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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Deep space environments for human exploration.

Mission scenarios outside the Earth's protective magnetic shield are being studied. Included are high usage assets in the near-Earth environment for casual trips, for research, and for commercial/operational platforms, in which career exposures will be multi-mission determined over the astronaut's lifetime. The operational platforms will serve as launching points for deep space exploration missions, characterized by a single long-duration mission during the astronaut's career. The exploration beyond these operational platforms will include missions to planets, asteroids, and planetary satellites. The interplanetary environment is evaluated using convective diffusion theory. Local environments for each celestial body are modeled by using results from the most recent targeted spacecraft, and integrated into the design environments. Design scenarios are then evaluated for these missions. The underlying assumptions in arriving at the model environments and their impact on mission exposures within various shield materials will be discussed.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2005

How can medical students learn in a self-directed way in the clinical environment? Design-based research.

AIM: This study aimed to establish whether and under what conditions medical students can learn in a self-directed manner in the clinical environment. METHOD: A web-based learning management system brought 66 placement students, in a problem-based learning (PBL) medical curriculum, into closer touch with their clinical learning objectives and ways of achieving them. Free response comments from 16 of them during the 7 weeks they used it, transcripts of group discussions before and after the period of use, and responses from all 66 students to a questionnaire were analysed qualitatively. RESULTS: Students were rarely fully autonomous or subservient. They valued affective and pedagogic support, and relied on teachers to manage their learning environment. With support, they were motivated and able to choose how and when to meet their learning needs. The new system was a useful adjunct. CONCLUSIONS: Self-direction, interpreted literally, was a method of learning that students defaulted to when support and guidance were lacking. They found "supported participation" more valuable. Learning in the clinical environment was a social process with as many differences from, as similarities to, PBL.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1991

Postural stability and stereo-ambiguity in man-designed visual environments.

Our modern rectilinear visual environment contains visual stimuli for which evolution has not had time to optimally shape visual processing. One such stimulus, periodic stripes, is known to lead to visual depth ambiguity. In this paper we show that postural instability, as measured by the variance of fore and aft sway, is increased by viewing such stimuli. This instability may be the precursor of falls. Designers must evaluate the visual impressions conveyed by their systems in order to avoid postural instability due to visual ambiguity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The use of a Computer Aided Design (CAD) environment in 3D reconstruction of anatomic surfaces.

Paper presents an evaluation and comparison of two different types of software for generating a 3D model from medical imaging data: first, a dedicated 3D reconstruction Mimics interface, by Materialise and second, an engineering CAD (a Solid Works and AutoCAD) interface. Advantages and limitations of both software types are outlined and there some observations for 3D reconstruction of anatomic surfaces are presented.

Computer-Aided Design↗
PubMed2005

Candida biofilm: a well-designed protected environment.

Biofilms are colonies of microbial cells encased in a self-produced organic polymeric matrix and represent a common mode of microbial growth. Microbes growing as biofilm are highly resistant to commonly used antimicrobial drugs. Recently, microbial biofilms have gained prominence because of the increase in infections related to indwelling medical devices (IMD). Candida albicans, the pathogenic fungus which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in blood stream infections, is the most common fungal pathogen isolated from patients with IMD-associated infections. Biofilm formation by Candida species is believed to contribute to invasiveness of these fungal species. We discuss experimental methods used to study fungal biofilms as well as the biology of biofilm formation by clinically relevant Candida species. Recent advances that are discussed in this review include the role of specific, differentially expressed genes and proteins, quorum sensing molecule in C. albicans biofilms, and the correlation between biofilm formation and fungal pathogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Noise in the animal shelter environment: building design and the effects of daily noise exposure.

Sound levels in animal shelters regularly exceed 100 dB. Noise is a physical stressor on animals that can lead to behavioral, physiological, and anatomical responses. There are currently no policies regulating noise levels in dog kennels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the noise levels dogs are exposed to in an animal shelter on a continuous basis and to determine the need, if any, for noise regulations. Noise levels at a newly constructed animal shelter were measured using a noise dosimeter in all indoor dog-holding areas. These holding areas included large dog adoptable, large dog stray, small dog adoptable, small dog stray, and front intake. The noise level was highest in the large adoptable area. Sound from the large adoptable area affected some of the noise measurements for the other rooms. Peak noise levels regularly exceeded the measuring capability of the dosimeter (118.9 dBA). Often, in new facility design, there is little attention paid to noise abatement, despite the evidence that noise causes physical and psychological stress on dogs. To meet their behavioral and physical needs, kennel design should also address optimal sound range.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1998

The influence of CO2 in a space-like environment: study design.

