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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Electroacupuncture stimulation suppresses the increase in alcohol-drinking behavior in restricted rats.

BACKGROUND: Although a number of studies on traditional eastern or Chinese medicine, such as acupuncture, moxibustion, and herbal drugs, have been reported, few reports describe electroacupuncture (EAC) effects on drug- and alcohol-seeking behaviors in animal models. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of EAC on changes in alcohol-drinking behavior in rats challenged with restriction and immobilization stress. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats (260-280 g) were tightly hung and immobilized in restriction models for 10 min. These immobilization stresses were performed twice a week for 1 week and for 3 consecutive weeks for the short- and long-restricted stress groups, respectively. EAC was applied for 10 min to the hindlimb point, Tsu-San-Li (ST 36), and the lumbar point, Shen-Shu (BL 23). These points are used to treat mental and psychosomatic disorders and are known clinically to produce a sedation effect. Time-access alcohol-drinking behavior was determined at 24 hr after the termination of EAC. Finally, brain dopamine (DA) levels were assayed in the two groups. A sham-control group underwent only restricted stress without EAC. RESULTS: Time-access alcohol-drinking behavior increased significantly in the long-restricted group compared with the short-restricted group and controls. EAC applied to the ST 36 (Tsu-San-Li) point suppressed the increased alcohol-drinking behavior in restricted rats. However, EAC applied to the Shen-Shu (BL 23) point was not effective, because alcohol-drinking behavior was significantly increased in long-restricted rats compared with short-restricted rats. Striatal DA levels of restricted rats with EAC stimulated at Tsu-San-Li were increased significantly compared with the rats with EAC applied to the Shen-Shu point. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that EAC applied at ST 36 (Tsu-San-Li) was more effective for reducing the increased alcohol-drinking behavior in restricted rats, and they showed that a point specific in EAC procedure was associated with an increase of striatal DA levels. These findings provide new information for understanding alcohol-drinking behavior and for treating human alcoholics.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1996

Effect of central acute administration of cadmium on drinking behavior.

The effect of acute third ventricle cadmium administration on the drinking behavior of adult male rats under different situations was studied. Injections of cadmium chloride (0.07, 0.7,and 7.0 ng/rat) significantly attenuated water intake in dehydrated rats. Drinking behavior induced by acute intracerebroventricular injections of carbachol (2 micrograms/rat) or angiotensin II (5 ng/rat) was also inhibited by central cadmium injections. Cadmium-induced blockade in water intake in dehydrated animals was reverted by the previous administration of a 5-HT2 antagonist (RP62203) in different doses (5 and 10 micrograms/rat). The data clearly reveal that cadmium elicits very fast actions on the central nervous system. It is suggested that cadmium-induced attenuation of water intake may rely on at least three different mechanisms: impairment of cholinergic and angiotensinergic systems in the brain and stimulation of a central serotonergic drive acting on 5-HT2 receptors. The study of cadmium neurotoxicity by observation of drinking behavior, a behavioral parameter easy to be recorded and measured, is proposed.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Changes in drinking behavior caused by superior cervical ganglionectomy and pinealectomy in rats.

The effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) or pinealectomy (Px) on drinking behavior was examined in rats subjected to a restricted photoperiod (i.e. 4 h of light per day). Both in male and female rats SCGx depressed water intake significantly from 1 to 3 days after surgery. After osmolar (i.p. 5% NaCl) or non-osmolar stimuli (s.c. isoproterenol) SCGx female rats exhibited a depressed response in water and NaCl intake, an effect not observed in male rats. Castration of male or female rats did not change their drinking behavior response to thirst stimuli. Px did not mimic SCGx in its effects on drinking behavior; moreover in sham-Px rats the water intake fell significantly after craniotomy. Following the injection of isoproterenol or i.p. hypertonic saline, the drinking behavior was the same in Px or sham-Px animals. To assess whether the effects of SCGx needed the presence of the pineal gland, Px or sham-Px rats were subjected to SCGx 9 days later. In both groups SCGx depressed water intake; however the inhibition that followed ganglia removal in Px rats was greater than that observed in animals with a pineal gland. Water and NaCl intake following isoproterenol or i.p. hypertonic saline were similar in both experimental groups. These results suggest that SCGx affects drinking behavior in part by pathways other than pineal denervation.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effects of mouth dryness on drinking behavior and beverage acceptability.

