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PubMed1975

Reducing diets in rats.

Adult obese rats were restricted to equal intakes provided by four diets which varied widely in protein, fat and carbohydrate content. Loss in body weight and body fat was similar in all groups. The only significant dietary effect observed was a modest increase in the body protein content of the animals fed the high protein diets. Low carbohydrate--high fat--high protein diets, as expected, showed no advantage as reducing diets when compared to other diets on an equal calorie basis.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1990

[The effect of euphylline on energy expenditure in obese patients during treatment with a reducing diet].

The energy economy induced by a reducing diet and manifested by a reduced energy output at rest threatens greatly the long-term success of reducing regimes. The authors investigated the effect of a four-week therapy of obese patients by a low energy protein diet with an energy value of 1560 kJ on the resting metabolic rate (RMR), the serum concentration of thyroid hormones and TSH and on the Achilles tendon reflex time. Four weeks' treatment with a low energy protein diet caused a significant drop of the energy output at rest in the control group of obese men (by 17.5%), as well as in the control group of obese women (by 16.9 per cent). In the group of obese women who were given during the last two weeks of treatment depot methyl xanthine derivative, Euphilline (Byk Gulden), the energy output at rest did not decline as a result of dietetic treatment and the decline of the BMI was significantly higher than in the control group of obese women, although the two groups did not differ in the initial BMI, mean age and the degree of physical activity during treatment. With the exception of the control group of men where the serum triiodothyronine level declined, in the investigated obese subjects no significant changes of the investigated thyroid function parameters were recorded. The syndrome of low T3 thus does not participate in a substantial way in the drop of the metabolism at rest during treatment with a low energy protein diet, obviously due to the intake of 50 g carbohydrate per day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Weight-reducing diets: role of carbohydrates on sympathetic nervous activity and hypotensive response.

Two groups of obese, normotensive men were put on weight-reducing diets in an outpatient study. The groups were comparable with regard to age, weight, heart rate, blood pressure, energy and salt intake during a four-week control period. In a four-week dieting period, Gp I (n = 12) received an energy-reduced diet (1370 kcal, 5.7 MJ) with 24 energy per cent carbohydrates. Group II (n = 11) had an isocaloric diet (1400 kcal, 5.8 MJ) with 59 energy per cent carbohydrates consisting of mainly mono- and disaccharides. Significant decreases in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, plasma noradrenaline and urinary excretion of noradrenaline were observed in Gp I but not in Gp II. Weight reduction and decrease of urinary sodium output was equal in both groups. No difference in alcohol consumption was recorded. We conclude that in obese normotensive patients a high proportion of mono- and disaccharides counteracts the expected hypotensive response of weight reduction. On the other hand, and judged from the present data, the blood pressure decrease observed in the group on a low carbohydrate diet seems to be secondary to an effect on the sympathetic nervous system.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

A study of weight reducing diets in psychiatric in-patients.

Seventy-four overweight psychiatric in-patients were treated with weight reducing diets for periods varying from 6 months to 34 months. Seventy per cent lost weight and 18 per cent attained an ideal weight. Weight reducing diets should be considered an important aspect of treatment for the majority of obese patients in psychiatric hospitals regardless of the cause of obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Acquired warfarin resistance and weight-reducing diet.

A frequent cause of acquired warfarin resistance is drug interaction; however, ingestion of large amounts of vitamin K in food may also be an etiologic factor. A 31-year-old woman on a weight-reducing diet showed evidence of resistance to warfarin sodium therapy. On a regimen of 35 mg of oral warfarin sodium daily, prothrombin time was 14 s (control, 12 s). Pharmacokinetic studies did not reveal any evidence of impaired adsorption or increased catabolism of the drug. The half-life of her oral warfarin was 26 hours (normal, 15 to 56 hours). Although end-organ resistance was not studied fully, a change of her vegetable-rich, weight-reducing diet (vitamin K content, 1,277 microgram) to a regular diet (vitamin K content, 360 microgram) resulted in substantial reduction in her warfarin resistance. We conclude that in patients on vegetable-rich, weight-reducing diets, a relative resistance to warfarin may be secondary to their increased dietary intake of vitamin K.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of energy-reduced diets high in dairy products and fiber on weight loss in obese adults.

