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PubMed1997

Alcoholic beverages produced by alcoholic fermentation but not by distillation are powerful stimulants of gastric acid secretion in humans.

BACKGROUND: The effect of commonly ingested alcoholic beverages on gastric acid output and release of gastrin in humans is unknown. AIM AND METHODS: In 16 healthy humans the effect of some commonly ingested alcoholic beverages produced by fermentation plus distillation (for example, whisky, cognac, calvados, armagnac, and rum) or by alcoholic fermentation (beer, wine, champagne, martini, and sherry) on gastric acid output and release of gastrin was studied. Gastric acid output was determined by the method of intragastric titration. Plasma gastrin was measured using a specific radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: None of the alcoholic beverages produced by fermentation plus distillation had any significant effect on gastric acid output and release of gastrin compared with control (isotonic glucose and distilled water). Alcoholic beverages produced only by fermentation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the gastric acid output by 57% to 95% of maximal acid output (MAO) and release of gastrin up to 5.1-fold compared with control. If beer, wine, and sherry were distilled, only their remaining parts increased gastric acid output by 53% to 76% of MAO and increased release of gastrin up to 4.3-fold compared with control. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Alcoholic beverages produced by fermentation but not by distillation are powerful stimulants of gastric acid output and release of gastrin; (2) the alcoholic beverage constituents that stimulate gastric acid output and release of gastrin are most probably produced during the process of fermentation and removed during the following process of distillation.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Effect on spirometry of distilled water and cromoglycate solutions nebulised by a small portable ultrasonic nebuliser.

The airway response to inhaled ultrasonically nebulised distilled water and three disodium cromoglycate solutions (DSCG in distilled water, normal saline and buffered saline) produced by a small portable nebuliser was determined by spirometry in 12 stable adult asthmatics in a double-blind trial. The mean percentage falls in forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) were 13.4% following distilled water, 5.6% following DSCG in distilled water, 4.8% following DSCG in normal saline, 6.9% after DSCG in buffered saline. The fall in FEV1 was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) after distilled water than after all DSCG solutions with no significant difference between the DSCG solutions. Coughing was also greater during inhalation of nebulised distilled water than during inhalation of nebulised DSCG solutions (p less than 0.01).

Adult↗

PubMed2004

In vitro evaluation of physiological activity of vinegar produced from barley-, sweet potato-, and rice-shochu post-distillation slurry.

Vinegar was produced from barley-, sweet potato-, and rice-shochu post-distillation slurry using jar fermentor within 19 hrs. All the vinegars showed radical-scavenging activity, angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) inhibition in vitro. The radical-scavenging activity of the vinegar produced from sweet potato-shochu post-distillation slurry was higher than that of other two kinds of vinegar on the organic matter basis. The ACE inhibitory activities of all the vinegars were higher than that of each post-distillation slurry. The main components that showed ACE inhibitory activity would be peptides, and their content increased during acetic acid fermentation. Regarding AGE inhibition, only rice-shochu post-distillation slurry did not show such activity, but the other two post-distillation slurries and all the vinegars showed clear inhibitory activity. The activity appeared to depend on the concentration of amino groups except for sweet potato-shochu post-distillation slurry and the vinegar produced from it.

Acetic Acid↗

PubMed2004

The energy content of wet corn distillers grains for lactating dairy cows.

Forty-five energy balances were completed with 12 multiparous, lactating Holstein cows in a study designed to determine the energy content of wet corn distillers grains. Treatments were applied in a repeated switchback design and consisted of total mixed diets containing 31.4% corn silage, 18.4% alfalfa hay, and either 30.7% rolled corn and 16.7% soybean meal or 17.0% rolled corn and 31.2% wet corn distillers grains (dry matter basis). Replacement of corn and soybean meal with wet corn distillers grains reduced dry matter intake 10.9% but did not affect milk production. Neither digestible nor metabolizable energy were affected by diet composition. Heat and milk energy output did not differ by diet, but body energy retained was 2.8 Mcal/d less in cows fed the wet corn distillers grains diet. Multiple regression estimates of maintenance metabolizable energy requirement and partial efficiencies of metabolizable energy used for lactation and body energy deposition did not differ by diet. Pooled estimates were 136.2, 0.66, and 0.85, kcal of metabolizable energy/ body weight0.75 per day, respectively. Calculated by difference, wet corn distillers grains was estimated to contain 4.09, 3.36, and 2.27 Mcal/kg of dry matter as digestible, metabolizable, and lactational net energy, respectively. These energy estimates were 7 to 11% and 10 to 15%, respectively, greater than those reported for dried corn distillers grains by the 1989 and 2001 dairy NRC publications.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

