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PubMed1990

Extrarenal receptor-effector-mechanisms for aldosterone: the sequence of effects on the cellular electrolyte transport in human lymphocytes and their implications for disorders of the water and electrolyte balances.

High affinity aldosterone binding sites have not only been described in the classic target tissues such as the renal tubules, but also in non-classic target tissues such as the hippocampus, mammary gland, endothelial cells and, recently, human mononuclear leukocytes. An in vitro effect of aldosterone on intracellular sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations and cell volume was shown in human mononuclear leukocytes. In the absence of aldosterone, the intracellular Na+, K+ and Ca2+ concentrations and the cell volume decreased significantly, but remained constant when aldosterone (1.4 nmol/l) was added to the incubation medium. These effects of aldosterone were blocked by the aldosterone antagonist canrenone (140 nmol/l). The sodium/proton exchanger of the cell membrane could be identified as the primary target of the aldosterone action, possibly non-genomically mediated through membrane receptors. The clinical significance of this model was underlined by the demonstration of absent or a decreased number of mineralocorticoid receptors and the lack of electrolyte response to aldosterone in human mononuclear leukocytes of patients with pseudohypoaldosteronism and aldosteronism. Additionally, an abnormal effector mechanism could be demonstrated in human mononuclear leukocytes from essential hypertensives. These studies are the first to demonstrate the significance of extrarenal, nonepithelial mineralocorticoid receptors and the related effector mechanism in different disorders of the water and electrolyte balance in man.

Aldosterone↗

PubMed2000

What does a common channel for electrolytes and non-electrolytes in the sperm mean?

Cell volume is central to osmoregulation in intact cells. Bovine spermatozoa, as also other mammalian spermatozoa, exhibit a very rapid regulatory volume decrease (RVD) when exposed to hypotonic saline media. This response, fastest known in animal cells, is mediated by a putative potassium channel which the pharmacological properties of a conventional channel and yet admits both electrolytes and non-electrolytes. The evolutionary basis and functional role of this conserved quinine-sensitive channel in mammalian sperm could offer hitherto unexplored facets of the link(s) between ecology and reproduction.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Influences of 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one on permeation of membranes by weak electrolytes. 1. Theoretical analysis of weak electrolyte diffusion through membranes and studies involving silicone rubber membranes.

The pH dependency of permeation of weak electrolytes allows inferences to be made about the barrier characteristics of membranes. The influences of enhancers on pH-permeation profiles promise further mechanistic enlightenment. To explore issues of weak electrolyte mass transfer, a steady-state mathematical model for a hydrophobic membrane with aqueous pores existing in series with aqueous phases, presently a popular depiction of the skin and other biological barriers, has been developed. The case in which there are no pores is then considered theoretically and in studies involving the mass transfer of benzoic acid across silicone rubber membranes. Specifically, the flux of [14C]benzoic acid across Silastic sheeting as a function of pH was investigated. This isotropic membrane's behavior conformed to expectations drawn from the model in that the un-ionized species penetrated in proportion to benzoic acid's prevailing state of ionization, the membrane being all but impenetrable to the benzoate anion. The enhancer, 1-dodecylazacyclo-heptan-2-one (Azone), was then applied to the membrane in emulsions of increasing concentration. There were two important consequences of such application. First, the un-ionized species of benzoic acid partitioned into the emulsion droplets, lowering the activity of the permeant in the emulsion's continuous phase. Second, Azone was imbibed to a degree into the polymeric membrane, significantly altering the permeability of the silicone rubber of which it is composed. The former influence had to be carefully factored out in order to delineate Azone's intrinsic enhancing effects on the membrane. The silicone rubber membrane system served well as a model for study of the enhancing effects of Azone on a wholly hydrophobic barrier, establishing a basis for the analysis of the actions of enhancers such as Azone on more complex, multiphasic biological barriers.

Azepines↗

PubMed1991

[An electrolyte-adapted heparin solution for the determination of blood gases and electrolytes in whole blood].

Blood gases, pH, sodium, potassium, chloride, and ionised calcium in whole blood samples can be determined simultaneously in modern instruments. Preparing syringes with conventional heparin solutions causes a relevant bias of the electrolyte concentrations (especially K+ and Ca2+) by dilution of the sample. Additionally, ionised calcium is decreased by binding to heparin. The solution described in the present paper yields a final heparin concentration of 4-6 mU/l, thus eliminating the calcium binding effect. The dilution effects are antagonised by an electrolyte composition that is similar to normal plasma. The heparin solution is commercially available.

