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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

The effect of increased metabolic rate on renal function in the rainbow trout, Salmo Gairdneri.

1. A highly significant linear correlation was found between glomerular filtration rate and urine flow rate in both freshwater and seawater trout. The percentage tubular reabsorption of water was approximately 33% greater in seawater trout than in freshwater trout. 2. As oxygen consumption increased, the urine flow rate increased in freshwater and seawater rainbow trout. The proportional increase in urine flow with incremental changes in oxygen consumption was approximately the same in fresh water and sea water. 3. A significant positive linear relationship between oxygen consumption and glomerular filtration rate was found in both salinities. The proportional increase in GFR with incremental changes in the oxygen consumption rate was higher in the seawater trout than in the freshwater trout. 4. As oxygen consumption increased, the percentage tubular reabsorption of water decreased in the freshwater trout. No significant relationship between these two factors was found in the seawater trout.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Roles for pain modulatory cells during micturition and continence.

We studied how the nervous system selects between noxious stimulus-evoked withdrawals and micturition, movements that are necessary for survival but use overlapping muscles and therefore cannot occur simultaneously. In lightly anesthetized rats, micturition was favored, because noxious stimulation never interrupted micturition, whereas withdrawals were suppressed during voiding. Neurons in the ventromedial medulla (VMM) are a major source of descending antinociceptive signals. To test whether VMM neurons support withdrawal suppression during micturition, the discharge of VMM neurons was recorded during continence and micturition. VMM cells that were inhibited (M-inh) or excited (M-exc) during micturition were observed. M-inh cells were excited by noxious cutaneous stimulation and thus are likely nociception facilitating, whereas M-exc cells were inhibited by noxious heat and are likely nociception inhibiting. The excitation of nociception-inhibiting M-exc and inhibition of nociception-facilitating M-inh cells predicts suppression of withdrawals during micturition. M-exc cells were typically silent before micturition, whereas most M-inh cells fired before micturition, suggesting that these cells may also play a preparatory role for micturition. To test this idea, we examined manipulations that either advanced or delayed the onset of micturition. Hypothalamic stimulation and noxious paw heat advanced micturition while exciting M-inh cells and inhibiting M-exc cells. In contrast, colorectal distension, a stimulus that delays micturition, inhibited M-inh cells and excited M-exc cells. These results suggest a model in which, during continence, VMM M-inh cells facilitate and M-exc cells inhibit bladder afferents, advancing micturition onset when M-inh cells are activated and delaying onset when M-exc cells are activated.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Control of musth in an Asian elephant bull (Elephas maximus) using leuprolide acetate.

The results of long-term administration of leuprolide acetate (LA) depot in a 52-yr-old Asian elephant bull (Elephas maximus) for control of musth are presented. Twelve injections were administered for 6 yr during our interpretation of early musth or "premusth." Intervals between musth periods during the study varied from 2 to 34 mo. Blood samples, drawn weekly, were assayed for serum testosterone concentrations; mean levels were 11.78 +/- 1.97 nmol/L throughout the first 26 mo of the study, 7.28 +/- 1.28 nmol/L during the following 21 mo, and 0.45 +/- 0.035 nmol/L in the last 34 mo of this study. Early musth signs ceased within 3 days of drug administration after 10 of 12 injections. The mean serum testosterone concentrations were significantly decreased by the last 34 mo of the study. The results suggest leuprolide is a suitable alternative for controlling or preventing (or both) musth in captive Asian elephants, although permanent reproductive effects may occur. Zoos and wildlife conservation institutions could benefit from the use of LA in Asian elephants to increase the male availability in captivity, consequently ensuring genetic diversity and the perpetuation of the species.

Aggression↗
PubMed2001

Causes of urine marking in cats and effects of environmental management on frequency of marking.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of environmental management alone on marking frequency in cats with urine marking and to obtain demographic data on cats with urine marking and data on owner-perceived factors that contributed to urine marking behavior. DESIGN: Single-intervention study. ANIMALS: 40 neutered male and 7 spayed female cats. PROCEDURE: During a 2-week baseline phase, owners maintained a daily record of the number of urine marks. This phase was followed by a 2-week environmental management phase during which owners cleaned recently deposited urine marks daily, scooped waste from the litter box daily, and changed the litter and cleaned the litter box weekly while continuing to record urine marks. RESULTS: Male cats and cats from multicat households were significantly overrepresented, compared with the general pet cat population in California. The most commonly mentioned causative factors for urine marking were agonistic interactions with other cats outside or inside the home. Environmental management procedures resulted in an overall reduction in urine marking frequency. Among cats that marked > or = 6 times during the baseline phase, females were significantly more likely to respond to treatment (> or = 50% reduction in marking frequency) than were males. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that male cats and cats from multicat households are more likely to exhibit urine marking behavior than females and cats from single-cat households. Results also suggest that attention to environmental and litter box hygiene can reduce marking frequency in cats, regardless of sex or household status of the cats, and may come close to resolving the marking problem in some cats.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1976

Further evidence of permanent behavioural changes in rats treated neonatally with neurodrugs.