OBJECTIVE: Studies suggest that high-dairy and high-fiber/low-glycemic index diets may facilitate weight loss, but data are conflicting. The effects on weight loss and body fat of a high-dairy diet and a diet high in dairy and fiber and low in glycemic index were compared with a standard diet. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Ninety obese subjects were recruited into a randomized trial of three diets designed to provide a calorie deficit of 500 calories/d over a 48-week period. The study compared a moderate (not low)-calcium diet with a high-calcium diet. RESULTS: Seventy-two subjects completed the study. Significant weight and fat loss occurred with all three diets. A diet with 1400 mg of calcium did not result in greater weight (11.8 +/- 6.1 kg) or fat (9.0 +/- 6.0 kg) loss than a diet with 800 mg of calcium (10.0 +/- 6.8 and 7.5 +/- 6.6 kg, respectively). A diet with 1400 mg of calcium, increased fiber content, and fewer high-glycemic index foods did not result in greater weight (10.6 +/- 6.8 kg) or fat (8.5 +/- 7.8 kg) loss than the standard diet with 800 mg of calcium. Lipid profile, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, leptin, fasting glucose, and insulin improved significantly, but there were no significant differences between the experimental diets and the control diet. DISCUSSION: We found no evidence that diets higher than 800 mg of calcium in dairy products or higher in fiber and lower in glycemic index enhance weight reduction beyond what is seen with calorie restriction alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cognitive effects of a long-term weight reducing diet.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if long-term caloric restriction under controlled conditions adversely affects cognitive function in obese women. SUBJECTS: Healthy, premenopausal women between 23-42 y. Dieting group: n = 14. CONTROL GROUP: n = 11. DESIGN: Longitudinal weight loss study (repeated measures within-subject design) with 3 weeks of baseline, 15 weeks of 50% caloric restriction, and 3 weeks of weight stabilization. MEASUREMENTS: Computerized cognitive function tests (sustained attention, short-term memory, simple reaction time, motor performance and attentional focus), height, body weight, body composition (TOBEC) and behavioral questionnaires (Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, Eating Attitudes Test, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). RESULTS: Dieting women lost 12.3 +/- 5.5 kg (mean +/- s.d.) of body weight. Controlled long-term caloric restriction significantly slowed simple reaction time but did not diminish sustained attention, motor performance or immediate memory. Word recall performance significantly improved by 24% at the end of caloric restriction. CONCLUSIONS: The slowing of simple reaction time is a short-term and long-term consequence of caloric restriction. In contrast to previous short-term dieting studies, sustained attention and immediate memory were not impaired with long-term caloric restriction.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Controlled clinical trial of two weight reducing diets in a NHS hospital dietetic outpatient clinic - a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Outpatient dietary weight reduction for obesity is unsatisfactory. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of an energy prescription diet with usual care (a healthy eating diet) in adult overweight patients referred to a NHS hospital dietetic outpatient clinic, in terms of weight change over 12 weeks. METHODS: Controlled clinical trial (systematic allocation). RESULTS: Of the 53 patients who attended their first appointment, 27 completed the trial. Mean weight loss (kg) after 12 weeks was 4.2 (sd 3.8) on the energy prescription diet (n = 16) and 6.0 (sd 2.8) on the healthy eating diet (n = 11). CONCLUSIONS: Patients on a weight reducing diet based on energy prescription or healthy eating lost, on average, clinically significant amounts of body weight by 12 weeks. Mean weight loss was greater by about 50% in the healthy eating group and supports the development of a larger trial to estimate true effect [corrected].

