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PubMed1989

Comparison of indirect and sandwich ELISA for the identification of ECHO viruses.

An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized for the identification of ECHO viruses isolated in buffalo green monkey (BGM) kidney cell culture on inoculation of 113 sewage samples. Comparable results were obtained with both indirect and sandwich ELISA for the identification of ECHO viruses in respect of 15 out of 34 sewage samples which showed 75-100% CPE in BGM monolayers.

Enterovirus B, Human↗
PubMed1961

Structure and development of viruses as observed in the electron microscope. VI. ECHO virus, type 9.

Sequential stages in the development and release of ECHO 9 virus have been illustrated and described. It is suggested that viral particles differentiate and become oriented in columns upon a fine filamentous lattice at cytoplasmic template sites which are distinct from the endoplasmic reticulum. Subsequently, virus is dispersed in the peripheral cytoplasm and gains egress from the cell through rents in the plasma membrane. Complete cellular disruption with viral release may supervene. The virus consists of a 13 to 15 mmicro dense core and a poorly defined outer membrane, 22 to 24 mmicro in diameter. Incomplete forms, lacking the core, are observed in the cytoplasm but have not been seen in the extracellular space.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Myopericarditis associated with ECHO virus type 3 infection--A case report.

A case with myopericarditis caused by type 3 ECHO virus was reported. The diagnosis was based on a significantly increased hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer (from 4:6 to 4:516) against type 3 ECHO virus in the acute and the convalescent phase. A 29-year-old male was hospitalized for chest pain and fever. The patient had congestive heart failure, pericardial effusion and temporarily appearing abnormal Q waves on his electrocardiogram in the acute phase all of which gradually improved within about 3 weeks. Cardiac catheterization performed on the 21st day of hospitalization disclosed normal coronary arteries, but a partially hypokinetic region was found in the left ventricular free wall. A right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy study revealed histological features of a small number of mononuclear cell infiltrations, myocardial cell necrosis and early fibrosis associated with an increased number of fibroblasts and ultrastructural changes including myocytolysis, vacuolation in sarcoplasm and dissociation of some intercalated discs. The endomyocardial biopsy study, and the electrocardiographic and cineangiographic findings in this case suggest that viral infection may induce clinical signs of myocardial infarction in the heart with normal coronary arteries.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Replication of echo virus type 25 JV-4 reference strain and wild type strains in MRC5 cells compared with that of poliovirus type 1.

In echo virus type 25/JV-4 the shut off of host cell protein synthesis took significantly longer and the kinetics of the synthesis of viral proteins and viral RNA occurred much later than in the poliovirus. However, these characteristics impaired neither polyprotein processing nor virus production in the JV-4 strain. In contrast the two wild strains M.1262 and Th.222 had a lower virus yield than strain JV-4. The presence of a high Mr protein in the pattern of viral proteins of wild strains suggested that a defect in the polyprotein processing was responsible for the decreased virus yield. The infectious cycle of strain Th.222 differed from that of strains JV-4 and M.1262 in the rapid inhibition of host cell translation and the extent of viral protein synthesis. The sensitivity to actinomycin D was also investigated. Strain M.1262 was found to be insensitive. The virus yield of strains JV-4 and Th.222 was three- and fourfold lower respectively in the presence of actinomycin D. This sensitivity to the antibiotic was observed during viral RNA synthesis in strain JV-4 and during viral protein synthesis in strain Th.222. These results suggest that cellular factors are involved in the replication of echo virus type 25 strains in MRC5 cells.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1962

Interrelationships among ECHO virus types 1,8, and 12.

Berg, Gerald (Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio), Norman A. Clarke, and Paul W. Kabler. Interrelationships among ECHO virus types 1, 8, and 12. J. Bacteriol. 83:556-560. 1962.-Antigenic relationships among ECHO 1, 8, and 12 viruses were investigated. Three strains of ECHO 1 virus, one of which had been purified, could not be differentiated by neutralization tests. Antiserums produced with these three strains neutralized ECHO 12 virus. The neutralizing material, absent from preimmunization serums, was not absorbed by rhesus kidney cells, was heat-stable, and, therefore, may be viral antibody. Reciprocal neutralization was achieved with all three types. Disagreement of these data with those published by others is discussed.

Enterovirus B, Human↗
PubMed1983

[Changes in the membrane fluidity of human neutrophilic granulocytes under the effect of a chemoattractant (FMLP) and of echo virus, type 9, A. Barty strain].

