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PubMed1983

Structure-activity relationships of estrogens. Effects of 14-dehydrogenation and axial methyl groups at C-7, C-9 and C-11.

Thirty compounds were evaluated in the rat for uterotropic effects, inhibition of gonadotropin release, and competitive displacement of (3H) estradiol-17 beta from uterine cytosolic preparations. 7 alpha-Methylestradiol-17 beta was 150% as active as estradiol-17 beta as an uterotropic agent. Estradiol-17 beta was the most active inhibitor of gonadotropin release. 11 beta-Methylestradiol-17 beta had 124% of the activity of estradiol-17 beta in displacing (3H) estradiol-17 beta from the "estrogen receptor." The 9 alpha-methyl group considerably decreased the potency of estrogens in any of the three assays. The 14-dehydro modification was advantageous only in the estradiol-17 beta 3-methyl ether series. Uterotropic activities and inhibition of gonadotropin release did not parallel. The best compound for inhibiting gonadotropin release, as compared to uterotropic activity, was estrone. The "estrogen receptor" assay data correlated fairly well with uterotropic assay data, but only for compounds having free 3-hydroxyl groups; even so, some exceptions were noted.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Application of computerised image analysis to monitoring endodontic therapy: reproducibility and comparison with visual assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intra- and interexaminer reproducibility of computerised image analysis for the assessment of periapical bone changes based on gray value ratio when compared with a visual method. METHODS: 353 radiographs obtained in a clinical endodontic study were analysed. Densitometric analyses were used to evaluate changes in bone density following endodontic treatment. The diseased area of apical periodontitis' (AP) and 'normal bone area' (AN) were defined and ratios of the gray values (AP/AN) were calculated for each radiograph. Periapical index (PAI) was used as the 'gold standard'. Correlation coefficient (r), Kappa (kappa), and t-test for matched pairs were used for the statistics. RESULTS: The method proyed to be reproducible for intra-examiner re-examinations, r ranging from 0.7 to 0.84 (P < 0.01). Kappa showed fair to good agreement for data divided into four or three categories (kappa = 0.25-0.64). Dichotomised data showed fair to moderate agreement (kappa = 0.33-0.4) when the whole process was repeated, and good to very good agreement (kappa = 0.64-0.85) for the delineation process alone. The interexaminer comparisons showed fair to moderate agreement (kappa = 0.3-0.49). Comparison with PAI showed a 61% sensitivity and 79% specificity in detecting severe lesions (corresponding PAI scores 4 and 5) and the kappa value of 0.40 showed moderate agreement. The image analysis was sensitive enough to detect healing one month after treatment in a group of teeth with substantial lesions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The computerised image analysis system seems to be an appropriate tool to detect the periapical bone changes in dental radiographs at a group level.

Bone Density↗
PubMed2000

Statistical process control geometric Q-chart for nosocomial infection surveillance.

Several authors have proposed the use of statistical process control charting methods for the surveillance of endemic rates of nosocomial infections. The principal goal of such a charting program is to recognize any increase of the endemic rate to an epidemic rate as soon as possible after the change occurs. However, many of the statistical process control charting methods that have been proposed are based on classical charting principles that are effective largely for processes for which sufficient historical data are available. These methods require that a fairly large data set, taken while the infection rate was stable at a low endemic value, must be available to begin the charting process. These data are used both to confirm the appropriateness of the probability distribution and to make a control chart for the infection process based on the distribution. However, such data sets are often not available. The purpose of this article is to inform and demonstrate to readers that recent research in statistics has developed modern statistical process control methods that can be used effectively with or without such prior data. These methods make possible much more effective nosocomial infection surveillance programs that will give timely warnings of the onsets of epidemics or evidence of the effectiveness of infection control initiatives. These warnings will permit earlier correction initiatives and thus avoid much liability.

Clostridioides difficile↗
PubMed2026

Community-driven advances in computational mass spectrometry: The perspective of EuBIC-MS members.