Blood Gas Analysis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Alterations in serum parathyroid hormone and electrolyte concentrations and urinary excretion of electrolytes in horses with induced endotoxemia.

Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia are common in horses with sepsis and endotoxemia. We hypothesize that endotoxemia triggers a systemic inflammatory response that results in hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) administration to healthy horses on serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionized calcium (Ca2+) and total calcium (tCa), ionized magnesium (Mg2+) and total magnesium (tMg), phosphate (Pi), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), and insulin concentrations, and on the urinary excretion of these electrolytes. Twelve mares were infused with Escherichia coli LPS (30 ng/kg/h i.v.) for 1 hour. Six mares were infused with saline (controls). In LPS-infused horses, heart rate increased significantly from (mean +/- SD) 40.0 +/- 1.3 to 70.0 +/- 9.0 beats/min, respiratory rate from 12.7 +/- 1.0 to 21.1 +/- 3.0 breaths/min, body temperature from 37.4 +/- 0.3 to 38.9 +/- 0.6 degrees C, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations from 6.6 +/- 3.5 to 507 +/- 260 pg/mL (P < .05). White blood cell count decreased significantly from 7570 +/- 600 to 1960 +/- 560 cells/ microL. Serum concentrations of Ca2+ decreased from 6.5 +/- 0.3 to 6.0 +/- 0.3 mg/dL, of Mg2+ from 0.53 +/- 0.06 to 0.43 +/- 0.04 mM, of tMg from 0.78 +/- 0.05 to 0.62 +/- 0.08 mM, of K+ from 4.3 +/- 0.4 to 3.0 +/- 0.5 mEq/L, and of Pi from 3.4 +/- 0.5 to 1.7 +/- 0.5 mg/dL (all P < .05). PTH increased significantly from 1.3 +/- 0.4 to 6.0 +/- 5.2 pM; however, in some horses (n=2), PTH did not increase despite hypocalcemia. Insulin increased significantly from 9.4 +/- 3.6 to 50.5 +/- 9.6 microIU/mL (n=3). Urinary fractional excretion of Ca2+ decreased significantly from 4.7 +/- 1.4 to 1.7 +/- 1.2%, of Mg2+ from 36.6 +/- 6.5 to 11.7 +/- 7.3%, and of K+ from 37.9 +/- 11.3 to 17.7 +/- 6.2%. Fractional excretion of Pi increased from 0.02 +/- 0.02 to 0.14 +/- 0.07% and of Na+ from 0.26 +/- 0.13% to 1.2 +/- 0.5%. No changes were found in serum tCa, Na+, and Cl- concentrations. In conclusion, endotoxemia in horses resulted in electrolyte abnormalities that included hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and increased serum PTH and insulin concentrations.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Intestinal water and electrolyte flux of glucose-polymer electrolyte solutions.

Carbohydrate-containing beverages, designed for consumption during physical activity, have been shown to improve endurance and performance during prolonged exercise. However, any solution consumed during exercise should allow rapid water absorption to ensure proper hydration. In this study, nine healthy volunteers were used to assess intestinal water and electrolyte flux characteristics of two carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions compared with water. One solution (GPF) contained 5.0% glucose polymers and 2.0% fructose, while the other (GPFS) contained 3.6% glucose polymers, 1.8% fructose, and 1.6% sucrose. Both solutions contained similar amounts of sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, and calcium (10, 10, 5, 1.2, and 3.2 mEq X l-1, respectively). Solutions were administered via a triple-lumen perfusion tube placed just distal to the ligament of Treitz in the small intestine. Polyethylene glycol (5 g X l-1) was employed as a non-absorbable marker to measure water and mineral fluxes. Results indicated that: jejunal intestinal net water absorption was similar for the GPF carbohydrate-mineral solution when compared with perfusion of plain water and replacement of a portion of the glucose-polymer with sucrose significantly slowed net water absorption when compared with perfusion of plain water. Net sodium, chloride, and potassium absorption also were not different for either of the two perfusates. These findings suggest that the water and mineral fluxes association with these solutions are not different from water alone. Therefore, the gastric emptying rate remains as the primary limiting factor in delivering water, carbohydrate, and minerals to the body.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

[Variations of glucose, fructose, sorbite and electrolyte concentration following intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of sorbite-electrolyte solution to cattle and sheep].

