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The effect of hemorrhage on blood arginine vasotocin level in the domestic fowl.

The effect of hemorrhage on blood arginine vasotocin level in the domestic fowl. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 107--110. The blood arginine vasotocin (AVT) level of domestic fowl after hemorrage was determined on the isolated bladder of the frog. It was found that hemorrhage equivalent to 10--20% of the blood volume caused a 2--3 times greater increase in blood AVT level compared to that found before stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The abdominal air sac ostium of the domestic fowl: a sphincter regulated by neuro-epithelial cells?

A microscopic study of the ostium of the abdominal air sac of the domestic fowl has shown that the ostium has a sphincter-like ring of well innervated smooth muscle. Three types of neuro-epithelial cell characterised by their content of numerous large granular vesicles are found in the wall of the ostium. Type I cells are present within the submucosal nerve plexus and appear to be morphologically similar to SIF cells. Type II cells occur in the lamina propria, in clusters or cords, are often associated with fenestrated capillaries, and have synaptic contact with axonal terminals containing small agranular vesicles. The cells of Types I and II are not intra-epithelial and therefore differ from the cells which have been found elsewhere in the respiratory tract of the domestic fowl and other vertebrates. Type III cells are intra-epithelial, and some of those in the basal region of the epithelium are associated with axon terminals. Type III cells are similar in ultrastructure and location to neuro-epithelial cells found elsewhere in the major airways of the domestic fowl. They also resemble cells in neuro-epithelial bodies in amphibian, reptilian and mammalian lungs, although neuro-epithelial bodies have not been found in the lung of this species of bird. The morphology of the ostium suggests that it may have a sphincter-like function, possibly regulated by the neuro-epithelial cells. The presence of a mucociliary epithelium and defensive tissue in the lamina propria indicates that the ostium is the site of defence mechanisms.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1984

Synthetic human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) stimulates growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Synthetic human pancreatic Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (hpGRF) elevated the plasma concentration of growth hormone (GH) in young and adult domestic fowl. This in vivo effect of hpGRF appeared to be largely similar for both the 32 amino-acid (hpGRF 1-32) or 40 amino-acid (hpGRF 1-40) polypeptide, although the effect of hpGRF 1-32 was more prolonged than that of hpGRF 1-40 in adult domestic fowl. The increase in plasma GH concentrations following hpGRF administration (10 micrograms/kg) was somewhat greater in young than adult chickens (the increase in plasma concentration of GH being 230 ng/ml at 1 week old, 282 ng/ml at 6 week old, 241 ng/ml at 10 weeks and 150 ng/ml in adults). In the adult domestic fowl hpGRF stimulated a greater increase in the plasma concentration of GH than did thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). However in the young chicks TRH was more active. The in vitro release of GH from dispersed chicken pituitary cells was elevated by hpGRF (1-32) and hpGRF (1-40).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Application of an MTT reduction assay for assessing sperm quality and predicting fertilising ability of domestic fowl semen.

1. The ability of domestic fowl spermatozoa to reduce MTT tetrazolium to its coloured formazan was compared with other tests of sperm quality and fertilising ability. 2. MTT reduction was highly correlated with sperm ATP content (r2 = 0.85); sperm mobility (r2 = 0.62.); sperm:perivitelline layer interaction (r2 = 0.80) and fertilizing ability (r2 = 0.83). 3. The simple, robust, MTT-reduction assay may therefore be used to select male chickens on the basis of their sperm quality and thus potential fertilising ability.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of distal vagal ganglionectomy and midcervical vagotomy on the ultrastructure of axonal elements in the carotid body of the domestic fowl.

The carotid body of the domestic fowl was examined with the electron microscope after either removal of the distal vagal ganglion or midcervical vagotomy. Almost all the axonal elements of the carotid body degenerated within 5-15 days after ganglionectomy. The degeneration was considered to be due to separation of these axonal elements from their cell bodies (Wallerian degeneration) and indicated that nearly all the nerve supply of the carotid body of Gallus is derived from the vagus nerve. Degeneration of many axonal elements of the carotid body was also seen after midcervical vagotomy, but it took longer (19-41 days) to begin and had greatly increased 207-214 days after operation. It was interpreted as transganglionic degeneration, i.e. severance of the central processes of the distal vagal ganglion cells (by vagotomy) had induced slow degeneration in their peripheral processes (axonal elements in the carotid body). We conclude that the vast majority of the axonal elements in the carotid body of Gallus belong to nerve cell bodies in the distal vagal ganglion and are therefore afferent.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of parathyroid hormone on total phosphate and inorganic phosphate in blood, plasma, and urine of domestic fowl.

