PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Energy Intake”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Energy intake and energy expenditure during the menstrual cycle in short-term smoking cessation.

The effect of short-term smoking abstinence on energy intake and expenditure parameters was investigated for women in different phases of the menstrual cycle (follicular or late luteal) in a rigorous inpatient laboratory setting. Twenty-one participants were randomized to a continued smoking (n = 5) or a smoking abstinence (n = 16) group and admitted for 2 7-day inpatient periods during alternate cycle phases. The smoking abstinence group experienced 2 days of baseline smoking and 5 days of smoking abstinence. Measurements included caloric intake (kcal/24 hours), energy expenditure (by indirect calorimetry), and weight. Results of within-subject analyses indicated no smoking abstinence effect on mean daily total kilocalorie intake, sweet kilocalorie intake, or resting metabolic rate. However, a significant cycle phase effect was observed, with increased kilocalorie intake and expenditure-as well as minor weight gain-occurring during the late luteal phase when premenstrual symptoms are highest. In light of this phase effect, women smokers might benefit by attempting to quit smoking during the follicular phase of their cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Energy expenditure and restriction of energy intake: could energy restriction alter energy expenditure in companion animals?

The treatment of obesity in companion animals frequently focuses on restriction of energy intake. One important question with this treatment is whether dietary energy restriction (ER) produces a sustained decrease in mass-adjusted energy expenditure (EE), which prevents further weight loss and promotes rapid regain of body weight during lapses in dietary ER. This review summarizes studies that investigated the effects of dietary ER on EE at the whole-animal, organ, and cellular level. Whole-animal studies indicate that long-term dietary ER either decreases or does not affect mass-adjusted EE. The reason for this discrepancy between studies is not entirely clear, although analysis of data pooled from multiple studies suggests that a reduction in mass-adjusted EE with long-term ER would be observed if the sample size were sufficiently large and appropriate methods were used to adjust EE for body size. At the organ level, attempts were made to determine whether alterations in organ mass can entirely explain changes in EE with dietary ER. However, these studies were not conclusive, and it remains to be determined whether changes in EE exceed those that would be predicted from ER-induced alterations in organ mass. At the cellular level, there is evidence that dietary ER may induce sustained decreases in substrate oxidation, mitochondrial proton, and Na+-K+-ATPase activity in at least some tissues. These results are consistent with the idea that dietary ER may induce decreases in cellular EE. However, future studies integrating measurements at the whole-animal, organ, and cellular level will be required to determine definitively whether dietary ER produces sustained decreases in tissue or cellular EE.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Control of energy balance in relation to energy intake and energy expenditure in animals and man: an ecological perspective.

In this paper, we consider the control of energy balance in animals and man. We argue that patterns of mammalian feeding have evolved to control energy balance in uncertain environments. It is, therefore, expected that, under sedentary conditions in which the diet is rich in nutrients and abundantly available, animals and man will overeat. This suggests that no physiological defects are needed to induce overweight and ultimately obesity in man. Several considerations arise from these observations. The time period over which energy balance is controlled is far longer than allowed by most experiments. Physiological models of energy balance control often treat excess energy intake as a defect of regulation; ecological models view the same behaviour as part of normal energy balance control in environments where resources are uncertain. We apply these considerations to common patterns of human and animal feeding. We believe that the ecological perspective gives a more accurate explanation for the functionality of excess fat and the need to defend nutrient balance and avoid gross imbalances, as well as explaining hyperphagia in the face of plenty. By emphasising the common features of energy balance control in different mammalian species, the importance of changes in behaviour to accommodate changes in the environment becomes apparent. This also opens up possibilities for the control of body weight and the treatment of obesity in man.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Energy intake and energy expenditure in elite lightweight female rowers.