Advances in data acquisition, artificial intelligence, and integrative bioinformatics are driving the rapid evolution of computational mass spectrometry, and in turn, transforming modern proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics. These developments have greatly increased the scale and complexity of mass spectrometry data, underscoring the importance of evolving accurate, transparent, efficient and reproducible data processing workflows. Addressing these challenges requires collaborative innovation that brings together expertise in software engineering, statistics, and biology. The European Bioinformatics Community for Mass Spectrometry (EuBIC-MS), an initiative of the European Proteomics Association (EuPA), fosters a culture of open, community-driven development through its biennial Developers Meetings and Winter Schools. This commentary summarizes the scientific background and outcomes of the EuBIC-MS Developers Meeting 2025, which took place in Novacella, Italy. Three keynote presentations highlighted major frontiers in the field: deep proteome and phosphoproteome profiling, text mining for protein-protein interaction extraction, and scalable proteomics for AI-driven drug discovery. Seven community-selected hackathons addressed emerging challenges such as single-cell proteomics data analysis, FAIR metadata extraction, deep learning frameworks, R-Python interoperability, and DIA validation. Together, these efforts demonstrate the potential for scientific and technical innovation to arise from open collaboration, and highlight how community-driven initiatives can accelerate progress in computational mass spectrometry. SIGNIFICANCE: Modern proteomics increasingly depends on computational advances to translate complex, high-dimensional data into biological knowledge. The EuBIC-MS Developers Meeting 2025 exemplifies how community-driven collaboration can directly accelerate this process by bringing together experts from bioinformatics, statistics, and experimental proteomics to co-develop open, interoperable, and reproducible analytical tools. By fostering shared software frameworks, transparent benchmarking, and collaborative problem solving, the EuBIC-MS community helps ensure that technological innovation translates into reliable biological insights. This collaborative model strengthens the foundation for quantitative, system-level understanding of proteomes and establishes a sustainable path for integrating artificial intelligence and next-generation data acquisition into routine biological discovery. This commentary shows some current highlights in the field of computational mass spectrometry and community-based approaches undertaken during the most recent Developers Meeting to solve these challenges. The approaches discussed and initiated during the meeting - ranging from deep proteome profiling and phosphosite mapping to text mining, single-cell data analysis, and FAIR metadata extraction - address key bottlenecks that currently limit the biological interpretability and comparability of proteomics data.

Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables from Ontario, Canada, 1991-1995.

For the 5-year period 1991 to 1995, 1536 vegetable and 802 fruit samples were analyzed. The purpose of this study was to determine if pesticides were present on Ontario-produced fruits and vegetables, and if so, to determine if residues violated maximum residue limits (MRLs). Overall, 31.5% of the samples had no detectable pesticide residues, whereas 68.5% contained one or more residues. Most of the residues were present at very low concentrations; 48% of the detections were < 0.1 parts per million (ppm), and 86% were < 1 ppm. However, violations of MRL were observed in only 3.2% of the vegetables samples and 3.1% of the fruit samples. In addition, 4.8% of the samples contained a "technical" violation, that is, there was no specified MRL for the pesticide-commodity combination and the residues exceeded 0.1 ppm. Of the detectable residues, 63% were < 10% of the MRL, whereas 89% were < 50% of the MRL. More fruit samples (91.4%) had a detectable residue, compared with vegetable samples (56.6%). Fruit is often treated close to harvest or post harvest to ensure that wholesome produce reaches the consumer. Forty-six percent of the samples contained 2 or more residues, and 2% of all samples had more than 5 different pesticides detected; fruit samples tended to have more multiple residues. The most frequently found pesticides were captan, the dithiocarbamate fungicides, endosulfan, azinphos-methyl, phosmet, parathion, and iprodione. These pesticides were also used in the greatest quantity for crop production. Overall, the data agree fairly closely with those reported for the U.S. Department of Agriculture Pesticide Data Program because the 2 programs have similar analytical goals and objectives.

Aminoimidazole Carboxamide↗
PubMed2006

Smooth surface meshing for automated finite element model generation from 3D image data.