In humans, the association between mouth dryness and thirst has been examined in a variety of contexts. Typically, drinking behavior produces a concomitant reduction in unpleasant dry mouth sensations. Evidence is reviewed for a mechanism that influences the termination of drinking behavior by metering this change. Drinking behavior causes a progressive increase in parotid saliva flow. Thus, one possibility is that satiety results from a decrease in the reward associated with mouth wetting during a drinking episode. Beverages can differ in their satiating ability. This variability may be related to their mouth-wetting characteristic, and may be reflected in a shift in their acceptability when the mouth becomes dry. Physically drying the mouth appears to increase the acceptability of beverages that are either cold or acidic. It may be significant that two important determinants of mouth wetting are temperature and acidity. Cold or acidic beverages are also likely to be regarded as 'thirst-quenching.' Thus, shifts in acceptability, 'thirst quenching' and satiety may all be related to the mouth-wetting properties of a beverage. The extent to which this coincidence is meaningful warrants further investigation. However, if a common underlying process exists, then this may help to elucidate reasons for voluntary dehydration and aberrant drinking behavior in the elderly.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Drinking behaviors of Japanese adolescents' problem drinker--report of 1996 national survey].

The first national survey of Japanese adolescent drinking behaviors was conducted in 1996. Based on the survey results, this study focused on high risk drinking behaviors of Japanese adolescent problem drinkers. The subjects were 42,183 junior high school students and 72,396 senior high school students who responded to questions on drinking frequency and drinking quantity among the national survey subjects. The subject students were divided into three groups: normal adolescents, drinkers and problem drinkers by the QF scale. The problem drinkers according to the QF scale accounted for 3% of the junior high school students and 14% of senior high school students. Problem drinkers among both junior and senior high school students had characteristic drinking behaviors such as various drinking occasions, obtaining alcoholic drinks by various methods, drinking hard liquor, and many instances of vomiting or blackouts due to drinking. Many problem drinkers considered that the national law prohibiting minors from drinking was unnecessary because they have the right to decide whether to drink. Both junior and senior high school problem drinkers showed high risk drinking behaviors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Drinking behavior and "alcoholism".

Drinking is viewed as a functional behavior, an active response to environmental conditions, and excessive drinking as a compromise behavior resulting from ineffectiveness in mediating goals and resolving problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Do alcohol expectancies moderate the relationship between parental alcoholism and adult drinking behaviors?

The relations between parental alcoholism, alcohol expectancies, and adult drinking behaviors were examined among 76 offspring of alcoholics and 68 offspring of nonalcoholics. The primary goals of the present study were to examine whether maternal and/or paternal alcoholism are related to adult alcohol expectancies and to explore whether the relationship between parental alcoholism and adult drinking behaviors is moderated by alcohol expectancies. Gender differences also were assessed. Findings indicated that alcohol expectancies were not significantly influenced by parental alcoholism. Significant moderating effects for global-positive expectancies and sexual enhancement expectancies also were not obtained. In contrast, social assertiveness expectancies were found to consistently moderate the relationship between paternal alcoholism and drinking behaviors. These results indicated that offspring of alcoholic fathers with high expectations for increased social assertiveness were most "at risk" for problematic drinking, especially males.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Japanese national survey of adolescent drinking behavior in 1996.