PURPOSE: The training program undertaken by many athletes will affect directly the total, habitual energy requirements of that individual. Unless that energy requirement is met via the diet and or supplementation, chronic negative energy balance will ensue, which will have both short-term and long-term effects not only on performance but also on general health. The aim of this research was therefore to determine the energy expenditure (EE) and hence energy requirements of lightweight female rowers and, further, to compare this with their self-reported energy intake (EI). METHODS: The EI of seven lightweight female rowers was measured using a self-reported 4-d weighed dietary record. EE was determined using the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique over a 14-d period. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) age, height, and weight of the subjects was 20 (+/-1.1) yr, 168.8 (+/-4.7) cm, and 60.9 (+/-2.3) kg, respectively. The rowers self-reported EI was 2,214 (+/-313) kcal x d(-1) and their total EE was 3,957 (+/-1,219) kcal x d(-1). After adjusting total EE for changes in body weight (mean (+/-SD) -1.2 (+/-1.2) kg), the comparison between adjusted EI and reported showed a bias to underreporting of 1,133 (+/-1,539) kcal x d(-1) or 34%. The bias was not consistent across adjusted EI, and two of the seven subjects overreported their intake. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the underreporting of EI, diet recording may not be an appropriate way of assessing energy requirements in lightweight female rowers. A benefit of accurately determining energy requirements, as with DLW, is that female lightweight rowers will be able to successfully manipulate their EI and achieve the set weight cut-off for participation without compromising their health or performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The impact of the covert manipulation of macronutrient intake on energy intake and the variability in daily food intake in nonobese men.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of macronutrient composition on ad libitum food intake in nonobese men. DESIGN: Balanced, incomplete-block, crossover study where subjects received two of three treatments. Macronutrient composition was manipulated by providing 2.1 MJ/day high-carbohydrate (CHO), high-fat (FAT), and/or high-protein (PRO) drinks every day over the course of two, 8-week periods. SUBJECTS: In all, 12 healthy normal weight men (age: 39+/-9 years, BMI: 24.1+/-1.4 kg/m2). MEASUREMENTS: Ad libitum food intake was measured continuously for 16 weeks at the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center (BHNRC). Body composition (DEXA) and body weight were also measured. RESULTS: Average energy intake (EI) during weeks 1 and 2 was lower for CHO than FAT (P<0.05), but this effect disappeared by week 3. EI during CHO increased by 11% from week 1 to 8 through the increased selection of carbohydrate and protein-containing foods, but not fat foods. Food intake was variable, both between and within subjects, but was not related to macronutrient composition. CONCLUSION: EI appears to be influenced by macronutrient composition in the short-term when diets are modified, but the effect dissipates in a few weeks if the diet is maintained. These data suggest the presence of macronutrient-specific regulatory mechanisms in the body, but do not support the notion that a high intake of any of the three macronutrients suppresses EI over a prolonged period of time. The high variability in food intake does not appear to be related to macronutrient composition.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Energy intake and energy output of Burmese farmers at different seasons.

The food intake and energy expenditure of ten farmers aged 18-60 years were studied for 3 d in the monsoon season, and for 6 d in harvest and in summer. The mean daily energy intakes +/- s.e. in the three seasons were 3950 +/- 180 kcal (16.8 +/- 0.8 MJ), 3690 +/- 280 kcal (15.4 +/- 1.15 MJ), and 2900 +/- 180 kcal (12.5 +/- 0.8 MJ), respectively. Energy outputs were 3840 +/- 130 kcal (16.05 +/- 0.5 MJ) in the monsoon, and 2940 +/- 130 kcal (12.3 +/- 0.5 MJ) in harvest and 2230 +/- 80 kcal (9.3 +/- 0.35 MJ) in summer. According to the classification given by FAO/WHO (1973) our Burmese farmers expended energy corresponding to exceptionally active work during the monsoon and harvest, and to light activity during the summer. Nevertheless, their daily intakes at all seasons fulfilled the requirement for very active and exceptionally active work set by FAO/WHO (1973) and also covered their energy expenditure. In contrast to the published values for food consumption of farmers in developing countries, our study shows adequate energy and protein intakes. The study indicates that food intake is not the limiting factor in energy expenditure in this farming community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Energy intake and energy expenditure: a controlled study comparing dietitians and non-dietitians.