Finite element (FE) modelling based on data from three-dimensional high-resolution computed tomography (CT) imaging systems provides a non-invasive method to assess structural mechanics. Automated mesh generation from these voxel based image data can be achieved by direct conversion to hexahedron elements, however these model representations have jagged edges. This paper proposes an automated method to generate smoothed FE meshes from voxel-based image data. Mesh fairing processes are utilized that allow constraints that control the smoothing process, and are computationally efficient. Surfaces of the mesh on the exterior, as well as interfaces between two tissues, can be smoothed by varying fairing parameters and constraint criteria. The method was tested on a variety of real and simulated three-dimensional data sets, resulting in both hexahedron and tetrahedron meshes. It was shown that the fairing process is linearly related to the number of smoothing iterations, and that peak stresses are reduced in FE simulations of the smoothed models. Although developed for micro-CT data sets, this fast and reliable mesh smoothing method could be applied to any three-dimensional image data where node and element connectivity have been defined.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Clinical assessment of fetal blood flow velocimetry.

A statistical procedure is presented to analyze the relation between Doppler indices (DIs) such as pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), A/B and clinical data of pregnancy and fetal outcome of three groups: (1) uncomplicated pregnancy, eutrophic fetus (NF), (2) pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), and (3) pregnancy and delivery of a dystrophic fetus (IUGR), and the acidity classes according to Saling, respectively. Proceeding and mathematical requirements as well as the possibilities to validate the methodology are introduced, and an application to previously published data is presented. By multivariate analysis of the data a fair prognosis of NF, PIH and IUGR was possible. The variability inherent to the data sampling requires a mathematical postprocessing in the framework of an adequate model before any clinical conclusions can be derived from DIs.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1990

[Prececal crude protein digestion and amino acid absorption during the use of ileorectostomy and fistula technic in swine].

Described in this paper are ileocecal cannulation and ileorectostomy, two methods used for quantitative collection of chyme in the context of protein assessment on the basis of prececally absorbable amino acids. Reference is made to the manufacture of new, flexible intestinal cannulas of biocompatible material and to the surgical approaches in connection with either method. Determination of prececal digestibility of crude nutrients and absorption of amino acids in three rations fed to pigs with ileorectal anastomoses and ileocecal cannulas gave identical data or fair agreement with the extension of two amino acids. The conclusion was drawn that data recorded by means of the two methods can be used in the preparation of tabulated values.

Absorption↗
PubMed1998

Application of the dispersion model for description of the outflow dilution profiles of noneliminated reference indicators in rat liver perfusion studies.

The dispersion model (DM) is a stochastic model describing the distribution of blood-borne substances within organ vascular beds. It is based on assumptions of concurrent convective and random-walk (pseudodiffusive) movements in the direction of flow, and is characterized by the mean transit time (t) and the dispersion number (inverse Peclet number), DN. The model is used with either closed (reflective) boundary conditions at the inflow and the outflow point (Danckwerts conditions) or a closed condition at the inflow and an open (transparent) condition at the outflow (mixed conditions). The appropriateness of DM was assessed with outflow data from single-pass perfused rat liver multiple indicator dilution (MID) experiments, with varying lengths of the inflow and outflow catheters. The studies were performed by injection, of bolus doses of 51Crlabeled red blood cells (vascular indicator), 125I-labeled albumin and [14C] sucrose (interstitual indicators), and [3H]2O (whole tissue indicator) into the portal vein at a perfusion rate of 12 ml/ min. The outflow profiles based on the DM were convolved with the transport function of the catheters, then fitted to the data. A fairly good fit was obtained for most of the MID curve, with the exception of the late-in-time data (prolonged tail) beyond 3 x [symbol: see text]. The fitted DNS were found to differ among the indicators, and not with the length of the inflow and outflow catheters. But the differences disappeared when a delay parameter, t0 = 4.1 +/- 0.7 sec (x +/- SD), was included as an additional fitted parameter for all of the indicators except water. Using the short catheters, the average DN for the model with delay was 0.31 +/- 0.13 for closed and 0.22 +/- 0.07 for mixed boundary conditions, for all reference indicators. Mean transit times and the variances of the fitted distributions were always smaller than the experimental ones (on average, by 6.8 +/- 3.7% and 58 +/- 19%, respectively). In conclusion, the DM is a reasonable descriptor of dispersion for the early-in-time data and not the late-in-time data. The existence of a common DN for all noneliminated reference indicators suggests that intrahepatic dispersion depends only on the geometry of the vasculature rather than the diffusional processes. The role of the nonsinusoidal ("large") vessels can be partly represented by a simple delay.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Identifying a cohort of patients with early-stage breast cancer: a comparison of hospital discharge and primary data.