Digestibility and effects of hydrogenated palm fatty acid distillate in lactating dairy cows.

Five midlactation multiparous Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design with 14-d periods. Treatments were 1) no added fat (control), 2) 6.1% Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids, 3) 5.0% prilled long-chain fatty acids, 4) 5.2% prilled hydrogenated palm fatty acid distillate, and 5) 5.2% flaked hydrogenated palm fatty acid distillate. Cows were fed for ad libitum intake a total mixed diet (17.0% CP and 18.4% ADF) of alfalfa haylage, corn silage, and concentrate (28:22:50, DM basis). Fat sources were added to supply 5% fatty acids. Diets 2 through 5 contained 53, 83, 87, and 86% saturated fatty acids, respectively. Total fatty acid intake averaged 650, 1551, 1315, 1544, and 1581 g/d. Digestibilities of total fatty acids (81.3, 78.0, 70.0, 67.3, and 68.6%) were higher for the control diet than for fat-supplemented diets and higher for Ca salts of fatty acids than for diets containing hydrogenated distillate. Treatments did not affect ruminal fermentation characteristics or nutrient digestibilities. Production of 4% FCM and milk fat tended to be less for Ca salts of fatty acids than for hydrogenated distillate. The digestibility of fatty acids in hydrogenated distillate was lower than that for Ca salts of fatty acids, but intake and production responses were similar or greater for diets containing hydrogenated distillate.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1999

Milk production and composition from cows fed wet corn distillers grains.

Twelve lactating Holstein cows were utilized in a repeated switchback design to evaluate milk production and milk fat composition responses to wet corn distillers grains. Total mixed diets consisted of 31.4% corn silage, 18.4% alfalfa hay, and either 50.2% of a concentrate mix that contained mostly corn and soybean meal or 19.4% of a concentrate mix that contained mostly corn and 31.2% wet corn distillers grains. The first 4 wk of each 6-wk period were for adaptation to diets; data were collected during wk 5 and 6 of each period. Although dry matter intake (22.1 vs. 19.7 kg/d) was lower when cows were fed the wet corn distillers grains diet, milk production (30.7 vs. 30.8 kg/d) was similar for cows fed both diets. Milk fat (3.60 vs. 3.85%) was slightly higher, and protein (3.06 vs. 2.84%) was lower, when cows were fed the wet corn distillers grains diet. Milk fat from cows fed wet corn distillers grains contained lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids and higher concentrations of long-chain and unsaturated fatty acids. The feeding of wet corn distillers grains increased the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat without changing milk production.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1990

[Low concentration enflurane anesthesia and local administration of epinephrine in rat. Comparison between the lidocaine group and the distilled water group].