Preincubation of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) with different concentrations of Echo virus, type 9, strain A. Barty results in viral dose- and time-dependent inhibition of chemotactic cellular response to chemoattractant (N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine = FMLP). In the present experiments, by means of biophysical methods using excimer forming lipids (pyrendecanoic acid) the influence of FMLP and Echo 9 virus on membrane fluidity of PMNs was investigated. It is shown that the increase of membrane fluidity elicited by FMLP is reduced by the virus in a dose dependent manner. These results indicate virus-induced disturbance of molecular architecture and failure of natural signal processing of PMN-membranes. This biophysical method, therefore, can be used as a functional histochemical method to demonstrate functional defects in membranes of living cells.

Chemotaxis, Leukocyte↗
PubMed1964

SPORADIC OCCURRENCE OF ECHO VIRUS TYPES 27 AND 31 ASSOCIATED WITH ASEPTIC MENINGITIS IN ONTARIO.

The sporadic occurrence of Echo virus types 27 and 31 in association with aseptic meningitis during the enterovirus seasons in Ontario in 1959 to 1962 is reported.The etiological significance of both of these isolates was verified by demonstration of type-specific serological response in meningitis patients. Echo 27, which up to now has not been encountered in association with human illness, could be added to the list of viral agents capable of causing aseptic meningitis. Isolation of Echo 31 from cerebrospinal fluid provides definite proof of the etiological significance of this virus in cases of aseptic meningitis.

Canada↗
PubMed1995

Acute transverse myelitis caused by ECHO virus type 18 infection.

UNLABELLED: A 14-year-old boy developed acute quadriplegia, associated with sensory impairment and bowel and urinary dysfunction. MRI of the cervical cord showed diffuse increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images with gadolinium-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid enhancement. Based on the clinical presentation and MRI findings, the diagnosis of acute transverse myelitis was made. Enterovirus RNA was amplified from CSF by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Serum neutralizing antibody to ECHO virus type 18 rose from 1/4 on admission to 1/16 2 months later. CONCLUSION: This is the first reported case of acute transverse myelitis caused by ECHO virus type 18 infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Congenital echo virus infection--morphological and virological study of fetal and placental tissue.

A prospective study of 78 pregnant women was undertaken to detect maternal enterovirus infection. Maternal faecal specimens and blood samples, placental and fetal tissue were taken for viral study, electron microscopy, histochemistry, and morphological examination. We present the post-mortem findings in three fetuses whose maternal infection was detected before delivery by isolation of ECHO virus type 33 and type 27 from faecal specimens and/or placental and fetal tissues. The morphological aspects were similar in all cases and included an acute infection of the placenta and hypoxic/hypotensive injury to fetal organs. In one case, viral particles were detected by electron microscopy of the fetal liver. This series of cases of intrauterine ECHO virus infection confirms the potential gravity of such infection during pregnancy and the need to prevent enteroviral disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

ECHO virus type 30 meningitis in Edinburgh.

Fifty-five patients with ECHO virus type 30 meningitis were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit, Edinburgh City Hospital between August and December 1980. There was a preponderance of males and patients aged 10-15 years. The peak admission rate was about two weeks earlier than that recorded for Scotland as a whole. Helpful diagnostic findings were headache, fever, photophobia, vomiting and nuchal rigidity but not Kernig's sign. Only one patient had a rash. The majority of patients were admitted within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. The CSF pleiocytosis was high and tended to be polymorphonuclear in type. CSF glucose concentrations were all normal. There were no serious sequelae. The considerable morbidity reported after leaving hospital emphasises the importance of adequate convalescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Impaired Ca2+ response to glucose in mouse beta-cells infected with coxsackie B or Echo virus.

Five strains of Coxsackie B4 virus and one of Echo 11 virus were tested with regard to their ability to replicate in pancreatic mouse beta-cells and interfere with the alterations of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) induced by glucose. All strains except one both multiplied and caused cytopathic effect. In a control group 68% of the beta-cells responded to 11 mM glucose with large amplitude oscillations of [Ca2+]i. After inoculation with the infectious strains these oscillations appeared in only 5% of the beta-cells, whereas the non-infectious strain did not modify the glucose effect on [Ca2+]i. Despite the virus interference with the glucose response, [Ca2+]i was increased after depolarization with excessive extracellular K+ and the oscillations were induced in most beta-cells when glucose was combined with the insulin-releasing sulfonylurea tolbutamide.

Animals↗