For the operation of manned spacecraft, the removal of CO2 from the cabin atmosphere, produced by its inhabitants, is essential. This is accomplished by chemical absorption in a gas processing unit, a process which requires energy and consumables. Therefore, in terms of resource management, the CO2-level should be kept as high as possible. Otherwise, considering crew health and performance and also the interference with life science experiments, the CO2 load should be as on Earth, close to zero. In order to obtain more information about the permissible CO2 level for future space missions and also to clarify Space Station design criteria, NASA-ESA-DARA have initiated a ground-based simulation study with two different CO2 levels: 0.7% (first campaign) and 1.2% CO2 (second campaign). For this study the deep diving facility of DLR was used to provide atmospheric control and long-term habitation for the test subjects in studying the effect of increased CO2 on physiological and psychological functions. A number of experiments were implemented, which tested selected effects of raised CO2 on humans. Four male subjects stayed in the chamber for 26 d in each campaign, in order to perform the different tests in repeated trials, with the aim of evaluating possible long-term effects. CO2 was controlled by absorption with soda lime, flushing with fresh air and the addition of CO2, if necessary. Essentially, the CO2 produced by the subjects was used to maintain the level at 0.7 and 1.2%, respectively. Basic control of CO2 was carried out in the soda lime container of the Life Support System. In order to maintain the required level, the amount of gas flowing through the soda lime could be adjusted by a remote controlled bypass. With this set-up it was possible to keep CO2 at an average level between 0.67 and 0.73% in the first campaign and between 1.17 and 1.23% in the second campaign. The results of the experiments support the current CO2 limits for space operations, insofar as values around 1% do not impose any severe restrictions to human habitation for at least several weeks, whereas life sciences experiments especially sensitive to CO2 influences have to be carefully evaluated for possible interferences.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Facility and operations planning for quiet hospital nurseries.

This article discusses architectural design and construction and recommends criteria for achieving quiet nursery environments. Designs for new construction or facility renovation should incorporate vibration and noise control methods appropriate to the occupants and activities of the proposed space. Noise and vibration are environmental factors within a hospital nursery that can affect infant health and development, staff and parent communications, operational efficiencies, and the fatigue/comfort level of all occupants. Facility noise and vibration levels set a threshold that will be increased by operational noise. It is important, therefore, that hospital administrators, clinicians, and facility managers assure that architects, engineers, and builders use appropriate acoustical design criteria, methods, and materials to control noise and vibration.

Health Facility Environment↗
PubMed2005

Artificial environments and an aging population: designing for age-related functional losses.

Over the past century there has been a large and continuing increase in the frequency of persons aged over 65 years; particularly those aged over 100 years. During the 21st century the number of persons over 100 years will continue to increase. This will occur at such a rapid rate that the 21st century may one day be called the century of centenarians. Frailty and disability secondary to senescence, disease, and trauma have accompanied old age (often defined as age 65 and over) as far back as recorded history. However, during the 20th century, age, frailty, disability, and chronic degenerative diseases have been decoupled to some extant in the most long-lived human populations. Until recently, there was little need to design artificial environments for the unique needs of the elderly due to their low representation in most national populations. Today that need is increasing in concert with the number of persons aged 65 and older. The purpose of this review is to suggest areas wherein physiological anthropologists may have an opportunity to contribute to design trends for this rapidly increasing aging population. Major considerations for design of environments for the elderly are based upon altering the environment to accommodate their declining visual, auditory, and kinesthetic senses, thereby enhancing their declining faculties and improving their autonomy, independence, and self perceptions of well-being. To date most design considerations have been directed toward improving environments for those suffering from Alzheimer's disease or residing within assisted living facilities. Many such design improvements also may be effective in improving life satisfaction and functional abilities of the non-institutionalized elderly.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Complex growth rate evolution in a latitudinally widespread species.

The simultaneous effects of selective agents acting on somatic growth rates, their interactions, and their interactions with local environmental conditions that vary across a species' geographic range are potentially complex and poorly known. This is particularly true of viviparous ectotherms whose offspring may be adapted to the gestation environment provided by their mothers. We studied multiple sources of growth rate variation in a widespread, viviparous reptile, including the effect of the maternal environment on growth following parturition. Females in early pregnancy were collected from replicate populations close to the tropical and temperate margins of this species' range. These females completed gestation in either of two different, common environments designed to simulate the thermal and photoperiod environments at the sampling locations. Our experiments revealed complex growth rate evolution between the northern and southern extremes of Eulamprus quoyii's geographic range and local adaptation of growth rates to maternal environments. Unique to this study was the manifestation of these growth rate differences, entrained in utero, but expressed following parturition and maintained through to maturity despite the presence of compensatory growth. In addition to providing the most complete picture to date of the evolution of somatic growth in a viviparous ectotherm, our study suggests that understanding local adaptation to maternal gestation environments, in terms of both mean growth rates and growth rate reaction norms, could change our understanding of how growth rates have evolved in other viviparous ectotherms. Indeed, such local adaptation may provide a selective advantage in the evolution of viviparity.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1981

Effect of heat shielding on convective and evaporative heat losses and on radiant heat transfer in the premature infant.

Ten premature infants nursed on servocontrolled radiant warmer beds were studied in three environments designed to alter one or more factors affecting heat transfer (convection, evaporation, and radiation). In the control environment, infants were nursed supine on an open warmer bed. The second environment (walled chamber) was designed to reduce convection and evaporation by placing plastic walls circumferentially around the bed. In the third environment convection and evaporation were minimized by covering infants with a plastic blanket. Air turbulence, insensible water loss, and radiant warmer power were measured in each environment. There was a significant reduction in mean air velocity in the walled chamber and under the plastic blanket when compared to the control environment. A parallel decrease in insensible water loss occurred. In contrast, radiant power demand was the same for control and walled environments, but decreased significantly when infants were covered by the plastic blanket. This study suggests that convection is an important factor influencing evaporation in neonates nursed under radiant warmers. The thin plastic blanket was the most effective shield, significantly reducing radiant power demand.

Bedding and Linens↗