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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Quantitative analysis of apoptotic cell death in granulomatous inflammation induced by intravenous challenge with Cryptococcus neoformans and bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine.

Apoptotic cell death of macrophage has become recognized as a significant mechanism responsible for the resolution of inflammation. The purpose of this study was to examine how the apoptotic cell death involves the formation and resolution of granulomas in rats intravenously inoculated with Cryptococcus neoformans (Cr. neoformans) and Mycobacterium bovis-derived bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. The number and size of granulomas in the livers obtained on days 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 after inoculation were examined by morphometric image analysis, as well as the occurrence of apoptotic cell death quantitatively analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) procedure on tissue sections. In both groups the number and size of granulomas were maximized on day 10, then the granulomas were almost resolved until day 25 when the inoculated Cr. neoformans and BCG almost disappeared. From the induction to the resolving stages of granulomatous inflammation, TUNEL-positive cells constantly appeared in granulomas, and the highest frequency of apoptotic cells in granulomas was observed in the earlier stage of granuloma formation. These results indicate that the maintenance and resolution of infectious granulomas are regulated by the balance between the influx of newly recruited macrophages and the apoptotic elimination of granuloma macrophages. The apoptosis of granuloma macrophages actively involves the cellular turnover in both granuloma formation and resolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

EXPERIMENTAL VIABLE VACCINE AGAINST PULMONARY COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS IN MONKEYS.

Converse, John L. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), Merida W. Castleberry, and Ernest M. Snyder. Experimental viable vaccine against pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in monkeys. J. Bacteriol. 86:1041-1051. 1963.-Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) vaccinated by subcutaneous injection in the forearm with from 10 to 10(8) viable Coccidioides immitis arthrospores were protected against respiratory challenge with approximately 7000 viable arthrospores administered 6 months after vaccination. Protection was evident from: the healthy appearance throughout 4 months after respiratory challenge; negative chest X rays at 15, 30, 60, and 120 days; and only very minor histopathological pulmonary changes on autopsy at 120 days, with negative lung cultures in 80% of the animals. This was in striking contrast to the outward clinical appearance of control monkeys that were unvaccinated or had received nonviable arthrospore vaccines. These monkeys showed severe disease (loss of weight, accelerated respiration, severe coughing, general debilitation), positive X rays, massive pulmonary destruction, positive lung cultures, and death of five of nine animals. The appearance of spherules (very few in number, accompanied by very minor pathological changes) in the lungs of some of the "dissemination controls" (subcutaneous viable vaccination without respiratory challenge) indicated possible dissemination from the primary cutaneous infection, although oral transmission from the cutaneous lesions could not be ruled out.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on growth, spore-forming ability and virulence of the vaccine strain TV-M-310 of the vaccine Bioveta against ringworm.

We determined the intensity of growth, the ability to form spores and virulence in guinea pigs of the vaccine strain of the Czech live vaccine Bioveta. Comparative investigations were carried out with the vaccine strain of the Russian live vaccine LTF 130 and Trichophyton verrucosum field strains. Growth of the vaccine strains was faster than growth of the field strains on solid media and in broth. Later the vaccine strains formed many microconidia. In experimentally infected guinea pigs the virulence of the vaccine strain Bioveta was highly dependent on the infectious dose. At 10(1) CFU ml-1 (according to the number of CFUs in the Russian live vaccine) the vaccine strain Bioveta was nearly avirulent. Resuspended according to the manufacturer's instructions (at least 10(10) CFU ml-1) virulence of the vaccine strain Bioveta could be observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

New approaches to mucosal immunization.

Every year more than 17 million deaths worldwide are caused by infectious diseases. The great majority of these deaths occur in underdeveloped countries and are attributed to diseases preventable by existing vaccines, or diseases that could potentially be prevented with new vaccines. The fact that most human and veterinary pathogens establish infection in the host by initiating contact at a mucosal surface, provide the rationale for the development of mucosal vaccines. An increasing number of strategies have been proposed to facilitate mucosal immunization. Among the most widely investigated strategies are the use of attenuated microorganisms; the inclusion of immunizing antigens in lipid-based carriers, the genetic creation of transgenic plants and the use of mucosal adjuvants derived from bacterial toxins. This review provides a brief summary of the most recent advances in the field of mucosal immunization with an special emphasis on a promising genetically detoxified mucosal adjuvant, LT(R192G), derived from the heat-labile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli. We present evidence regarding the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of LT(R192G) for the development of a new generation of mucosal vaccines.

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose↗
PubMed1983

Vaccination procedures and the infectivity of dermatophyte lesions.

By means of an experimental guinea pig model, the immunogenicities of a live spore vaccine, a killed hyphal cell wall vaccine and a soluble cytoplasmic extract vaccine of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei were compared, and their modifying influence on the infectivity and duration of experimental dermatophyte lesions examined. Of the three vaccines, the live-spore one was the most effective and closely simulated the type of immunity which develops following a natural infection. Lesions produced in cell wall vaccinated animals revealed significantly less infectivity and were reduced in duration as compared with lesions in unvaccinated animals. The cytoplasmic extract vaccine had no beneficial effect on the course of experimental infection; indeed it seemed to increase the infectivity of lesions. Acquired resistance to reinfection in a pregnant guinea pig was not passed on to the offspring. Significant levels (titer of greater than or equal to 1:16) of antibody were detected in the sera of all infected and vaccinated animals using an indirect fluorescent antibody technique and germling antigens. Using counterimmunoelectrophoresis, precipitating antibodies were detectable in the sera of all seven animals vaccinated with the cell wall or cytoplasmic extract, in one (20%) of the control animals after reinfection, and none of the four animals injected subcutaneously with the live spore vaccine. Thus no correlation between antibody titer and the severity and duration of lesions was observed. These results endorse the growing hypothesis that cell mediated immunity is of prime importance in protection again dermatophyte invasion and suggests that prophylactic vaccination procedures are worthy of further evaluation in lower animals.

Animals↗