BACKGROUND: Underreporting of food intake has been commonly observed. We hypothesized that experience with recording dietary information might increase the accuracy of the records. To test this hypothesis, we compared energy intake and energy expenditure in dietitians-who are experienced in recording food intake-with those of non-dietitians, whose only exposure to training to record food was in the context of this trial. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Subjects for this study were 10 female registered dietitians and 10 women of comparable age and weight who were not dietitians. DESIGN: This study compared the energy intake obtained from 7-day food records with energy expenditure measured over the corresponding 7-day period using doubly labeled water. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were compared by an analysis of variance METHODS: All subjects were trained to provide a 7-day weighed food intake record. Energy expenditure was measured with doubly labeled water over the 7 days when the weighed food intake record was obtained. A total of 10 dietitians and a control of group of 10 women of similar age and weight were recruited for this study. Participants were told that the goal was to record food intake as accurately as possible, because it would be compared with the simultaneous measurement of energy expenditure determined by doubly labeled water. RESULTS: The energy expenditure of the dietitians and controls were not different (2,154+/-105 [mean+/- standard error of the mean] kcal/day for dietitians and 2,315 +/- 90 kcal/ day for controls). The dietitians underreported their energy intake obtained from the food records by an average of 223 +/- 116 kcal/day, which was not different from their energy expenditure. Participants in the control group, as hypothesized, significantly underreported their energy intake (429 +/- 142 kcal/day, P < .05). CONCLUSION: Dietitians estimated their energy intake more accurately than non-dietitians, suggesting that familiarity with and interest in keeping food records may lead to more reliable estimates of energy intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Energy intake, diet composition, energy expenditure, and body fatness of adolescents in northern Greece.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine energy intake, energy expenditure, diet composition, and obesity of adolescents in Northern Greece. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Anthropometric measurements were taken for all participants. Height, weight, and skinfold thickness at two sites were measured. BMI and percentage body fat were calculated. Energy intake and macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were determined by a 3-day weighed dietary diary. Energy expenditure was calculated based on calculated resting metabolic rate (RMR) (1) multiplied by an activity factor based on reported physical activity. RESULTS: Thirty-one percent of boys and 21% of girls had BMI corresponding to >/=25 kg/m(2) at 18 years and were classified as overweight. Both overweight boys and girls reported a lower energy intake compared with their non-overweight counterparts when expressed as kilocalories per kilogram body weight. Overweight children had a higher negative energy balance. Both overweight and non-overweight adolescents had higher than recommended fat intakes. Mean daily carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake, expressed as grams per kilogram body weight, of overweight adolescents were significantly lower compared with the non-overweight adolescents. Total daily carbohydrate intake, when expressed in grams, was found to be higher for non-overweight adolescents. Both overweight boys and girls had lower iron intakes than their non-overweight counterparts. Overweight boys had statistically lower fiber and niacin intakes than non-overweight boys. Both overweight and non-overweight adolescents had lower than recommended iron intakes. Furthermore, overweight adolescents consumed more snacks (potato chips, chocolate bars, pizza, cheese pie, and cream pie), more sugar, jam, and honey, and fewer legumes, vegetables, and fruits than their non-overweight counterparts. DISCUSSION: Reported energy intake of overweight adolescents was lower than their non-overweight counterparts. Regarding diet composition overweight subjects had significantly lower intakes of carbohydrates compared with non-overweight subjects. The food consumption pattern of overweight children showed less adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet.

Adiposity↗
PubMed2005

Water loss as a function of energy intake, physical activity and season.

