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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Effects of age and exercise on physiological dead space during simulated dives at 2.8 ATA.

Physiological dead space (Vds), end-tidal CO(2) (Pet(CO(2))), and arterial CO(2) (Pa(CO(2))) were measured at 1 and 2.8 ATA in a dry hyperbaric chamber in 10 older (58-74 yr) and 10 younger (19-39 yr) air-breathing subjects during rest and two levels of upright exercise on a cycle ergometer. At pressure, Vd (liters btps) increased from 0.34 +/- 0.09 (mean +/- SD of all subjects for normally distributed data, median +/- interquartile range otherwise) to 0.40 +/- 0.09 (P = 0.0060) at rest, 0.35 +/- 0.13 to 0.45 +/- 0.11 (P = 0.0003) during light exercise, and 0.38 +/- 0.17 to 0.45 +/- 0.13 (P = 0.0497) during heavier exercise. During these conditions, Pa(CO(2)) (Torr) increased from 33.8 +/- 4.2 to 35.7 +/- 4.4 (P = 0.0059), 35.3 +/- 3.2 to 39.4 +/- 3.1 (P < 0.0001), and 29.6 +/- 5.6 to 37.4 +/- 6.5 (P < 0.0001), respectively. During exercise, Pet(CO(2)) overestimated Pa(CO(2)), although the absolute difference was less at pressure. Capnography poorly estimated Pa(CO(2)) during exercise at 1 and 2.8 ATA because of wide variability. Older subjects had higher Vd at 1 ATA but similar changes in Vd, Pa(CO(2)), and Pet(CO(2)) at pressure. These results are consistent with an effect of increased gas density.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The physiological basis of diving to depth: birds and mammals.

There is wide diversity in the animals that dive to depth and in the distribution of their body oxygen stores. A hallmark of animals diving to depth is a substantial elevation of muscle myoglobin concentration. In deep divers, more than 80% of the oxygen store is in the blood and muscles. How these oxygen stores are managed, particularly within muscle, is unclear. The aerobic endurance of four species has now been measured. These measurements provide a standard for other species in which the limits cannot be measured. Diving to depth requires several adaptations to the effects of pressure. In mammals, one adaptation is lung collapse at shallow depths, which limits absorption of nitrogen. Blood N2 levels remain below the threshold for decompression sickness. No such adaptive model is known for birds. There appear to be two diving strategies used by animals that dive to depth. Seals, for example, seldom rely on anaerobic metabolism. Birds, on the other hand, frequently rely on anaerobic metabolism to exploit prey-rich depths otherwise unavailable to them.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Body cooling with ice for warm-water diving operations.

Physiologic responses were measured on 2 professional divers exposed to a simulated repair work submersed for 60 min in water at temperatures of 34 degrees, 38 degrees, and 42 degrees C. Exposures were repeated with two types of diving suits; a normal dry, rubber suit (NDS) and this suit worn over an ice-cooled vest (ICEDS). Heat balance (lower heat storage) was better maintained at all temperatures with ICEDS. Physiologic strain was significant with NDS in 38 degrees C. At 42 degrees C 1 subject was able to complete 60 min with ICEDS. However, all exposures at 42 degrees C caused an extremely high physiologic strain, more so with NDS. Tolerance times observed were in good agreement with suggested criteria for heat tolerance. An ice-cooled vest, with room for further improvement, allows for at least 15-30 min longer exposure periods in the studied temperature range.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Physiological and clinical aspects of apnea diving.

Apnea diving is a fascinating example of applied physiology. The record for apnea diving as an extreme sport is 171 meters, 8:58 minutes. The short time beneath the surface induces profound cardiovascular and respiratory effects. Variations of blood-gas tensions result from the interaction of metabolism and the rapid sequence of compression and decompression. Decompression sickness is possible. Apnea divers can reach depths beyond the theoretic physiologic limit by using the lung-packing maneuver. Apnea divers exhibit a fall in heart rate, which can be trained and is an oxygen-conserving effect, but increases the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia.

Apnea↗