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PubMed1992

Relation of level of exercise, age, and weight-cycling history to weight and eating concerns in male and female runners.

We examined the association between level of exercise and degree of weight preoccupation in a large sample of male and female runners, as well as risk factors posited to influence weight and eating concerns in the general population. Subjects were 2,459 males and 1,786 females who had completed a questionnaire on weight and eating concerns in a national running magazine. Eight percent of the males and 24% of the females had symptomatic scores on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). Exercise level, defined as weekly running mileage, was positively associated with excessive weight and eating concerns in males but not in females. Both sexes with a history of weight cycling were more likely to have symptomatic EAT scores than those with no such history. These results highlight the importance of studying these concerns in males as well as females and of examining the role of exercise level and weight-cycling history in the development of serious weight preoccupations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Fear of abandonment and binge eating. A subliminal psychodynamic activation investigation.

Dependency and fear of abandonment by significant others have been theoretically linked to eating disorders, particularly bulimia. This research investigates the hypothesis that unconscious fear of abandonment is one variable underlying binge eating episodes in bulimia. An analogue population of 40 "high eating disorder" undergraduate women and 40 undergraduate women with normal eating patterns viewed either an abandonment or a control stimulus presented at either subliminal (4 msec) or supraliminal (200 msec) exposure durations. Following exposure to an abandonment stimulus, the high eating disorder group ate significantly more crackers in a bogus cracker rating task (p less than .001) than did subjects in any other condition. Contrary to predictions, a subliminal stimulus did not lead to a significant change in self-reported mood. Results provide preliminary support for the psychoanalytic hypothesis that binge eating is a defense against unconscious fear of abandonment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Reproductive functions in eating disorders.

This article reviews current knowledge about the effects of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and partial syndromes on ovulation, menstruation, sexuality, fertility, pregnancy and fetal-infant health. Eating disorders may result in failure to ovulate, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, reduced sex drive, infertility, hyperemesis gravidarum, low maternal weight gain in pregnancy, small babies for gestational date, low birth weight infants, increased neonatal morbidity and problems in infant feeding. The available information suggests that clinicians should inquire about nutritional intake, a history of eating disorders and weight reducing behaviours as part of the routine assessment of patients with the disorders of reproductive function listed above. If an eating disorder is discovered before conception, the woman should be encouraged to delay pregnancy until the eating disorder is treated and effectively under control. If the woman is pregnant, early diagnosis and treatment are essential to reduce maternal and fetal complications. The infants of eating-disordered women should be carefully followed to ensure adequate nutritional intake. Problems in reproductive function related to eating disorders offer rich opportunities for multispecialty collaboration in primary and secondary prevention programmes directed toward both mother and infant.

Anovulation↗

PubMed1992

Binge eating in the obese.

This review will first describe problems in the definition of the term binge eating, especially in the absence of purging (vomiting, laxative abuse). We highlight current approaches in the classification of obesity, and then provide an overview of the available literature on differences between obese binge eaters and obese non-binge eaters. Many studies indicate that binge eating is common among the female obese, with a frequency ranging from 23 to 46% among those seeking treatment for weight reduction. Despite differences in the definitions of binge eating and variability among the samples investigated, there is strong evidence that binge eaters represent a distinct subgroup among the obese. Binge eating obese exhibit significantly more eating and weight-related pathology, as well as more psychopathology compared to their non-binge eating obese counterparts.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

Dietary restraint anxiety and its relationship to human eating behavior.