Different quantities of sorbite-electrolyte solution were intravenously administered to eight heads of cattle and four heads of sheep (application values being 50 g sorbite, 0.3049 g MgCl2-6H2O, 0.3728 g KCl, 0.5477 g CaCl2-6H2O, 5.265 g NaCl, 6.804 g sodium acetate-3H2O with 1,000 ml distilled water). Different rises of sorbite, fructose, and glucose were recorded from the blood plasma. Certain manifestations of incompatibility and intolerance phenomena were observed, among them increase of cardiorespiratory activity and muscular tremor. Those findings were obtained primarily from animals which exhibited also strong rise in glucose concentration. One of the sheep died. Larger quantities of solution (2,000 ml or 4,000 ml) were intraperitoneally applied to ten heads of cattle and tolerated by them with no reaction. Sorbite in blood plasma usually reached its maximum two or three hours from application, however, without any rise of fructose or glucose. Slow drip infusion or intraperitoneal infusion are the techniques recommended for application of the above sorbite-electrolyte solution to ruminants.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Development of an electrolytic system using solid-supported bases for in situ generation of a supporting electrolyte from methanol as a solvent.

We have successfully developed a novel electrolytic system using solid-supported bases for in situ generation of a supporting electrolyte from methanol as a solvent. Anodic methoxylation of phenyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl sulfide using solid-supported bases was carried out to provide the alpha-methoxylated product in good to excellent yields. The alpha-methoxylated product and solid-supported bases were easily separated by only filtration, and the separated solid-supported bases were recyclable. Anodic methoxylation of phenyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl sulfide was successfully carried out 10 times by the recycling of silica gel-supported piperidine in good yields.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

A 7.72% efficient dye sensitized solar cell based on novel necklace-like polymer gel electrolyte containing latent chemically cross-linked gel electrolyte precursors.

Novel necklace-like polymer gel electrolytes containing latent chemically cross-linked gel electrolyte precursors were prepared for quasi-solid dye sensitized solar cells with a highest efficiency of 7.72% and an active area of 0.25 cm2 under AM1.5 condition at 100 mW cm(-2) irradiation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

Renal function and electrolyte levels in hyperthyroidism: urinary protein excretion and the plasma concentrations of urea, creatinine, uric acid, hydrogen ion and electrolytes.

In order to help clarify the effects of hyperthyroidism on renal function and electrolyte metabolism, we measured the venous plasma concentrations of urea, creatinine, urate, hydrogen ion and electrolytes, and the urinary concentrations of total protein, albumin, retinol-binding protein, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity, and creatinine in patients when hyperthyroid and again after they had been euthyroid for at least 4 months. Significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in the mean plasma concentrations of urate and chloride and significant increases in creatinine, total CO2 and hydrogen ion mean concentrations were observed when the patients became euthyroid. The mean concentrations of sodium, potassium and urea did not change significantly. The values of the ratios total protein/creatinine, albumin/creatinine, N-acetylglucosaminidase/creatinine and retinol-binding protein/creatinine were all significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated in random urine specimens obtained from hyperthyroid patients as compared to the values when euthyroid. Mild proteinuria occurs in most thyrotoxic patients which does not appear to be due predominantly to either glomerular or tubular renal injury. The changes in plasma analytes that were observed may be attributed to increases in glomerular filtration rate and tissue nucleic acid turnover and a tendency to respiratory alkalosis in the hyperthyroid patients.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

PubMed1990

[A toxicologic hygiene evaluation of electrolytic oxygen obtained from the water in a system with a solid polymeric electrolyte].

The authors evaluated the problems of hygienic aspects of oxygen obtained by the method of electrolytic decomposition of water with a different content of chemical substances in the system with a hard polymere electrolyte. On the basis of sanitary-chemical qualities and toxicological properties electrolysis gaseous oxygen may be recommended for use in creating an artificial gaseous atmosphere in hermetically sealed compartments in mixture with gaseous nitrogen (ratio 1:4).

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Experimental research on the process of decomposition of a CO2-CO-H2O-H2-N2 gas mixture in an electrolytic cell with a solid electrolyte].