In the surgical operation for oral region, local anesthetic agent added with epinephrine is usually given to the site to be operated in order to obtain better hemostatic effect even under general anesthesia. However, there have been relatively few reports, which describe the circulatory changes after the injection into oral region, the fluctuation of plasma catecholamine concentration and the concentration of local anesthetic agent in plasma. In the present study, 1% lidocaine or distilled water added with 10 micrograms/ml epinephrine was locally injected at 0.5 ml/kg into the palatal submucosa of Wistar rat under anesthesia with 1% enflurane. With the increase of heart rate and arterial pressure, the catecholamine concentration in arterial blood was determined when heart rate reached the peak value. Further, in the 1% lidocaine group added with 10 micrograms/ml epinephrine, lidocaine concentration was measured under three different conditions of normoventilation, hypoventilation and hyperventilation. Also, for the normoventilation group under 1% enflurane anesthesia, the epinephrine concentration when several events of ventricular arrhythmia occurred and the lidocaine concentration required until the arrhythmia disappeared were measured. The results were as follows: 1. In the case of lidocaine group added with 10 micrograms/ml epinephrine, heart rate and arterial pressure showed less increase than the case of distilled water with 10 micrograms/ml epinephrine, and the time to the peak value of heart rate was shorter. 2. The concentration of plasma epinephrine when heart rate reached the peak value significantly increased compared with the control in both 1% lidocaine group added with 10 micrograms/ml epinephrine, and the distilled water group added with 10 micrograms/ml epinephrine, whereas the increase was more conspicuous in the former than the latter. The concentration of plasma epinephrine at the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia was by about 2.3 times as much as that of 1% lidocaine group added with 10 micrograms/ml epinephrine when heart rate reached the peak value and by about 5.8 times as much as that of the distilled water group added with 10 micrograms/ml epinephrine. The correlation between plasma epinephrine concentration and the increase of heart rate was noted only in the distilled water group added with 10 micrograms/ml epinephrine. 3. The concentration of plasma norepinephrine when heart rate reached the peak value significantly increased compared with the control only in the distilled water group added with 10 micrograms/ml epinephrine. 4. The concentration of plasma lidocaine when heart rate reached the peak value was about 1/4 of the concentration required for protection against epinephrine-induced ventricular arrhythmia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anesthesia, Dental↗

PubMed1993

[Analysis of differential cell counts of sputa induced by inhalation of ultrasonically nebulized hypertonic saline or distilled water in asthmatic patients].

Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways, and a simple method of evaluating inflammation, safer than BALF or bronchial mucosal biopsy, has long been sought after. The induction of sputa by the inhalation of an appropriate solution and the examination of the induced sputa may provide such a method. We compared the safety of two sputum induction methods, ultrasonically nebulized hypertonic saline inhalation and distilled water inhalation, and examined the usefulness of differential cell counts of the induced sputa. The safety of these methods was ascertained by determining lung functions (FEV1.0, PEFR) and urinary leukotriene E4 before and after inhalation of these solutions, and the usefulness of differential cell counts of induced sputa by examining the uniformity/reproducibility. Only after the inhalation of distilled water did the lung function reveal a statistically significant decrease when the data were compared with the control values for each of the two methods (p < 0.01), and when the data obtained with distilled water inhalation and hypertonic saline inhalation were compared (p < 0.05). The urinary leukotriene E4 levels obtained were not very different between the two methods; however, in two patients, urinary leukotriene E4 levels were increased markedly only after inhalation of distilled water. The uniformity of the sputum differential cell counts in the same specimen (evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient) and inter-specimens (evaluated by Friedman test) was satisfactory for both methods, except for basophils. Hypertonic saline inhalation at 24-hour intervals gave a better reproducibility in differential cell counts of the induced sputa (evaluated by interclass correlation coefficient), when compared with distilled water inhalation. These results suggest that hypertonic saline inhalation is safer and more useful than distilled water inhalation for induction of sputum in a uniform and reproducible way, and that the induction of sputum by hypertonic saline inhalation will be clinically useful in asthmatic patients who cannot expectorate sputa spontaneously.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2006

Peritoneal lavage with distilled water during liver resection in patients with spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinomas.

