in emotionally powerful and meaningful ways that clearly helped them, although direct measures of peace of mind and emotional adjustment did not differ between religious and nonreligious families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Ataxia, developmental delay and an extensive neuronal migration abnormality in 2 siblings.

Two siblings with developmental delay and a non-progressive cerebellar ataxia are described. The electroencephalograms in both children showed a rather unusual pattern of high amplitude 10-12/s rhythms maximal anteriorly, while extensive neuronal migration abnormalities were apparent on Magnetic Resonance scans. There were no dysmorphic features, metabolic abnormalities, chromosomal defects or evidence of prenatal environmental toxins. It is considered that these siblings have an autosomal recessive neuronal migration defect which has not previously been reported.

Brain↗
PubMed1988

Oddity learning in developmentally delayed children: facilitation by means of familiar stimuli.

Four of 8 low-functioning, developmentally delayed children initially failed to demonstrate oddity responding under conditions in which ostensibly similar children did show oddity responding (e.g., Soraci et al., 1987). In the context of a multiple baseline across-subjects design, each of the 4 previously unsuccessful children demonstrated statistically significant increases in the percentage of correct oddity responses immediately upon introduction of familiar stimuli. These results indicate that perceptual differentiation enhances relational learning of the type required by the oddity task.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

Predicting IQ change in preschoolers with developmental delays.

This study examined IQ change over a 2-year period in 291 young children (mean age 39 months) referred to a pediatric developmental clinic for evaluation of developmental problems. Although correlation between initial and follow-up IQ was very high (0.78), there was also a significant increase in mean IQ score, from 67.12 to 74.06. Moreover, 26% of the subjects showed IQ increase of 16 points or more. Variables making some contribution to IQ change were initial clinical diagnosis, etiology, and intervention. Children diagnosed with a developmental language disorder made significantly greater gains than those diagnosed as mentally retarded. Sex, family status, initial age, and test interval were not significantly correlated with IQ change. We concluded that prediction for individual children is difficult, but that initial diagnosis may be useful in differentially predicting IQ change in young children with developmental delays.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1986

Microcephaly, short stature, and developmental delay associated with a chemotactic defect and transient hypogammaglobulinaemia in two brothers.

Two brothers presented with unusual facial features, microcephaly, developmental delay, and severe postnatal growth retardation. They both developed eczema in infancy and have had recurrent infections. Additional physical findings in both boys included hypogonadism, flexion contractures, hypoplastic patellae, and scoliosis. Their facial similarity was striking with sloping foreheads, beaked noses, large, protruding ears, and micrognathia. Low levels of serum gammaglobulins and defective chemotaxis were present in both boys in infancy. The hypogammaglobulinaemia was transient and improved, reaching normal levels by 3 1/2 years and 15 months, respectively. Defective chemotaxis and recurrent infections have persisted to the present. Both parents were normal. The mode of inheritance was not clear, as both X linked and autosomal recessive patterns were possible. Although patients with congenital malformations who also had immunodeficiency have previously been reported, immune system abnormalities, especially those of a transient nature, may frequently go unrecognised.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Operant acuity of toddlers and developmentally delayed children with low vision.

The present report describes an operant procedure for the assessment of grating acuity in young and/or developmentally delayed children. Prior to testing, the child was trained to point to a grating presented on one of two equally bright screens. A reward was given to the child for each correct response. During the test, the gratings became progressively finer until the child no longer made consistently correct choices. Normative data from 90 children show improvement in grating acuity during years one to five (from 20/50 to 20/17). Results were also obtained from 100 consecutive pediatric patients who were thought to be visually unresponsive or visually impaired by the referring ophthalmologist. Overall, 12% of these children tested within the normal range, 53% had grating acuities better than 20/200 but below normal, 27% had acuities below 20/200, and 8% were not measurable. These results suggest that a wide range of visual potential exists in this population and that some of these children may benefit from visual aids and training.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Do children with developmental delays use more frequent and diverse language in verbal routines?