Previous work has shown that parathyroid hormone causes the kidneys of domestic fowl to secrete inorganic phosphate (Pi) into the urine. Secreted Pi is not derived directly from plasma Pi. The objective of the present study was to determine if direct or indirect correlations exist between the urinary Pi excretion rate and the concentration of phosphate in plasma or whole blood. Parathyroid hormone dissolved in gelatin carrier vehicle was injected into immature domestic fowl to cause net renal Pi secretion. Control birds were injected with carrier vehicle alone, resulting in net Pi reabsorption. Urine, plasma, and whole blood samples obtained during net Pi secretion were compared with samples obtained during net Pi reabsorption. Each sample was assayed for total and inorganic phosphate. Neither time course nor point by point comparisons of individual samples provided any evidence that secreted Pi is derived from organic phosphate in plasma or whole blood. These experiments suggest that phosphate pools within the kidneys may serve as a source for the Pi that is secreted in response to parathyroid hormone.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Regulation of plasma arginine vasotocin in conscious water-deprived domestic fowl.

Radioimmunoassay methods were employed to quantitatively characterize secretion of the avian antidiuretic hormone [arginine vasotocin (AVT)] by the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS) of the conscious domestic fowl in response to chronic dehydration. Water deprivation permitted characterization of AVT secretion in response to the combined stimuli of extracellular hyperosmolality and hypovolemia; the subsequent repletion of extracellular volume permitted separation of potential osmotic and volemic factors involved in the regulation of AVT secretion. In normally hydrated birds, plasma AVT (PAVT) and plasma osmolality (Posm) averaged 2.2 +/- 0.3 microU/ml (10.5 +/- 1.4 pg/ml) and 309.3 +/- 0.7 mosmol/kg H2O, respectively (means +/- SE). With water deprivation, PAVT and Posm of the birds increased in parallel in a curvilinear manner to maxima of 13.1 +/- 0.6 microU/ml (62.4 +/- 2.9 pg/ml) and 346.6 +/- 2.0 mosmol/kg H2O, respectively, at 96 h of dehydration. The isosmotic repletion of extracellular volume at 96 h by acute intravenous infusion failed to alter 96-h PAVT values. The results indicate that AVT secretion is closely linked to the state of hydration during negative fluid balance in the domestic fowl. Analysis of the data indicated that increases in PAVT that occur with dehydration are mediated primarily by extracellular hyperosmolality and that the HNS of the domestic fowl is relatively insensitive to the simultaneous hypovolemia incurred with fluid deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Autoradiographic observations on the innervation of the carotid body of the domestic fowl.

Tritiated leucine was injected into the distal vagal ganglion of 11 domestic fowl, which survived for 12-24 h under general anaesthesia. The cells of this ganglion are known to be exclusively afferent. EM autoradiography showed that in all 11 birds the vast majority of the silver grains fell upon the nervous tissues of the carotid body. In 5 of these birds a quantitative analysis was made, using point-counting morphometry. The incidence of silver grain per unit area was found to be 26 times greater in axonal endings than in the non-nervous components, and 15 times greater in axons in transit than in non-nervous components. The difference in incidence per unit area between these nervous and non-nervous components was highly significant (P less than 0.001). Of all the observed axonal endings 77% were labelled, but there is evidence that this is a substantial underestimate of the total population of afferent endings; in one bird 88% of the endings were labelled. Of the axons in transit, 18% were labelled. This low value is believed to be related to transfer of the label to the axonal endings by the fast component of axonal transport. Afferent and reciprocal synapses occurred in labelled axonal endings, which were therefore considered to have an afferent function. 'Efferent' type synapses also occurred in labelled endings, and therefore belonged to axons which in fact were afferent in function. It is concluded that the innervation of the carotid body of the domestic fowl is almost entirely afferent, the nerve cell bodies being in the distal vagal ganglion. Only very few efferent axonal endings are present. Ultrastructural features, including synaptic morphology, appear to constitute unreliable criteria for distinguishing between afferent and efferent axonal endings in the carotid body.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Expression of neuron-specific enolase in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl during post-hatching development.

Immunohistochemistry for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) revealed that NSE is localized in both a limited number of pinealocytes and intrinsic afferent neurons in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl. Furthermore, a computer-assisted three-dimensional imaging technique allowed to clarify the reverse distributional pattern of both elements: NSE-positive pinealocytes displayed a dense distribution especially in the vesicular portion of the gland, whereas NSE-immunoreactive nerve cells were mainly found in the pineal stalk. The number of NSE-positive intrinsic neurons in the pineal organ of chickens decreased rapidly after hatching, with a concentration of these elements in the basal portion (stalk) of the pineal organ. On the other hand, immunoreactive pinealocytes increased remarkably in the end-vesicle of the organ with age, followed by a gradual expansion toward the proximal portion. Thus, the spectacular increase in NSE-positive pinealocytes and the progressive reduction of reactive neurons occurred in parallel during the course of post-hatching development. NSE-immunoreactive pinealocytes displayed morphological characteristics of bipolar elements, endowed with an apical protrusion into the pineal lumen and a short basal process at younger stages, whereas multipolar types of NSE-positive pinealocytes were predominantly found in the adult domestic fowl. These results indicate that in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl (1) the ontogenetic expansion of NSE-immunoreactive pinealocytes is paralleled by a regressive afferent innervation, (2) the NSE-positive pinealocytes transform from a bipolar (columnar) type to a multipolar type during post-hatching development, and (3) these ontogenetic changes in the NSE-immunoreactivity and morphology of pinealocytes may reflect the development of a neurosecretory-like capacity of the organ.

Animals↗