The experimental investigation was carried out in an electrolytic cell having the form of a short tube and containing a solid electrolyte of the following composition 0.9 ZrO2-0.1 Y2O3. The concentration of the gaseous mixtures investigated [H/C]00 varied in the range 0.22 to 18.0. The cathode polarization of the cell with platinum electrodes was measured as a function of the composition of the gaseous mixture [H/C]00 and oxygen content [O/C + H]0 at the temperatures 800, 900 and 1000 degrees C. The measurements demonstrated that the cell cathode polarization decreased as the water concentration in the starting mixture increased. The dependence of the cell cathode polarization on the oxygen content had minima in a specific range of the values [O/C + H]0. The minimal narrowed and shifted towards lower rations of [O/C + H]0. Simultaneously, the cell cathode polarization decreased as the water content in the starting gaseous mixture increased (ratio of [H/C]00).

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed1975

[Changes in serum electrolyte concentration and in urinary electrolyte excretion during the infusion of glucose or glucose substitutes].

In groups of volunteers the concentration differences of phosphate potassium and sodium in serum were measured during 48-hour continuous infusion of glucose or glucose substitutes (fructose, sorbitol or xylitol). The dosage was 0.25 g/kg BW/hour. Additionally, the effect of fructose infusion in a dosage of 0.5 g/kg BW/hour was observed. Besides, the urinary excretion of sodium and of potassium was analysed. In contrast to short-term and high-dosed infusions of glucose or glucose substitutes, the phosphate concentration in serum was scarcely influenced. Only during high-dosed fructose infusion and during infusion of xylitol and sorbitol a small decrease in serum phosphate concentration was noticed. The effect of xylitol is pronounced. Additionally, the sodium concentration in serum was especially decreased during xylitol infusion. With regard to the sodium excretion - and less pronounced with regard to the potassium excretion - a gradual adaptation to the infusion of the electrolyte-free solution is observed. The excretion of the cations is more and more decreased. In particular the excretion of sodium and of potassium is very high in the initial period, i.e. in the course of the first twelve hours of the xylitol infusions. On the other hand, the potassium excretion is very low in the final period of the infusion of xylitol (during 36 hours up to 48 hours) in comparison to the other sugars.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Multivalent weak electrolytes - risky background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis.

Multivalent weak acids and bases are useful components of buffers in electrophoresis. The use of such buffers as background electrolytes (BGEs) in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is, however, risky due to the existence of unsafe regions in the analytical window of the separation. This contribution discusses the problems and shows that multivalent weak species in BGEs bring about the same effects as mixtures of two independent co-ions, i.e., the presence of two centers of symmetry in the electropherograms and the existence of a migrating system zone with a mobility in between these two centers of symmetry. The system zone deteriorates the analytical separation and detection of the analytes in its neighborhood. Illustrative experimental examples for both cationic and anionic CZE are shown and related discussion is given. Finally, some basic rules are formulated to avoid the preparation of risky BGEs.

Acids↗

PubMed1980

Electrolyte and non-electrolyte distribution in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cells during the cell cycle.

In a previous study, evidence was presented for changes in the state of water and osmotically active solutes during the cell cycle. Total water was constant at 82% (w/w), while the fraction of water that was osmotically active decreased from a maximum during S to a minimum at mitosis. Total Na+, K+, and C1- in milliequivalents per liter of cell water remained constant. Therefore, electrolytes are sequestered in the osmotically inactive water. Evidence is now presented that Na+ exists primarily as one compartment, with a second, slower compartment appearing during S and disappearing during G2. Na+ is completely exchangeable during the entire cell cycle. The distribution of other penetrating solutes was also investigated. When placed in hyperosmotic ethylene glycol solutions, cells first shrink, then swell to their original volumes. 14C-ethylene glycol distributes in 89% of cell water throughout the cell cycle. However, 14C-urea distributes in anywhere from 86-100% of the cell water, depending on the stage in the cell cycle. Both solutes are at chemical equilibrium in water in which they are distributed, but they differ in their effects on cell volume. The final volume at which cells equilibrate in urea varies with the concentration of urea in the environment and with time into the cell cycle. Results suggest a loss of osmotically active particles or decreased osmotic activity of urea.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Mean activity coefficients for the simple electrolyte in aqueous mixtures of polyelectrolyte and simple electrolyte. V. Common counterion mixtures of alkali-metal dextransulfates with alkali metal chlorides.