BACKGROUND: Hospital discharge data are a potential source of information for quality of care; however, they lack detailed clinical data. OBJECTIVES: To assess the usefulness of hospital discharge data for describing patterns of care. RESEARCH DESIGN: Cohort study comparing hospital discharge data with data collected from medical records and patients. PATIENTS: Women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer in Massachusetts and Minnesota (1993-1995). MEASURES: The percentage of patients in the primary data set who did not match a record in the discharge data set, and the percentage of patients in the discharge data set who did not match a record in the primary data set. Odds ratios for appearing in one data set, but not the other according to patient and hospital characteristics. RESULTS: For patients in the primary data set, 26.9% from Massachusetts and 13.2% from Minnesota did not match a record in the discharge data set. In both states, factors associated with failure to match to the discharge data included receipt of breast conserving surgery, shorter length of stay, and treatment hospital. For patients in the discharge data set, 43.4% in Massachusetts and 30.3% in Minnesota did not match a patient in the primary data set. In both states, factors associated with failure to match to the primary data included treatment hospital and the presence of positive lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital discharge data were fairly sensitive when linked to patients with early-stage breast cancer who were identified through hospital records. The discharge data lacked specificity, however. If discharge data are used to characterize patterns care for inpatients with early stage disease, estimates are likely to be inaccurate due to the inclusion of unsuitable patients in the denominator used to calculate procedure rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of cardiac output measured by intrapulmonary artery Doppler, thermodilution, and electromagnetometry.

A Doppler pulmonary artery catheter system (Doppler cardiac output monitor or DOPCOM) that continuously measures instantaneous and mean cardiac output was recently introduced. Because thermodilution (TD) flow measurements may not represent an adequate standard, the present study was designed to compare TD and DOPCOM cardiac output measurements with aortic electromagnetic (EM) flow in cardiac surgical patients. Twenty-one patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled in the study. Simultaneous measurement of cardiac output by all three methods was performed before cardiopulmonary bypass, after cardiopulmonary bypass with the aorta cannulated and volume intermittently infused, and after decannulation. Analysis of all data demonstrated fair TD and EM correlation (r = 0.80), with minimal bias (0.03 +/- 1.21 L/min) and a median absolute error of 0.53 L/min; DOPCOM and EM data showed moderate correlation (r = 0.64), a bias of -0.61 +/- 1.50 L/min, and a median absolute error the same as TD (0.51 L/min). However, distribution of DOPCOM values was heavily skewed by 3 patients in whom flow measurements immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass were markedly different between the DOPCOM and electromagnetometry, probably because of malposition of the Doppler transducers secondary to partial catheter withdrawal during bypass. Consistent with this theory was the finding that before CPB, the DOPCOM was significantly better than TD in predicting EM flow (median absolute error: DOPCOM, 0.12 L/min, and TD, 0.48 L/min; p = 0.04). Our data suggest that, in general, the DOPCOM shows similar precision to TD for predicting EM flow measurements, although the DOPCOM may underestimate actual flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Stroke epidemiological data of nine Asian countries. Asian Acute Stroke Advisory Panel (AASAP).

OBJECTIVE: To study the existing stroke epidemiology of nine Asian countries. METHOD: Stroke epidemiological data of nine Asian countries were collected and updated by the Asian Acute Stroke Advisory Panel (AASAP). The data included demographic information, health care resources and stroke epidemiology of individual countries. RESULT: Countries with good epidemiological data of stroke are Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore. In these countries strokes rank as the second or third leading causes of death in the population. Malaysia, Thailand, Phillippines and Indonesia are countries with moderate epidemiological data of stroke. The available epidemiological data of stroke in these countries are mainly hospital-based information. Community-based studies are in the planning stage. India is the only country with fair epidemiological data of stroke available. The limitations of epidemiological study of stroke in India are due to their huge population size, poor income and limited health care resources. CONCLUSION: Combating strokes worldwide will never be truly accomplished unless basic information of developing countries is analysed and understood. The strength and weakness of information concerning strokes in developing countries need to be documented before the worldwide implementation of a stroke prevention programme.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2003

Probe calibration for freehand 3-D ultrasound.