BACKGROUND: Despite legal prohibition of drinking by minors, there has been no systematic attempt to monitor drinking by young Japanese. This research, the first Japanese national survey of Japanese adolescent drinking behaviors, was conducted in 1996. METHODS: In this survey, information on drinking frequency was obtained from questionnaires completed by 42,183 junior high school and 72,396 senior high school students in randomly selected schools representing all areas of Japan. RESULTS: Sixty percent of junior high school students and 70% of senior high school students reported having drinking experiences; 5% of junior high school students and 10% of senior high school students drank one or more times per week. Many of the junior high school students usually drank with their families and consumed small amounts, but many of senior high school students drank on various occasions and consumed larger amounts. These Japanese high school students reported being offered alcohol frequently by their parents, found it easy to buy alcoholic beverages, and believed that they had the right to determine whether to drink. Japanese adolescents' drinking has increased over the past 20 years, whereas drinking by U.S. adolescents has decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Japanese policies aimed at decreasing adolescent drinking are inadequate. A system for monitoring and potentially modifying adolescent drinking behavior is needed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Association between changes in eating and drinking behaviors and respiratory tract disease in newly arrived calves at a feedlot.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate eating and drinking behaviors and their association with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) and to evaluate methods of diagnosing BRDC. ANIMALS: 170 newly arrived calves at a feedlot. PROCEDURE: Eating and drinking behaviors of calves were recorded at a feedlot. Calves with clinical signs of BRDC were removed from their pen and classified retrospectively as sick or not sick on the basis of results of physical and hematologic examinations. Pulmonary lesions of all calves were assessed at slaughter. RESULTS: Calves that were sick had significantly greater frequency and duration of drinking 4 to 5 days after arrival than calves that were not sick. Sick calves had significantly lower frequency and duration of eating and drinking 11 to 27 days after arrival but had significantly greater frequency of eating 28 to 57 days after arrival than calves that were not sick. Calves at slaughter that had a higher percentage of lung tissue with pneumonic lesions had significantly lower frequency and duration of eating 11 to 27 days after arrival but had significantly higher frequency and duration of eating 28 to 57 days after arrival. Agreement for calves being sick and having severe pulmonary lesions at slaughter was adequate. Agreement for calves being removed and having pulmonary lesions at slaughter was low. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Eating and drinking behaviors were associated with signs of BRDC, but there was not an obvious predictive association between signs of BRDC in calves and eating and drinking behaviors. Fair to poor agreement was observed between antemortem and postmortem disease classification.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1994

Hassles and uplifts and generalized outcome expectancies as moderators on the relation between a family history of alcoholism and drinking behaviors.

The present study examined 85 adult offspring of alcoholics (FH+) and 68 comparison subjects without a family history of alcoholism (FH-) in order to address three questions: (1) Does the relation between hassles and uplifts and drinking differ by gender and/or family history of alcoholism? (2) Do hassles and uplifts and/or generalized outcome expectancies (dispositional optimism and pessimism) moderate the relation between having a family history of alcoholism and drinking behaviors? (3) Do hassles and uplifts and outcome expectancies interact to influence drinking behaviors? The pattern of relations between hassles and uplifts and drinking behaviors and between outcome expectancies and drinking behaviors differed by family history and gender. Hassles were related to increased alcohol consumption for FH+ men only, whereas outcome expectancies were related to indicators of problem drinking for FH+ women only. When the moderating influences of hassles and uplifts and outcome expectancies were examined, both hassles and pessimism were found to moderate the relation between family history and drinking behaviors. In addition, hassles and uplifts and outcome expectancies interactively influenced this relation. These results emphasize the need to examine further both individual and contextual processes in studies examining the risk of the development of alcoholism.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Partial deletion of the cAMP response element-binding protein gene promotes alcohol-drinking behaviors.

The cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) gene transcription factor has been shown to play a role in the synaptic plasticity associated with drug addictive behaviors; however, the causal role of the CREB gene in alcohol-drinking behaviors is unknown. The present investigation evaluated alcohol-drinking behaviors in mice that are haplodeficient in CREB as a result of targeted CREB (alpha and Delta) gene disruption. It was found that CREB-haplodeficient (+/-) mice have higher preference for ethanol but not for sucrose solution than wild-type (+/+) littermates. The functional aspects of the CREB gene transcription factor were also investigated by measuring the protein levels of phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) and the expression of cAMP-inducible genes such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Deletion of the CREB (alpha and Delta) gene significantly decreases total CREB, p-CREB levels and the expression of NPY and BDNF in the brain structures of CREB-deficient (+/-) mice. It was also found that CREB-deficient (+/-) mice displayed more anxiety-like behaviors and that acute ethanol exposure produced anxiolytic effects and significantly increased protein levels of p-CREB and NPY in the central and medial but not in the basolateral amygdala of wild-type mice, but these effects are attenuated in CREB-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. These results provide the first direct evidence that a haplodeficiency of the CREB gene is associated with increased alcohol-drinking behaviors. Furthermore, alcohol drinking and anxiety-like behaviors in CREB-haplodeficient mice may possibly be related to decreased expression of NPY and BDNF in the brains of these mice.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1997