The current study is the first to test the hypotheses that children with developmental delays use more frequent language and more diverse vocabulary in routines than in nonroutines. The 19 child participants were in Brown's (1973) first stage of language learning. Using a novel method of measuring routines, 18 of the parents identified at least one routine in a videotaped play session with their children. Results support both hypotheses and provide descriptive information about the content of the routines displayed by the parents and children in the free-play context. The importance of replicating the findings in the context of an experimental design before concluding that "routineness" caused the children to talk more often and with more diverse vocabulary was emphasized.

Child↗
PubMed1989

A 20 year review of punishment and alternative methods to treat problem behaviors in developmentally delayed persons.

Relevant journals were reviewed (n = 23) for a 20 year period (1967 to 1987) to assess the status of treatments for severe behavior problems of developmentally delayed persons. A hand search of journals was made; 382 studies were identified. Procedures were analyzed by problem behaviors treated, side effects reported, whether the procedure involved painful stimuli, nonpainful stimuli, food satiation, positive procedures, extinction or combinations of methods. The number of studies reported yearly was also plotted. The implication of these data for federal and state policy makers and for treatment programs dealing with difficult to treat clients is discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1991

Play-language relationships in young children with developmental delays: implications for assessment.

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to determine whether the reported parallels between symbolic play and normal language development were evidenced in 6 children with developmental delays of varying etiologies. Subjects' play and language behavior over a 6-month period was videotaped and analyzed during free play and modeling tasks. Although results supported the correspondences previously reported between normal language development and symbolic play, the variability across observations in the present subjects was more marked than expected. Implications for clinical assessment are discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1977

Establishing a normal peer as a behavioral model for developmentally delayed toddlers.

The present investigation demonstrated a systematic teaching procedure for establishing a normal toddler as a peer-model for three children showing delayed development, each one under 27 mo. of age. For each delayed subject, training consisted of adult-directed prompting and social reinforcement contingent upon the delayed children's imitations of material use and motor responses emitted by a normal peer. Within-subjects multiple-baseline designs across responses were used to demonstrate intrasubject control over imitative responding. Indices of stimulus and response generalization were assessed through having the peer-model present the trained responses along with untrained responses in a situation free of adult prompting and social reinforcement for imitative responding. Results indicated that the training in peer-imitation was successful for establishing the peer-model's behavior in a stimulus control relationship with the imitative responding of the delayed children. Moreover, the findings generally demonstrated transfer of training across stimulus situations and responses. Implications for educational programming with developmentally delayed children are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1992

Weekends and holidays and acting-out behavior of developmentally delayed women: a reply to Dr. Mark Flynn.

A previous report on the effect of the day of the full moon on the acting-out behavior of 20 developmentally delayed, institutionalized women showed that on the day of the full moon there were significantly more misbehaviors than on any other day during the lunar period. The records were re-evaluated to assess the frequency of acting-out behaviors on weekends and holidays as contrasted with the balance of the month. This re-evaluation indicated there was no significant difference between the weekends and holidays and the balance of the month (t = 1.14). The results were taken as support of the previous findings that on the day of the full moon there were significantly more misbehaviors than on any other day of the lunar period.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1991

Approaches to the prediction of language abilities in a sample of children who have developmental delays.

Prediction of the quality of language was explored using planned comparisons of three approaches, one cognitive, one neurodevelopmental, and one a combination of the two. Subjects were 37 children, ages 5-9 years, whose significant developmental delays included language and speech skills. The cognitive predictors were mental age (MA) and IQ from the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Neurodevelopmental predictors consisted of fine motor skill quotients (MQs) and dichotic speech processing scores. Chronological age (CA) was also evaluated as a predictor. A composite language ability score constituted the dependent variable. Results of regression analyses showed that CA and MQ, and MA and MQ, were nearly equal in their predictive strengths and were substantial predictors of composite language scores. Larger multiple correlations (low .8 range) were found when combinations of MA, IQ, and MQ or CA, IQ, and MQ were used as predictors. Statistical control over the 4-year age range revealed that approximately equal amounts of prediction of language scores were attributable to CA and a combination of MA, IQ, and MQ. Each of the latter variables contributed important amounts of unique variance to the language score prediction. Dichotic ear scores did not relate to cognitive or language scores and were ineffectual as predictors in regression analysis. Results indicated that children of the type studied have language and speech delays that show substantial relationships to their verbal cognitive abilities and MQs, in addition to their CAs.

Age Factors↗