Although water is an important nutrient, there are no recommended intake values. Here, water intake, energy intake, physical activity and water loss was measured over 1 week in summer and in winter. Subjects were healthy volunteers, forty-two women and ten men, mean age of 29 (SD 7) years and mean BMI 21.8 (SD 2.2) kg/m2. Water intake was measured with a 7 d food and water record. Physical activity level (PAL) was observed as the ratio of total energy expenditure, as measured with doubly labelled water, to resting energy expenditure as measured in a respiration chamber. Water loss was measured with the deuterium elimination method. Water loss was highly reproducible and ranged from 0.20 to 0.35 l/MJ, independent of season and activity level, with higher values in women. Water loss was related to water and energy intake in summer (r 0.96, P<0.0001 and r 0.68, P<0.001, respectively) as well as in winter (r 0.98, P<0.0001 and r 0.63, P<0.01, respectively). Water loss was, for men, higher in subjects with a higher physical activity in summer (r 0.94, P<0.0001) and in winter (r 0.70, P<0.05). Normalizing water loss for differences in energy expenditure by expressing water loss in litres per MJ resulted in the same value for men in summer and winter. For women, physical activity-adjusted values of water loss were higher, especially in summer. In men, water turnover was determined by energy intake and physical activity, while seasonal effects appeared through energy expenditure. Women showed a higher water turnover that was unrelated to physical activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of multiple-pass 24-hour recall estimates of energy intake with total energy expenditure determined by the doubly labeled water method in young children.

OBJECTIVE: This study determined the accuracy of the multiple-pass 24-hour recall method for estimating energy intake in young children by comparing it with measurements of total energy expenditure made using the doubly labeled water method. DESIGN: Three multiple-pass 24-hour recalls were obtained over a 14-day period to estimate mean energy intake. Total energy expenditure was measured over the same 14-day period under free-living conditions using the doubly labeled water technique. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Twenty-four children between the ages of 4 and 7 years were tested at the General Clinical Research Center/Sims Obesity Nutrition Research Center at the University of Vermont. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: t Tests, paired t tests, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, pairwise comparison to show relative bias and limits of agreement, and regression analysis were used to test the relationships among study variables. RESULTS: No difference was found between 3-day mean energy intake and total energy expenditure for the group (t = 2.07, P = .65). The correlation between individual measures of energy intake and total energy expenditure was not statistically significant (r = .25, P = .24). CONCLUSIONS: Data from 3 days of multiple-pass 24-hour recalls were sufficient to make valid group estimates of energy intake. The method was not precise for individual measurements of energy intake.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1980

Energy and protein nutrition of early-weaned pigs. 2. Effect of energy intake and energy: protein on energy utilisation and body composition of pigs slaughtered at 32 d.

1. The effect of energy and protein intake on the nitrogen and energy utilization and carcass composition of artificially-reared pigs was studied between 8 and 32 d of age in an experiment employing a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial design. The factors were initially energy:N value (1) (250, 355, 460, 565 or 670 kJ/g N), rate of increase of I (R) at 8 d intervals (0, 12.5 or 25%) and plane of nutrition (three times daily to appetite or 75% of this intake). 2. The range of energy:N values was obtained by formulating five diets based on dried skim milk, lactose and casein and feeding appropriate combinations of two diets. 3. The metabolizable energy (ME) intake, carcass dry matter (DM) content, carcass protein gain and carcass fat gain exhibited significant (P less than 0.001) quadratic responses to I. 4. The carcass fat content in the DM increased from 200 to 342 g/kg ( less than 0.001) and the carcass crude protein (N x 6.25) content decreased from 657 to 519 g/kg with increasing level of I (P less than 0.001). The fat and protein contents were 309 and 556 g/kg and 242 and 610 g/kg respectively on the high and low plane of nutrition (PN) and were significantly different (P less than 0.001). 5. There was a significant I x R interaction in relation to carcass protein gain with the maximum gain occurring at 460 kJ/g N when I was constant and at 355 kJ/g N when R was 25% per 8 d. 6. The proportion of apparent digested N intake retained (N retention (NR):apparent digested N (ADN)) was significantly (P less than 0.001) affected by all three factors and there were significant I x R (P less than 0.001), I x PN (P less than 0.01) and R x R x PN (P less than 0.01) interactions. The maximum value of NR:ADN was 0.80. 7. Carcass fat gain and carcass energy gain exhibited quadratic responses to I reaching maximum values at 460 kJ/g N. The energy content of the live-weight gain increased linearly (P less than 0.001) from 5.79 to 7.90 MJ/kg with increasing level of I. PN and R also produced significant (P less than 0.001) responses the means being respectively 7.52 and 6.39 MJ/kg on the high and low PN and 6.55, 6.94 and 7.38 kJ/kg with increasing value of R. 8. Multiple regression analysis of ME intake on live-weight (W), protein gain (PG) and fat gain (FG) yielded the equation: ME (MJ) = 0.644 W0.75 + 32.6 PG " 48.2 FG. This result is discussed in relation to published values for the energy requirements of the young pig.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