Spontaneously rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma is a life threatening and worse prognosis. Not only the lower rate of resection and hemodynamic unstable, but also the hepatic failure and recurrence. Distilled water irrigation had been applied in several cancer surgeries including colon, stomach, breast, ovary, and bladder; thus had good results in lowering the tumor spreading. We applied distilled water peritoneal lavage after liver resection in patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma to define the influence of prognosis. Thirteen patients with spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma underwent distilled water peritoneal lavage after curative liver resection (Group A). Nineteen patients with spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma did not undergo distilled water peritoneal lavage after curative liver resection (Group B). There were 11 patients of tumor recurrence in Group B; 2 in Group A. The mean disease-free time of Group B was 2.05 +/- 0.74 years; for Group A it was 3.59 +/- 0.60 (P = 0.045). Peritoneal lavage in this series resulted in significantly better survival time for the patients in Group A (P = 0.0158). That implies distilled water peritoneal lavage during liver resection would retard the tumor recurrence and further improve the survival rate in patients with spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗

PubMed1995

Comparative efficacy of hamamelis distillate and hydrocortisone cream in atopic eczema.

In a double-blind, randomized, paired trial lasting 14 days in 72 patients with moderately severe atopic eczema, hamamelis distillate cream (5.35 g hamamelis distillate with 0.64 mg ketone/100 g) was compared with the corresponding drug-free vehicle and 0.5% hydrocortisone cream, and reductions of the basic criteria of severe atopic eczema (delta values of the sum scores), i.e. itching, erythema and scaling, were evaluated. Thirty-six patients in each group were treated, which allowed the detection of a 10% difference between verum and control (confirmatory study). Effects were compared using Wilcoxon's test. The mean sum scores of the basic criteria of the test areas were 5.3-5.5. All treatment regimens significantly reduced itching, erythema and scaling after 1 week. Hydrocortisone proved superior to hamamelis distillate. The basic criteria scores decreased by 2.7 and 1.6, respectively. The delta values of the minor criteria and the global rating of efficacy were also used to indicate the difference between these preparations. Hamamelis distillate cream, however, did not differ from the vehicle. Mean delta values of basic criteria were 1.8 and 2.0, respectively. All preparations were well tolerated. Unwanted cutaneous reactions occurred in six patients, although due to their inflammatory nature and their confinement to vehicle-treated patients, they may not represent true adverse effects but rather a lack of efficacy. The results prove the superiority of low-dose hydrocortisone cream over hamamelis distillate cream, and the therapeutic outcome following this preparation was no better than following the base preparation. The mild, yet unmistakable anti-inflammatory effect of hamamelis cream in experimental models of inflammatory skin disease was thus not reflected by an efficacy in patients with atopic eczema greater than that obtained from the base preparation.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Early changes produced in mouse skin by the application of three middle distillates.

It has been reported by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that dermal applications of certain middle distillates of mineral oils can result in high incidences of skin tumours in mice. This was unexpected as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in these were below detection limits. To examine the possible role of tissue injury in the induction of tumours, the skin reactions produced by thrice weekly applications of three middle distillates similar to those tested by the API were examined grossly and histopathologically at intervals up to 6 weeks. Various reference materials and oils were used as controls. Preliminary histological examination showed that severe skin damage was present from week 1 onwards in mice treated with the three middle distillates, two of them producing epidermal loss and ulceration. Marked epidermal hyperplasia was produced by all three middle distillates. These findings support the view that regenerative epidermal hyperplasia due to repeated severe skin damage may have exerted a powerful promotional effect in the production of the skin tumours by middle distillates in the API study.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Physical properties and microstructural characterization of dental porcelains mixed with distilled water and modeling liquid.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to microstructurally characterize and to make comparisons of the physical properties of sintered dental porcelains prepared by mixing with distilled water and with their modeling liquid. METHODS: Six commercial porcelain powders: IPS Classic (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein), IPS d.SIGN (Ivoclar Vivadent AG), IPS InLine (Ivoclar Vivadent AG), Vita VMK95 (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany), Vita OMEGA 900 (Vita) and Ceramco III (Ceramco-Dentsply, Burlington, NJ, USA) were used as starting powders. Following particle size and BET analyses of starting powders, each porcelain powder was mixed with distilled water and with its own modeling liquid. Disc specimens were sintered in accordance with each manufacturer's instructions. Specimens were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy and SEM analysis and their physical properties such as bulk density, microhardness and biaxial flexural strength were determined. RESULTS: The sintered dental porcelains premixed with modeling liquid had density, biaxial flexural strength and microhardness values slightly higher than those premixed with distilled water. Mixing with distilled water and modeling liquid caused statistically significant differences between the density values of Vita VMK 95 and microhardness values of IPS d.SIGN and IPS InLine. Characterization investigations (XRD and SEM) revealed the coexistence of the tetragonal leucite (1-3 microm) and hexagonal fluorapatite crystals (0.4-1.2 microm) in a feldspathic glassy matrix in the microstructure of IPS d.SIGN and only leucite crystals (3-6 microm) in the microstructures of other porcelains. SIGNIFICANCE: Mixing the porcelain powders with distilled water or modeling liquid prior to sintering has no effect on the resultant sintered crystalline microstructure. On the other hand, significant differences exist between the physical properties of some porcelains.