Attitudes and knowledge about drinking: relationships with drinking behavior among pregnant teenagers.

Data were collected on the drinking behavior of 415 pregnant adolescents from 1990 to 1994. The relationships between knowledge and attitudes about drinking and drinking behavior were examined. Knowledge about drinking was not related to average daily volume of alcohol before or during pregnancy. Those with specific knowledge about fetal alcohol effects drank less before pregnancy, and in the first trimester, and were also less likely to drink to intoxication. Among drinkers, general knowledge about drinking was significantly related to a decrease in drinking between pre-pregnancy and first trimester, as well as between first and third trimesters. Those with more intolerant attitudes about drinking drank less before and during pregnancy. They had fewer episodes of binge drinking, intoxication, negative consequences, and problem drinking during pregnancy. They were more likely to decrease drinking from the first to third trimesters. These relationships are relevant to developing effective education programs for the high-risk group of pregnant teenagers who drink.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Endogenous renin-angiotensin system and drinking behavior in flounder.

High rates of drinking in seawater-adapted, compared with freshwater (FW)-adapted, flounder were associated with raised plasma chloride and osmotic concentrations. Hypotension in FW-adapted fish, after papaverine administration, gave rise to greatly elevated rates of drinking. This dipsogenic response apparently relied on activation of the endogenous renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and was abolished by simultaneous administration of the converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril. Exogenous angiotensin II was shown to be dipsogenic and vasopressor in the FW-adapted fish. The physiological importance of the activation of the RAS in the control of drinking behavior in euryhaline fish is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Reasons for drinking in relation to problem drinking behavior in a sample of Japanese high school students.

To clarify reasons for drinking in relation to problem drinking behavior, 494 male students, aged 15 to 18 years old and attending high schools in Tokyo, Japan, were examined by self-rating questionnaires including the Kuriharna Alcoholism Screening Test (KAST). Three hundred and forty-two students (69%) completed the questionnaires, of whom 143 indicated that they were current drinkers of alcohol (42% of respondents). Of the 143,16 (11%) reported, through the KAST, experience of problem drinking behavior. A factor analysis of 36 reasons for drinking identified 5 factors: Escapism, Sociability, Tension Reduction, Acting Like a Man, and Enjoyment/Home. A logistic regression analysis showed that drinking because of Escapism, Sociability, and Tension Reduction was significantly related to problem drinking behavior. Also, there was significant correlation between the 3 factors and the number of KAST items experienced by the 143 respondents. Our findings suggest that the factors of Escapism, Sociability, and Tension Reduction lead to problem drinking in Japanese high school students.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effector peptides of the brain renin-angiotensin system in central mechanisms of learned and natural forms of drinking behavior in rats].

Central mechanisms of angiotensin involvement in initiation and realization of operant forms of drinking behavior were investigated. It was suggested that intracerebroventricular microinjection of angiotensin-II and angiotensin-IIl specifically affected the learned forms of drinking behavior. The experiments demonstrated that [des-Asp1]-angiotensin-I produced only the natural forms of drinking behavior. Angiotensins modulated specific forms of thirst-associated behavior such as exploring, grooming, and ingestive behavior. Injections of AT1 receptor antagonist losartan were associated with acute water intake decrease and sharp operant behavior inactivation.

Angiotensin I↗

PubMed2003

[Effects of genetic polymorphisms of ethanol-metabolizing enzymes on alcohol drinking behaviors].