Ninety-five female university students completed Stunkard and Messick's (Journal of Research Psychosomatic Research, 29, 71-83, 1985) Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, measuring three dimensions of human eating behavior: cognitive restraint, disinhibition, and hunger susceptibility. They were led through the visualization of a neutral or pleasant scene and a food scene, but were instructed that they would not be able to eat the food. Only hunger susceptibility was found to be significantly correlated with ratings of subjective anxiety (SUDS) and urge to eat in the not eating situation after any variability associated with the neutral scene was removed. That is, internal (hunger) and external (incentive) cues when linked to not eating are sources of anxiety. Treatment programmes for obesity might well include desensitization of these cues.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence for neuropeptide Y mediation of eating produced by food deprivation and for a variant of the Y1 receptor mediating this peptide's effect.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) elicits eating when injected directly into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or perifornical hypothalamus (PFH). To identify the essential regions of the NPY molecule and the relative contributions of Y1 and Y2 receptors, the eating stimulatory potency of NPY was compared to that of its fragments, analogues, and agonists when injected into the PVN or PFH of satiated rats. Additionally, antisera to NPY was injected into the cerebral ventricles (ICV) to determine whether passive immunization suppresses the eating produced by mild food deprivation. Tests with NPY fragments revealed that NPY(2-36) was surprisingly potent, nearly three times more so than intact NPY. In contrast, fragments with further N-terminal deletions were progressively less effective or ineffective, as was the free acid form of NPY. Collectively, this suggests that both N- and C-terminal regions of NPY participate in the stimulation of eating. Tests with agonists revealed that the putative Y1 agonist [Pro34]NPY elicited a strong dose-dependent feeding response, while the putative Y2 agonist, C2-NPY, had only a small effect at the highest doses. Although this suggests mediation by Y1 receptors, the uncharacteristically high potency of NPY(2-36) may additionally suggest that the receptor subtype underlying feeding is distinct from that mediating other responses. Additional results revealed that ICV injection of antisera to NPY, which should inactivate endogenous NPY, produced a concentration-dependent suppression of eating induced by mild food deprivation. This finding, along with published work demonstrating enhanced levels of hypothalamic NPY in food-deprived rats, suggests that endogenous NPY mediates the eating produced by deprivation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

Autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in genetically resistant mice mediated by a T cell line.

Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) can be induced in genetically susceptible strains of mice by immunization to mouse thyroglobulin (Tg). EAT also can be produced by administration of anti-mouse Tg T cell lines and clones. Previously we were able to raise virulent anti-Tg T cell lines from mice genetically susceptible to EAT. These virulent lines, upon attenuation, were able to vaccinate the susceptible mice against EAT. We now report the isolation of a virulent T cell line from C57BL/6 mice genetically resistant to EAT. The T cell line and its clones recognize a Tg epitope cross-reactive between mouse and bovine Tg. Unexpectedly, the virulent anti-Tg line attenuated in various ways failed to vaccinate C57BL/6 mice against EAT mediated by the line itself. These results shed some light on the regulation of autoimmunity.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Estrogenic effects of an antiestrogen, MER-25, on eating and body weight in rats.

Ethamoxytriphetol, MER-25, which acts as an estrogen antagonist on other estrogen-sensitive behaviors and in peripheral tissues, was found to be fully estrogenic with respect to eating behavior and body weight regulation. The MER-25 causes decreases in eating and weight gain that are not due to toxicity, as indicated by its failure to induce a learned aversion to saccharin and by its failure to alter spontaneous activity. Estradiol benzoate (EB) and MER-25 similarly affect eating and body weight in gonadectomized rats: Both cause a transient decrease in food intake and a permanent decrease in body weight relative to controls; the eating and body weight effects of both MER-25 and EB are attenuated by progesterone; and both MER-25 and EB affect females more than males. Because of its full estrogenicity, MER-25 fails to antagonize the effects of EB on eating and body weight while simultaneously antagonizing effects of EB on sexual behavior, the uterus, and the vagina. The results indicate that the systems mediating the effects of estrogens on eating and body weight differ biochemically from other behavioral and somatic estrogen-sensitive systems.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Methodology and theory in human eating research.

Current research in human eating is assessed from the perspective of current research methods which stress laboratory research, the use of artificial foods rather than real meals, shorter term studies, animal models, and abnormal eating models and an emphasis on sensory and physiological factors rather than social, cultural and contextual factors. The proposal is made to refocus more human eating research on real people eating real foods in real eating situations.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Views and Experiences of People With Dementia, Informal Caregivers and Professionals on Eating and Drinking Difficulties: A Qualitative Systematic Review.

