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PubMed1991

Life-style: marital status, education, living situation, social contacts, personal habits (smoking, drinking). Euronut SENECA investigators.

Data on marital status, living conditions and social contacts of 2586 elderly persons living in 19 towns from 12 European countries, who were born between 1913 and 1918, and who participated in the Euronut SENECA study on Nutrition of the Elderly in Europe, reflect on the whole a high quality of life in the elderly population of these small traditional European towns. Housing offers adequate comfort in general and many elderly people have access to gardens. In most survey towns the majority of men and women of this age group have at least one child within the town or nearer. In some of the southern and eastern towns 40% or more live with their children. In most survey towns 30-50% of the women live alone (more than 50% in the Danish and Norwegian towns Roskilde and Elverum) but in general social nets are strong enough to prevent the danger of acute isolation. But in four towns (Roskilde/Denmark, Chateau Renault-Amboise/France, Elverum/Norway and Padua/Italy) 10-13% of all women lived alone and did not know a neighbour well enough to call on for help. In three towns (Monor/Hungary, Vila Franca de Xira/Portugal and Marki/Poland) social contacts were distinctly less frequent than in all other towns and participation in community activities virtually non-existent. These were the same towns in which substantial groups reported food budgeting problems. Danger of isolation, however, seemed to be rather low. A high intensity of social contacts and no danger of acute isolation in spite of relatively few available children was noted in the German-speaking town of Switzerland (Burgdorf). Further analyses will have to test whether food consumption or nutritional status is related to any of the studied life-style factors.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

The Columbia population study. III. Volunteer status, educational background, and plasma total cholesterol level in a prepaid health care program.

From 1972 through 1975 a study of plasma lipid levels was conducted at the Columbia Medical Plan (a prepaid group practice in an upper-middle-class suburban community) in accordance with nationally standardized interview, blood-drawing and laboratory procedures of the Lipid Research Clinics Program. Data were obtained from a large group of volunteers from the plan as well as from subjects selected by random sampling from membership rolls. Of 2,591 fasting, nonpregnant adults (age greater than or equal to 20 years), 825 were volunteers and 1,766 were randomly selected subjects. Analysis of the plasma total cholesterol values indicated a possible association of volunteer status and higher educational levels with a lower plasma total cholesterol level. Age- and sex-specific comparisons confirmed this finding, although the magnitude of the differences was quite small from the standpoint of clinical risk. The data suggest that even within educational strata, self-selection for cholesterol screening was associated with a lower cholesterol level.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Low educational status is a risk factor for mortality among diabetic people.

Diabetes mellitus and its complications are an important cause of mortality in Western populations. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between self-reported diabetes mellitus, gender, attained level of education, and socio-economic resources to all-cause mortality risk in a simple random sample of 39055 subjects, aged 25 to 74 years. Follow-up data were obtained for a maximum of 16 years, from baseline (1979-1985) to 31 December 1995. Diabetic males (2.2% of the male study group) had a relative risk (RR) for total mortality of 2.24 (CI = 1.96-2.57), adjusted for age, education, marital status, housing tenure, and car ownership, compared with non-diabetic males. The corresponding figure for females with diabetes (1.9%) was RR = 3.67 (CI = 3.16-4.27). Diabetic women had the highest age-adjusted mortality risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) of 8 compared with non-diabetic women. The corresponding RR for men was just below 3 (p<0.0001). Males and females (with and without diabetes) of low attained educational level had a RR = 1.26 (CI = 1.15-1.39) and RR = 1.54 (CI = 1.31-1.81), respectively. When analysing all people with diabetes separately, adjusting for sex and age, low-educated subjects had a 40% excess all-cause mortality compared with high-educated subjects. We conclude that diabetic women have a very high relative risk for CHD mortality compared to non-diabetic women. Furthermore, diabetic people with a low attained level of education, have an increased vulnerability to, and a higher total mortality.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrition status, education participation, and school achievement among Kenyan middle-school children.

OBJECTIVE: The intervening effects of nutrition status on school attendance rates among Kenyan middle school pupils were assessed. The study also examined the effects of nutrition status on primary school achievement scores for the eighth-grade class of 1997. METHODS: Data were obtained on 851 pupils enrolled in the five indexed schools. Anthropometric measures included weight for age, height for age, and relative weight for height, and the values were derived from the raw data. Percentage of attendance rates derived from daily school attendance and raw scores on the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education were the measures of educational participation and achievement. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, analyses of variance, correlation, and linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-nine percent of the children fell below the 90% cutoff value for acceptable relative weight for height. The percentages of the population falling below -2 standard deviations on indices for height for age and weight for age were 16.64 and 3.78, respectively. Univariate analyses showed that anthropometric assessment varied by school and sex. School attendance rates varied by school and grade. Achievement scores on the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education varied by school and the interaction of sex by school. Regression analysis showed attendance rate to be the strongest predictor of achievement, followed by relative weight for height. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of nutritional stress is a significant educational problem in this population. The association between attendance rate and nutrition status is a function of socioeconomic status. The predictive effect of nutrition status on educational achievement is more evident for girls with poor socioeconomic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The relationship between cigarette smoking and education revisited: implications for categorizing persons' educational status.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to reassess the relationship between cigarette smoking and education. METHODS: Data from the 1983 to 1991 National Health Interview Survey for participants aged 25 years and older were used to plot the prevalence of current smoking, ever smoking, heavy smoking, and smoking cessation, as well as the adjusted log odds ratios, by years of education. RESULTS: The "less than high school graduate" category consisted of two groups with distinct smoking patterns: persons with 0 to 8 years and persons with 9 to 11 years of education. The latter were the most likely to be current, ever, and heavy smokers and the least likely to have quit smoking, whereas the former were similar to persons having 12 years of education. After 11 years of education, the likelihood of smoking decreased and that of smoking cessation increased with each successive year of education. These results persisted after the statistical adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, poverty status, employment status, marital status, geographic region, and year of survey. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between smoking and education is not monotonic. Thus, when evaluating smoking in relation to education, researchers should categorize years of education as follows: 0 to 8, 9 to 11, 12, 13 to 15, and 16 or more years.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