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Genetic variations of ethanol-metabolizing enzymes can affect alcohol drinking behavior. The aims of this study were to investigate and compare the distributions of these genetic polymorphisms between a healthy control group and a heavy drinker group which included an alcoholic liver cirrhosis group. METHODS: Genotypes of ADH2, ALDH2, CYP2E1, and catalase were identified by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes in 42 healthy controls, 12 heavy drinkers, and 30 alcoholic liver cirrhosis patients. RESULTS: 1) The genotype frequencies of ALDH2 (1*1), ADH2 (1*1), CYP2E1 (c1c1), and catalase1 (TT) were 69%, 55%, 38%, and 12%, respectively in healthy Korean males. 2) There was a significant difference in the distribution of the genetic polymorphism of ALDH2 between the control group and heavy drinker group (12 heavy drinkers and 30 alcoholic liver cirrhosis patients). The genotype frequency of ALDH2 mutant, ALDH2 (1*2) and ALDH2 (2*2) in the heavy drinker group (12%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (30%). 3) We didn't find anyone with ALDH2 homozygote mutant (DD) in the heavy drinker group. 4) There was no significant difference in the distribution of genetic polymorphisms in ADH2, CYP2E1 and catalase1 between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the absence of ALDH2 mutant genotype is strongly related to heavy drinking behavior. We can not prove, however, any evidence that the polymorphisms of other ethanol-metabolizing enzymes are associated with the determination of alcohol-drinking behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Circadian rhythms of feeding and drinking behavior of rats aged from 3 to 21 months.

Circadian rhythms and patterns of feeding and drinking behavior of 8 male and 8 female Long-Evans rats were followed from 3 months of age (mo) to 21 mo at 3 month intervals. Meal number, draft number and feeding events/min/meal of female rats were greater than those of male rats of the same age, while intermeal intervals, interdraft intervals and licking events/min/draft of male rats were greater than those of female rats. Sex differences of meal number, intermeal intervals and feeding events/min/meal as a group disappeared by 21 mo. Light/dark differences of meal number of both sexes, intermeal intervals of females and licking events/min/draft of males as a group also disappeared by 21 mo and difference of feeding events/min/meal disappeared by 15 and 18 mo in males and females, respectively. Occurrence of age-related change varied from 6 to 21 mo depending upon the parameter of the behavior and period (light or dark). Meal number and feeding events/min/meal showed the most clear-cut age-related changes and the decline occurred earlier and was more remarkable in males than in females. The age-related decline of patterns and the power spectrum of drinking behavior was less prominent than that of feeding behavior. These results indicate that feeding behavior is more affected by the aging process than is the drinking behavior of rats, and that male rats show more prominent aging changes than females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗

PubMed1993

Functional mapping of the rat brain during drinking behavior: a fluorodeoxyglucose study.

Autoradiographic techniques using the radiolabeled glucose analog [14C]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) were used to map the functional activity in the CNS during drinking behavior. Rats were trained to drink water during a 1-h session each day. Half of the rats were injected with FDG and allowed to drink, while the other half were satiated prior to FDG injection. Uptake of FDG for drinking and control groups of rats was quantified in 60 brain structures from frontal cortex to cervical spinal cord. The largest percent increase in activity (96%) during drinking was in the lateral hypothalamus. Limbic structures with significant metabolic increases included the lateral septum (48%), lateral habenula (44%), and nucleus accumbens (32%). Thalamic nuclei activated included intralaminar (60%), zona incerta (51%), ventroposteromedial (50%), anterior ventral (47%), and dorsal medial (40%). Other structures with increases were the caudal caudate nucleus (53%) and the spinal trigeminal nucleus (45%). The findings were interpreted in light of related metabolic mapping studies of the effects of orofacial stimulation, dehydration, ingestion, arousal, and reward. It was concluded that this FDG study revealed primarily the involvement of structures linked to rewarding and arousal components of motivated drinking behavior, as well as sensorimotor correlates of the orofacial stimulation. The findings provide the first comprehensive functional map of brain systems related to drinking behavior in adult animals.

Animals↗