Pargyline or reserpine treatment of male rats during the first two weeks of life resulted in significantly increased exploratory activity (sniffing) associated with a significantly decreased emotional reactivity (defecation rate) in adult life. These findings suggest that nonphysiological concentrations and/or turnover rates of neurotransmitters during brain differentiation apparently produced by neurodrugs can lead to permanent behavioural changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Behavioral problems in old dogs: 26 cases (1984-1987).

Among 26 dogs greater than or equal to 10 years old, the most frequent owner complaints relating to behavioral problems were destructive behavior in the house (n = 10), inappropriate urination or defecation in the house (n = 10), and excessive vocalization (n = 7). The most frequent behavioral diagnoses were separation anxiety (n = 13) and breakdown of housetraining (n = 6). Most of the behavioral problems in the 26 dogs began after the dogs reached the age of 10 years, and most of the dogs had been owned for many years without having behavioral problems. Few behavioral problems in old dogs had a medical basis. Most cases of inappropriate urination or defecation in the house were not related to urinary or fecal incontinence, but were exacerbated by problems such as degenerative joint disease and renal disease. Behavioral therapy is appropriate for behavioral problems in old dogs, and, taking into account an old dog's health and physical limitations, techniques used are the same as for younger dogs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Maternal behavior in females of the laboratory rat selected for high and low activity and defecation rates.

Laboratory rats of the Wistar strain were selectively bred for a high or a low level of short-term activity (+A, -A) and defecation (+D, -D) in a novel environment. In lactating females of groups +A-D, +A+D, -A+D and -A-D maternal behavior was tested in situations, differing in complexity and demands of the ability of the females to adapt themselves to a new environment. Most intergroup differences were dependent on the characteristics of their activity, while defecation manifested itself less markedly in maternal behavior. In all tests +A groups showed a higher number of active contacts with the young, and the duration of maternal activities was higher in them when compared with -A females. The results indicated difference in the structure of maternal behavior and in the strategy with which they coped with a new situation. Females -A arranged the scattered pups into a nest more rapidly but they manipulated less with them and retrieved them minimally. In -A more often than in the +A the cycle of maternal behavior was interrupted by the elements of other than maternal programs. On the other hand, females +A gave more attention to each pup, they carried it from place to place for a long time, they tended to rearrange the newly formed nest, maternal program being interrupted less often. The most marked difference appeared between groups +A-D and -A+D.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Increase in aggressiveness of male mice after irradiation of paternal spermatozoa with 600 R of gamma-rays as dependent on fertility.

The agonistic behavior of unexperienced pairs of NMRI male mice was determined by counting the bites received from and delivered to the opponent within 24 hr. The first 10 min of agonistic encounters was recorded by video tape to analyze the frequency and duration of ten behavioral traits. Each pair consisted of two F1 males, one of which was derived from paternal spermatozoa irradiated with 600 R of gamma-rays (600-F1), while the other stemmed from a sham-treated father (control-F1). The 600-F1 males exhibited higher aggressiveness than their control F1 counterparts, in which the sterile and semisterile males (presumed to be translocation heterozygotes) showed a higher level of agonistic behavior and overall activity than the normally fertile F1 males of the same group. 600-F1 males released more urine drops than the control males. No significant differences between 600-F1 and control-F1 males or between fertile and sterile plus semisterile males were found for learning ability.

Aggression↗
PubMed1985

Effects of testosterone on ontogeny of urinary behavior in male and female dogs.

Development of urinary behavior from birth to adulthood was observed in six groups of beagles including normal males (NM), normal females (NF), males castrated soon after birth (CM), males castrated soon after birth and treated with testosterone (T) for the next 90 days (CMT), females exposed to T in utero (FTU), and females exposed to T in utero and during infancy, i.e., the first 30-40 days postpartum (FTUI). Prenatal treatment with T had masculinizing effects on juvenile urinary behavior in FTU and FTUI. On the other hand normal development of fully adult masculine urinary patterns in males and females necessitated both prenatal and postnatal androgenic stimulation. It was not necessary that T be present at the time the overt behavior developed. For example, adult male behavior appeared in FTUI at the same time as in NM, i.e., 6-10 months, although the supply of exogenous androgen in FTUI had been exhausted within 30-40 days after birth. CMT showed precocious development of all components of the adult male pattern. Development of adult responses was markedly retarded in most CM, and their performance did not equal that of NM at 23 months. They were then injected with TP which promptly evoked completely normal male urinary behavior. It is tentatively concluded that T acting before birth and during the juvenile period "prepares" critical CNS mechanisms so that when general maturation reaches the appropriate point adult male behavior develops. Although the preparatory role of T is essential, the behavior is not dependent on T after it has developed.

Animals↗