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of 2 different reducing diets on the concentration of HDL cholesterol in obese adolescents].

Serum lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and fatty acid composition of the major serum lipid classes were determined in fifteen obese adolescents (9 girls and 6 boys, mean age 12.5 +/- 1.2 years, mean overweight 55 +/- 21%) undergoing two weight reduction regimens, differing in fatty acid pattern. The two diets were equal as regards to total energy (approx. 1200 kcal/5100 KJ), protein and carbohydrate content, but differed in the P/S ratio (Diet A: 0.36 +/- 0.19, Diet B, 0.82 +/- 0.44). After eight weeks of treatment with Diet A the patients were switched over to the Diet B. Weight loss during the eight weeks was similar (Diet A: 9.8 +/- 2.1%, Diet B: 7.5 +/- 1.3% reduction of overweight). Diet A resulted in a slight reduction of total and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, Apo AI, AII, and B concentrations. HDL-C levels fell significantly from 51 +/- 17 mg/dl to 43 +/- 15 mg/dl (p less than 0.01). Linoleic acid concentrations declined in all major serum lipid classes, in particular in triglycerides and phospholipids (p less than 0.001), whereas arachidonic acid increased in phospholipids (p less than 0.001). After the Diet B a further decline of total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides and Apo B concentrations could be observed, however, HDL-C levels returned to pre-treatment levels (50 +/- 10 mg/dl). Linoleic acid concentrations and arachidonic acid values returned to baseline values. We conclude from this study that in obese adolescents a hypocaloric diet enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a reduction of total-, LDL-C and Apo B concentrations, but with no major changes of HDL-C levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Risk-benefit analysis of a hCG-500 kcal reducing diet (cura romana) in females].

The British physician A.T.W. Simeons described in 1954 a new method for dieting. He combined a reduction diet (500 kcal per day) with daily injections of the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (125 IU i.m.). According to Simeons the patient should not lose more weight during a 4-to-6 weeks' diet than without hCG, but the injections should facilitate to maintain the diet and to lose body weight at specific parts of the body (e.g. hip, belly, thigh). After the first publication various studies conducted with male and female patients analysed the efficacy of the "Cura romana". 10 of these studies showed positive and another 10 studies negative results with regard to hCG-related weight reduction. Two of these studies with positive results were double-blind studies (hCG vs. placebo). Most of them were reports on therapeutical experiences and were not controlled studies. According to these reports the body proportions normalized and the feeling of hunger was tolerable. Four out of 10 studies with negative results were controlled studies (hCG vs. control without hCG), whereas 6 were double-blind studies. These studies showed a significant weight reduction during dieting, but no differences between treatment groups in respect of body weight, body proportions and feeling of hunger. One of them is the only German study conducted by Rabe et al. in 1981 in which 82 randomised premenopausal volunteers had been dieting either with hCG or without hCG injections. In recent publications describing mostly well-documented double-blind studies authors largely reject hCG administration in dieting. Supporters of the hCG diet must prove the efficacy of this method in controlled studies according to the German Drug Law. Until then the opinion of the German steroid toxicology panel is still valid, that hCG is ineffective in dieting and should not be used (Bolt 1982 a, 1982 b).

Appetite↗
PubMed1980

[Lowering of cholesterol levels through adding pectins and soybean proteins to a reducing diet (author's transl)].

A mixture of soybean proteins and pectins (EMD 35327) was given to 10 obese people with and without diabetes for a period of 3 weeks in a dosage of a total of 1000 kcal/d. The control group consisted of 10 obese who were given a conventional 1000 kcal mixed diet. In comparison to the control group the test group showed a highly significant decrease of serum cholesterol, a significantly better loss of weight and somewhat lower post-prandial blood sugar and triglyceride levels. The latter two could not be statistically proven due to the small number of probands. There were no side effects worth noticing.

Adolescent↗