AIM: This study aims to explore the views and experiences of people with dementia, informal caregivers and professionals regarding eating and drinking difficulties. DESIGN: A qualitative systematic review was conducted. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines were used to conduct this systematic review. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research, and the data were thematically synthesised using Thomas and Harden's three-stage method. DATA SOURCES: Six electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL and PsycINFO) were searched from their respective inception dates to August 2025 to identify relevant studies. RESULTS: Thematic analysis of the 16 included studies identified four key themes: (1) Physiological and psychological changes in people with dementia and caregivers; (2) factors influencing eating and drinking in people with dementia; (3) needs and recommendations for people with dementia, informal caregivers and professionals; (4) selection of eating methods for end-stage people with dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Eating and drinking difficulties affect the well-being of both patients and caregivers. A good dining environment improves mealtime pleasure but demands caregivers' time and energy. All parties emphasised the importance of effective communication. In end-stage dementia, professional assistance is crucial for enteral nutrition decisions. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Collaboration among patients, caregivers and professionals is vital for creating tailored nutritional plans and improving mealtime environments, thereby enhancing nutritional intake. In advanced dementia, providers must provide balanced information on comfort feeding versus enteral nutrition to aid decision-making. IMPACT: What problems were addressed in this study? This study addressed the lack of a consolidated, tri-perspective understanding of eating and drinking difficulties in dementia care settings. What are the main findings? Four key themes were identified: physiological and psychological changes, influencing factors, stakeholder needs and end-of-life decision-making. Where and on whom will the research have an impact? This will impact care practices for people with dementia and inform the training and support of informal caregivers and healthcare professionals.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Microinjection of opioid antagonists into the substantia nigra reduces stress-induced eating in rats.

Stress produced by pinching the tail has been shown to cause satiated animals to eat and to display oral stereotypies. Endogenous opioids and central dopamine systems have been implicated in the mediation of these effects. In order to test the possibility that the substantia nigra (SN) might be involved, the amount of food intake and gnawing produced by mild tail pinch were assessed following bilateral microinjections of opioid antagonists into the SN. Evaluations of nociceptive thresholds were also conducted using tail flick and hot plate tests. Eating induced by tail pinch was reduced by microinjections of the non-selective opioid antagonist naloxone (3, 10, 20 and 30 nmol) and by the mu-selective antagonist Cys2, Tyr3, Orn5, Pen7 Amide (CTOP) (1, 3 and 10 nmol). These effects on eating occurred in the absence of effects on gnawing. kappa- and delta-antagonists (10 nmol) had no effect on eating or gnawing. Naloxone did not alter either tail flick or hot-plate response latencies. The highest dose of CTOP increased response latency on the hot-plate test only. The results are interpreted as suggesting that the SN may be an important central site of action for opioid antagonists in reducing stress-induced eating. The possibility that the SN may be a central site mediating the effects of dopamine on this phenomenon is also discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

The Eating Attitudes Test: an index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa.

Data on the development of a 40-item measure of the symptoms in anorexia nervosa are reported. The scale (EAT) is presented in a 6-point, forced choice, self-report format which is easily administered and scored. The EAT was validated using 2 groups of female anorexia nervosa patients (N = 32 and 33) and female control subjects (N = 34 and 59). Total EAT score was significantly correlated with criterion group membership (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001), suggesting a high level of concurrent validity. There was very little overlap in the frequency distributions of the 2 groups and only 7% of the normal controls scored as high as the lowest anorexic patient. Female obese and male subjects also scored significantly lower on the EAT than anorexics. Recovered anorexic patients scored in the normal range on the test, suggesting that the EAT is sensitive to clinical remission.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Eating behaviour in obese and normal weight 11-year-old children.

The eating behaviour of 23 normal weight and 20 obese 11-year-old children was measured by the computerized eating monitor VIKTOR. The total intake of food, duration of consumption, rate of consumption and the relative rate of consumption were measured during two lunch meals. Subjective motivation to eat and food preferences were also measured. The obese children ate faster (P less than 0.05) and did not slow down their eating rate towards the end of the meal (P less than 0.05) as much as normal weight children. The obese children also described themselves as having less motivation to eat before lunch than normal weight children (P less than 0.05). A deficient satiety signal or an impared response to such signals in obese subjects could possibly explain these differences found.

Child↗

PubMed1992

N-methyl-D-aspartate lesions of the lateral hypothalamus do not reduce amphetamine or fenfluramine anorexia but enhance the acquisition of eating in response to tail pinch in the rat.