Aluminum Silicates↗

PubMed2005

Nonlinear model-based control algorithm for a distillation column using software sensor.

This paper presents the design of model-based globally linearizing control (GLC) structure for a distillation process within the differential geometric framework. The model of a nonideal binary distillation column, whose characteristics were highly nonlinear and strongly interactive, is used as a real process. The classical GLC law is comprised of a transformer (input-output linearizing state feedback), a nonlinear state observer, and an external PI controller. The tray temperature based short-cut observer (TTBSCO) has been used as a state estimator within the control structure, in which all tray temperatures were considered to be measured. Accordingly, the liquid phase composition of each tray was calculated online using the derived temperature-composition correlation. In the simulation experiment, the proposed GLC coupled with TTBSCO (GLC-TTBSCO) outperformed a conventional PI controller based on servo performances with and without measurement noise as well as on regulatory behaviors. In the subsequent part, the GLC law has been synthesized in conjunction with tray temperature based reduced-order observer (GLC-TTBROO) where the distillate and bottom compositions of the distillation process have been inferred from top and bottom product temperatures respectively, which were measured online. Finally, the comparative performance of the GLC-TTBSCO and the GLC-TTBROO has been addressed under parametric uncertainty and the GLC-TTBSCO algorithm provided slightly better performance than the GLC-TTBROO. The resulting control laws are rather general and can be easily adopted for other binary distillation columns.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Gas chromatographic simulated distillation-mass spectrometry for the determination of the boiling point distributions of crude oils

The coupling of gas chromatographic simulated distillation with mass spectrometry for the determination of the distillation profiles of crude oils is reported. The method provides the boiling point distributions of both weight and volume percent amounts. The weight percent distribution is obtained from the measured total ion current signal. The total ion current signal is converted to weight percent amount by calibration with a reference crude oil of a known distillation profile. Knowledge of the chemical composition of the crude oil across the boiling range permits the determination of the volume percent distribution. The long-term repeatability is equivalent to or better than the short-term repeatability of the currently available American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) gas chromatographic method for simulated distillation. Results obtained by the mass spectrometric method are in very good agreement with results obtained by conventional methods of physical distillation. The compositional information supplied by the method can be used to extensively characterize crude oils.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Coriander spice oil: effects of fruit crushing and distillation time on yield and composition.

Crushing intensity and distillation time were evaluated for their effects on the oil yield and composition of steam-distilled essential oil from fruits of Coriandrum sativum var. microcarpum L. A comparison of oils produced by laboratory- and pilot-scale stills showed that the two still types gave comparable yields and oil composition. The laboratory still was then used to compare oil yields and compositions from fruits crushed at three different intensities, at intervals during a distillation period of 60 min. Both crushing intensity and distillation time had significant (P< 0.05) effects on the yield and composition of the oil. The maximum oil yield was less from the light-crushed fruits, but the rate of oil recovery was significantly P < 0.05) higher. From the light-crushed fruits, 95% of the maximum yield was extracted in 22.5 min compared with 32 and 39 min for the standard and heavy-crushed fruits, respectively. The effect of crushing intensity on oil composition was most pronounced on the low-boiling-point a-pinene and on the higher-boiling-point geranyl acetate. Crushing had little effect on linalool content, but distillation time could be manipulated to alter the linalool content of the oil.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗

PubMed2003

Influence of distillation system, oak wood type, and aging time on composition of cider brandy in phenolic and furanic compounds.