Ultrasound (US) probe calibration establishes the rigid body transformation between the US image and a tracking device attached to the probe. This is an important requirement for correct 3-D reconstruction of freehand US images and, thus, for accurate surgical navigation based on US. In this study, we evaluated three methods for probe calibration, based on a single-point phantom, a wire-cross phantom requiring 2-D alignment and a wire phantom for freehand scanning. The processing of acquired data is fairly common to these methods and, to a great extent, based on automated procedures. The evaluation is based on quality measures in 2-D and 3-D reconstructed data. With each of the three methods, we calibrated a linear-array probe, a phased-array sector probe and an intraoperative probe. The freehand method performed best, with a 3-D navigation accuracy of 0.6 mm for one of the probes. This indicates that clinical accuracy in the order of 1 mm may be achieved in US-based surgical navigation.

Calibration↗
PubMed1998

Regional dose response to pulmonary irradiation using a manual method.

PURPOSE: To better understand the dose dependence of radiation therapy (RT)-induced changes in regional lung perfusion and tissue density, using a manual method to reduce inaccuracies that might be present in previously described automated methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who were to receive RT for tumors in and around the thorax, wherein portions of healthy lung would be incidentally irradiated, were prospectively studied. Changes in regional perfusion and tissue density were assessed by comparison of pre- and post-RT single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), lung perfusion scans and computed tomography (CT) scans, respectively. The three-dimensional dose distribution was calculated on the pre-RT CT scan and correlated to the other scans via image registration. Study volumes were defined by hand and individually visualized on pre- and post-RT scans. The manually generated dose response data were compared to data generated using automated methods. The relationship between CT density and SPECT perfusion was also determined. RESULTS: Thirteen patients with lung cancer were evaluated for changes in tissue density and 11 patients were evaluated for changes in regional perfusion at 12 months post-RT. In general, density increases with increasing regional dose, with marked changes at >60 Gy. Regional perfusion decreases with increasing regional dose. In the low dose regions, relative perfusion increases by 35% on average. Manually measured dose responses correlated well with those determined automatically. The relationship between regional perfusion and CT density indicates a wide range of perfusion over a narrow range of CT density, with markedly reduced perfusion at CT densities of > -600 and < -900 H. CONCLUSIONS: The manually generated CT density dose response data broadly agree with data previously generated using automated methods. The manually generated perfusion dose response data are in fairly good agreement with automated data, lending credibility to the accuracy of the automated methods. Regional perfusion is markedly diminished where CT density is outside the range of normal lung tissue.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed2006

Survival of cancer patients diagnosed between 1993 and 1996: a collaborative study of population-based cancer registries in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Survival of cancer patients has been measured only in some limited areas in Japan until recently. The purpose of the present study was to collect data of fairly high quality on the population-based cancer registries and to estimate relative 5-year survival of cancer patients in Japan. METHODS: We requested 11 population-based cancer registries within the research group to submit individual data of the patients diagnosed from 1993 to 1996, together with the prognosis after 5 years, to the collaborative study secretariat. Ten population-based cancer registries (Miyagi, Yamagata, Niigata, Chiba, Kanagawa, Fukui, Aichi, Osaka, Tottori and Nagasaki) then accepted data submission (373,000 data). Among 10 registries, only 7 registries met the required standards for the quality of registration data and prognosis investigation. The relative 5-year survival calculated by pooling 279,000 data from seven registries was taken as the national estimate of that of cancer patients in Japan. RESULTS: The relative 5-year survival was 53.6% for all cancers (males: 49.2%, females: 59.4%); the survivals of stomach, large bowel, prostate and kidney cancer patients were from 62 to 68%; those of breast, uterus, larynx, skin, testis, bladder and thyroid cancer patients were from 74 to 92%; those of liver, gall bladder and bile duct, pancreas and lung cancer patients ranged from 6 to 23%. CONCLUSION: On the basis of the data from seven population-based cancer registries in Japan, we calculated the relative 5-year survival of cancer patients diagnosed from 1993 to 1996 for the first time.

Adolescent↗