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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Annual emergence patterns of Culex nigripalpus females before, during and after a widespread St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in south Florida.

Resting Culex nigripalpus females were collected from the same site at least 3 times a week from January 1986 through December 1991. Newly emerged mosquitoes were used to monitor annual emergence patterns that were rainfall driven. Four of the years, 1986-89, preceded the 1990 St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) epidemic in south Florida. The pre-epidemic period averaged 4 emergences per year, with most occurring during July and August. The emergence patterns observed during the epidemic year were unusual in their early start in May and June and in the total number (11) observed. Adult mosquito emergences in 1991 were similar to those in 1990, with an early start and a total of 14 observed, yet no SLE transmission was recorded in Indian River County during 1991. A time series analysis of the 6-year data set showed a significant cross-correlation between the emergence of Cx. nigripalpus females and heavy (> 50 mm) rains. A significant adult emergence occurred 5-8 days and 12-15 days following a heavy rainfall event.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of Japanese encephalitis epidemic in Western Nepal in 1997.

We conducted an epidemiological study of a Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreak in the southwestern part of Nepal in 1997. A high density of JE infections was found and it was estimated that 27.9% the total population were infected with JE virus in the study area. The fatality rate was 13.2% and there was no difference in the fatality rate between males and females over 5 years old. However, the case fatality rate was 2.1 times higher in females than in males (14.6% vs. 6.9%) among children under 5 years of age. Fifty-three blood samples were collected from suspected JE cases during the epidemic period in 1998. Findings for JE specific IgM revealed that clinical diagnoses of JE were serologically confirmed in an average 78% (70-93%) of patients in three collaborating hospitals. These studies demonstrated that JE was highly prevalent in the area and clinical diagnoses were reliable. Effective preventive measures should be taken against this vaccine-preventable disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania.

BACKGROUND: West Nile fever (WNF) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus infection endemic in Africa and Asia. In 1996, the first major WNF epidemic in Europe occurred in Romania, with a high rate of neurological infections. We investigated the epidemic to characterise transmission patterns in this novel setting and to determine its origin. METHODS: Hospital-based surveillance identified patients admitted with acute aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in 40 Romanian districts, including Bucharest. Infection was confirmed with IgM capture and indirect IgG ELISAs. In October, 1996, we surveyed outpatients in Bucharest and seven other districts to estimate seroprevalence and to detect infected patients not admitted to hospital. We also measured the rates of infection and seropositivity in mosquitoes and birds, respectively. RESULTS: Between July 15 and Oct 12, we identified 393 patients with serologically confirmed or probable WNF infection, of whom 352 had acute central-nervous-system infections. 17 patients older than 50 years died. Fatality/case ratio and disease incidence increased with age. The outbreak was confined to 14 districts in the lower Danube valley and Bucharest (attack rate 12.4/100000 people) with a seroprevalence of 4.1%. The number of mild cases could not be estimated. WN virus was recovered from Culex pipiens mosquitoes, the most likely vector, and antibodies to WN virus were found in 41% of domestic fowl. INTERPRETATION: The epidemic in Bucharest reflected increased regional WNF transmission in 1996. Epidemics of Cx pipiens-borne WNF could occur in other European cities with conditions conducive to transmission.

Adolescent↗