A control of phenolic and furanic compounds in cider brandy was carried out during maturation in oak casks, studying three technological factors: distillation (rectification column vs double distillation), oak wood type (French vs American), and aging time (32 months). Gallic acid and benzoic and cinnamic aldehydes significantly increased during maturation of cider brandies, the highest level of these phenolics being obtained when aging was conducted in French oak casks. Benzoic acids increased during aging, though furanic compounds were not influenced by the time factor. Distillation and wood factors significantly influenced furanic concentration; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural not was detected in fresh spirits and was extracted in the highest proportion in French oak. Volatile furanics, such as 5-methylfurfural, furfural, and 2-furylmethyl ketone, were influenced by the distillation factor, with the use of the double distillation system producing a higher level of these compounds. Scopoletin was the majority coumarin detected in cider brandies, the highest yield of which was obtained with the use of American oak.

Acrolein↗

PubMed2005

Investigation of the potential utility of single-bounce attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the analysis of distilled liquors and wines.

A new Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method based on single-bounce attenuated total reflectance (SB-ATR) spectroscopy was developed for the analysis of distilled liquors and wines. For distilled liquors, a partial least-squares (PLS) calibration was developed for alcohol determination based on the SB-ATR/FTIR spectra of mixtures of ethanol and distilled water. An independent set of 12 different distilled liquor samples was predicted from the PLS calibration, and a standard deviation of the differences for accuracy (SDD(a)) between actual and predicted values of 0.142% (v/v) was obtained. The potential utility of SB-ATR/FTIR spectroscopy for the analysis of wines was initially evaluated based on a comparison with Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy using a flow-through transmission cell. PLS calibrations for alcohol, total reducing sugars, total acidity and pH were developed using pre-analyzed wine samples (n = 28), and for SB-ATR/FTIR spectroscopy, the SDD(a) for the leave-one-out cross-validation statistics were of the order of 0.100% (v/v), 0.707 g L(-1), 0.189 g L(-1) (H2SO4), and 0.230, respectively. Overall, the SB-ATR/FTIR results were better than those obtained using FT-NIR spectroscopy and comparable to those obtained with transmission FTIR spectroscopy. A PLS calibration based on preanalyzed wine samples (n = 72) for the prediction of 11 different components and parameters in wines by SB-ATR/FTIR spectroscopy was subsequently developed and validated using an independent sample set (n = 77). Good coefficients of correlation between the reference and predicted values for the validation set were obtained for most of the components and parameters except citric acid, volatile acids, and total SO2. The results of this study demonstrate the suitability of SB-ATR/FTIR spectroscopy for the routine analysis of distilled liquors and wines.

Alcoholic Beverages↗

PubMed2006

Production and composition of cider spirits distilled in "alquitara".

The capacity of alquitara (a traditional distillation system) to produce cider brandies is evaluated. To do so, the chemical composition of 12 fractions obtained during the distillation process and the cider brandies obtained from five ciders were analyzed (alcohol strength, methanol, volatile substances, furfural, and metals), taking into account European and Spanish legislation. During the course of distillation, an important increase in methanol, furfural, 2-phenylethanol, and metals in the last fractions was observed, while fusel oils were more abundant in the first fractions collected. Only acetaldehyde behaved differently, showing a minimum concentration in the middle fractions that might be explained by its formation on the surface of alquitara. On the other hand, the final distillates obtained by means of this method complied with the considered regulations. Worth highlighting in this regard are the low levels of a potential toxin such as methanol, as well as the detection of a constant ratio for methanol, ethanol, and fusel oil for the pairs of cider/spirits analyzed, which could be interpreted as an indication of good uniformity in the distillation system and method, thus guaranteeing product quality.

Alcoholic Beverages↗