An evaluation of energy intakes and the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate (EI/BMRest) in the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To examine energy intakes (EI), their ratio to estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR(est) and the contribution of food groups to energy intake in the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey. DESIGN AND SETTING: Random sample of adults from the populations of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Food intake data were collected using a 7-day food diary. Body weight and height were measured and EI/BMR(est) was calculated from reported energy intake and estimated basal metabolic rate. Dieting practices were assessed as part of a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean energy intake in men was 11.0 MJ and in women was 7.6 MJ, which is comparable to reported energy intakes in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland over a decade ago. Mean EI/BMR(est) was 1.38. This increased to 1.42 after the exclusion of dieters and those who were unwell, but still remained less than the established cut-off of 1.53. EI/BMR(est) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in men than in women and decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing BMI in both sexes. The four food groups that contributed 50% of energy in men and women were meat and meat products, breads and rolls, potatoes and potato products, and biscuits, cakes, pastries and puddings. CONCLUSIONS: Energy intakes have not changed remarkably in Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland in the last 10 years, but the mean EI/BMR(est) of 1.38 suggests that energy underreporting occurred. EI/BMR(est) was lower in women and in the overweight/obese. Additional multivariate analysis of the data is needed to identify more clearly subgroups of the population reporting lower than expected energy intakes and to evaluate the effect of low energy reporting on the consumption of various foods and food groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Energy and protein nutrition of early-weaned pigs. 1. Effect of energy intake and energy: protein on growth, efficiency and nitrogen utilization of pigs between 8-32 d.

1. The effect of energy and protein intake on the growth, food efficiency and nitrogen retention of artificially-reared pigs was studied over three 8 d periods between 8-32 d of age in an experiment employing a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial design. The factors were initial energy: N value (I; 250, 355, 460, 565 or 670 kJ/g N), rate of increase of I at 8 d intervals (0, 12.5 or 25%) and plane of nutrition (three times daily to appetite or 75% of this intake). 2. The range of energy: N values was obtained by formulating five diets based on dried skim milk, lactose and casein and feeding appropriate combinations of two diets. The diets, which were pelleted, contained 100 g maize oil/kg and the gross energy content was approximately 20 MJ/kg. 3. N digestibility was high at all three age intervals, reaching 0.99 on the diet containing the highest dietary crude protein (N x 6.25) level. Metabolic faecal N excretion was found to be I.I g/kg dry matter (DM) intake. 4. Growth rate, feed conversion ratio (kg food intake/kg wt gain; FCR), N retention (NR) and the proportion of digested N retained (NR: apparent digested N (ADN)) were significantly (P less than 0.001) affected by I values at all age intervals and the responses were quadratic. Response curves were calculated by the least squares method and optimum values of I determined for each of the criteria. A constant energy: N value of approximately 400 kJ/g N was indicated by growth, FCR and NR optima but the NR:ADN value fell from 0.77 for the 8-16 d period to 0.60 for the 24-32 d period at this I value. It is concluded that a suitable compromise would be an I value of 470 kJ/g N increasing by 10%/week. 5. There was a significant interaction between plane of nutrition and I values on FCR between 16-24 d (P less than 0.001) and 8-32 d (P less than 0.01) indicating that FCR was better at high protein levels and worse at low protein levels when the diets were fed on the lower plane of nutrition.

Aging↗