All-cause and cause-specific death rates by educational status for two million people in two American Cancer Society cohorts, 1959-1996.

Low socioeconomic status is associated with high mortality, but the extent to which socioeconomic status affects particular diseases and whether socioeconomic status effects have changed over time are uncertain. The authors used education as a marker for socioeconomic status in a study of two large American Cancer Society cohorts (follow-up, 1959-1996). Low education was associated with higher death rates in both cohorts from all causes and most specific causes, except breast cancer and external causes among women. Life expectancy in the more recent cohort was 4.8 years shorter for men and 2.7 years shorter for women for the least versus the most educated. The inverse relation between education and mortality was strongest for coronary heart disease, lung cancer, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; moderate for colorectal cancer, external causes (men only), and stroke; weak for prostate cancer; and reversed for external causes among women. The direction of a weak gradient for breast cancer differed for those with and without prevalent breast cancer at baseline. Adjustment for conventional risk factors, probable intermediate variables between education and mortality, diminished but did not eliminate the observed educational/mortality gradients. Temporal trends showed increasing mortality differences by education for coronary heart disease, diabetes, and lung cancer for women.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Educational status, coronary heart disease, and coronary risk factor prevalence in a rural population of India.

OBJECTIVE: To define the association between educational level and prevalence of coronary heart disease and coronary risk factors in India. DESIGN: Total community cross sectional survey with a doctor administered questionnaire, physical examination, and electrocardiography. SETTING: A cluster of three villages in rural Rajasthan, western India. SUBJECTS: 3148 residents aged over 20 (1982 men, 1166 women) divided into various groups according to years of formal schooling. RESULTS: Illiteracy and low educational levels were associated with less prestigious occupations (agricultural and farm labouring) and inferior housing. There was an inverse correlation of educational level with age (rank correlation: mean -0.45, women -0.49). The prevalence of coronary heart disease (diagnosed by electrocardiography) was significantly higher among uneducated and less educated people and showed an inverse relation with education in both sexes. Among uneducated and less educated people there was a higher prevalence of the coronary risk factors smoking and hypertension. Educational level showed a significant inverse correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age showed that educational level had an inverse relation with prevalence of electrocardiographically diagnosed coronary heart disease (odds ratio: men 0.82, women 0.53), hypertension (men 0.88, women 0.56), and smoking (men 0.73, women 0.65) but not with hypercholesterolaemia and obesity. The inverse relation of coronary heart disease with educational level abated after adjustment for smoking, physical activity, body mass index, and blood pressure (odds ratio: men 0.98, women 0.78). CONCLUSION: Uneducated and less educated people in rural India have a higher prevalence of coronary heart disease and of the coronary risk factors smoking and hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Age, experience, educational status, and differences in income: the United States and Brazil].

"This paper analyses age and experience profiles of earnings inequality for American and Brazilian males. Decomposition of the inequality profiles using a human capital framework clarifies the determinants of cross-section inequality profiles and demonstrates a number of important differences in the shape of the two countries' profiles and in their underlying components. Changes in the distribution of schooling across cohorts are shown to play a central role in explaining cross-section inequality profiles within each country and in explaining differences in earnings inequality in the United States and Brazil." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[Influence of educational status on a screening test for dementia, the Mini-Mental State Examination].

This study aimed to examine the relationships between the educational level and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) total scores and its different items. In a survey dealing with cerebral aging, the MMSE administered 2,792 subjects aged 65 years and over, who continued to live at home. The total score decreased with age and increased markedly when the educational level rose. The proportion of failures was higher than or equal to 10% for 12 of the 30 MMSE items, including the 5 items designed to measure attention ability (serial subtractions) and the 3 ones exploring delayed memory. Regarding these 12 items, the percentage of failures increased homogeneously with age, but the relationship with educational level was heterogeneous: it was very strong for the calculation items, weaker for the delayed memory items. These results pointed to the complex relationships between MMSE scores and educational level, and suggested a possible bias related to the screening tool in dementia surveys.

Aged↗