Mean molal activity coefficients of simple electrolyte in aqueous solutions of Li, Na, K or Cs salts of dextransulfate (DS) with added LiCl, NaCl, KCl or CsCl are reported. The measurements were carried out by means of an electrochemical cell method using a cation exchange membrane as cation selective electrode and Ag/AgCl electrodes. For LiDS-LiCl, NaDS-NaCl and CsDS-CsCl systems the polymer concentration, mp, was varied from 0.0088 to 0.113 m and at a given mp the ratio X of the polymer to salt concentration was varied from 0.5 to 16. Due to the insolubility of KDS in high concentration of KCl, the measurements on KDS-KCl system were performed in the mp range of 0.0088--0.089 m and some of the smaller X values were omitted. The activity coefficient results are compared to Manning's limiting laws, the additivity rule, and to new limiting laws. The additivity rule can give an excellent representation of the data for all mp values when gammap is used as an adjustable parameter.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed2005

A randomized single-blind trial of split-dose PEG-electrolyte solution without dietary restriction compared with whole dose PEG-electrolyte solution with dietary restriction for colonoscopy preparation.

BACKGROUND: Colonoscopy preparation regimens are poorly tolerated, requiring the use of a large volume of an unpalatable solution and diet restriction for adequate cleansing. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two regimens of bowel preparation before colonoscopy: a whole dose of polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (PEG-E), with diet restriction vs. a split dose with no diet restriction. METHODS: A total of 141 patients (ages 20-84 years, 81 men) were randomly assigned to receive either 4 L PEG-E, along with a liquid diet the day before colonoscopy (Group A) or 2 L PEG-E with a regular diet the day before colonoscopy followed by another 2 L PEG-E on the day of the procedure (Group B). The quality of the preparation was graded by the endoscopist (poor to excellent), who was blinded to the type of preparation. Tolerability of the assigned preparation and adverse effects were recorded by an independent investigator by using a questionnaire administered before colonoscopy. Intra- and interobserver variability was studied by using randomly chosen videotapes of colonoscopies performed as part of the study. RESULTS: There were 73 patients in Group A and 68 patients in Group B. The quality of the preparation was significantly better in Group B ( p = 0.011). The tolerability of the preparation regimen was not different overall between study groups in terms of side effects (except for bloating, which was more frequent in Group B, p = 0.039) or willingness to repeat the preparation. There was a nonsignificant trend toward improved adherence to the assigned preparation in favor of Group B ( p = 0.062). Inter- and intraobserver variability analysis showed good to excellent correlation among endoscopists. CONCLUSIONS: Colonic preparation with split-dose PEG-E and no dietary restriction provides better quality colon cleansing than whole-dose preparation, with no significant impact on patient tolerability and side effects.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis. I. System eigenpeaks and resonance in systems with strong electrolytes.

A background electrolyte system for capillary zone electrophoresis which is composed of three strong univalent ionic constituents is investigated. The ion 1 is considered as a counter-ion and two ions, 2 and 3, are considered as co-ions in relation to the analyte ion 4. We investigate the linearized model of electromigration in such a system and calculate the eigenvalues of a corresponding matrix. The model is formulated in such a way that the eigenvalues of the system are certain mobilities, which we call eigenmobilites, which characterize specific features of the electtrophoretic migration. One of the eigenmobilities is the system eigenmobility u(s) causing the rise of the system peak, called here the system eigenpeak. A situation when the analyte has the same mobility as the system eigenmobility, u(4) = u(s), is analyzed in detail. We show that it leads to the resonance-the mutual jump in the concentration profile of both co-ions, 2 and 3, has a shape of the spatial derivation of the originally sampled analyte profile and, moreover, it grows linearly with time. After a sufficiently long time it can be "amplified" to any value. The resonance has then a great impact on signals of indirect detection methods, like indirect UV detection or conductivity detection. In the framework of the linearized model the relative velocity slope S(x), a measure of electromigration dispersion, is expressed as S(x) = F(u(1) + u(4))(u(2) - u(4))(u(3) - u(4))/[u(4)(u(s) - u(4))], where u(i) is the mobility of the ith ion and F is the Faraday constant. As in practice the concentration of the analyte is not infinitely small and has a certain finite value, the analyte will be at the resonance severely dispersed to a much broader spatial interval. When a specific detector is used, the signal of such an analyte can apparently be missed without any notice.

Electrolytes↗