These experiments examine the acquisition of tail pinch-induced eating and responses to the anorectic agents d-amphetamine and d,l-fenfluramine by rats bearing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) lesions of the lateral hypothalamus. Lesioned rats lost weight following surgery but had no significant eating or drinking difficulties in the home cage (Clark et al. 1990). The acquisition of eating in response to tail pinch was enhanced in lateral hypothalamic-lesioned rats: they ate on earlier test sessions than controls and less pressure was required to elicit eating. Home cage food intake over the period when tail pinch was being examined was not affected by the lateral hypothalamic lesions. There were no significant differences between lateral hypothalamic-lesioned and control rats in terms of their anorectic responses to either d-amphetamine or d,l-fenfluramine, though the lesioned rats had a lower baseline intake. These data suggest that the lateral hypothalamus is not an important site for the mediation of amphetamine or fenfluramine anorexia but is involved in the acquisition of tail pinch-induced eating. The disinhibition of responding to tail pinch by lateral hypothalamic lesions is discussed in terms of the possible role the lateral hypothalamus plays in regulating cortical activity. The role of the medial hypothalamus and non-hypothalamic systems in the response to anorectic drugs and tail pinch is discussed.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1992

The single-item meal as a measure of binge-eating behavior in patients with bulimia nervosa.

To determine whether the characteristics of binge eating could be observed in a single-item meal, in a laboratory, patients with bulimia nervosa and controls ate two single-item meals and two multiple-item meals. When they were instructed to binge eat, the patients ate significantly more and for a longer time on both single- and multiple-item meals than did controls. When they were instructed not to binge, intakes of the two groups did not differ. Controls, but not most of the patients, showed deceleration in their eating rate when they were asked to binge. Intakes of the single- and multiple-item meals were significantly correlated for the patients under both sets of instructions. These results are consistent with previous reports in indicating that patients with bulimia nervosa eat differently from controls and suggest that a single-item meal can be used to examine the characteristics of binge eating in patients with bulimia nervosa.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

A Qualitative Analysis of Cancer Survivors' Experience in a Time-Restricted Eating vs Control Clinical Trial to Address Cancer-Related Fatigue.

PURPOSE: To describe cancer survivors' lived experiences in a clinical trial that tested an individualized nutrition counseling with or without time-restricted eating to address cancer-related fatigue. METHODS: The Fatigue REDuction After cancer study was a two-arm, randomized controlled trial. Participants were adult cancer survivors who were 2 months to 2 years post-treatment. All participants received individualized nutrition counseling; those in the time-restricted eating group self-selected a consistent 10-hour eating window for 12 weeks. After the study, semi-structured exit interviews were conducted to gauge participants' experiences in the trial. Interviews were transcribed and two independent coders thematically analyzed the interviews using inductive and deductive coding. NVivo software was used for data organization and analysis. RESULTS: Participants (n = 24; TRE = 11; Control = 13) were 55 ± 13 years old, 75% were female, and they had a variety of cancer types. The majority of participants found that being in the study helped them to set and achieve lifestyle goals and would therefore recommend the study to others. Participants in the time-restricted eating group noted that time-restricted eating helped them set a better routine, providing a positive sense of control. However, some noted difficulty switching to a 14-hour fasting schedule, as it can interfere with their regular routine or employment schedules. Many participants noted they were happy that cancer-related fatigue was gaining more attention, hoping to find solutions for persistent cancer-related fatigue. CONCLUSION: The majority of participants found the study useful and, regardless of their group assignment or the intervention's impact on their fatigue, found the study helped them to gain better control of their dietary habits.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Patterns of unhealthy eating behaviours in a middle aged Scottish population.

This paper examines unhealthy eating in a middle aged Scottish population. Data from a 1989 survey of 500 Scottish men and women aged 45 to 59 years are used to explore inter-relations among five items of unhealthy eating, smoking and alcohol consumption. The results show that unhealthy eating behaviours are highly correlated, indicating strong links among certain nutrition habits. The findings also reveal that such patterns of unhealthy eating vary considerably between males and females. Finally, unhealthy eating behaviours were also found to be significantly associated with smoking and alcohol consumption. Implications of these findings for future research in epidemiology and health promotion are considered.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Abnormal eating attitudes among a group of Nigerian youths: II. Anorexic behaviour.

A survey of a total of 644 female Nigerian high-school, college and university undergraduate students was conducted to examine abnormal eating attitudes associated with anorexic behaviour. Using a cut-off score of 20 on the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), overall prevalence of disordered eating attitudes was found to be 14.1%. Prevalence figures for the high-school, university, and college samples were 18.6%, 9.1% and 21.7% respectively. These findings are comparable to those from western countries and suggests that nowadays abnormal eating attitudes associated with anorexia behaviour may be a universal phenomenon that transcends cultural boundaries, contrary to the earlier notion that they were restricted to western countries.

Adolescent↗