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Results for “Family Planning, Traditional Methods”

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PubMed2002

The comparison of reproductive health data in a rural district in Turkey (1981-2001).

OBJECTIVES: The main objective was to compare new reproductive and family planning data with data from the 1981 survey. METHODS: All 15-49-year-old married women living in seven villages of Gemlik were interviewed and the data were compared with the 1981 data of the same villages. RESULTS: In 1981, 66.8% used a family planning method, 6.8% used an intrauterine device, 10.2% used oral contraceptives and 10.0% used condoms. In 2001, these values were 93.0%, 36.5%, 6.0% and 14.8%, respectively. In 1981, 51.5% and in 2001 35.5% used coitus interruptus. CONCLUSION: In 20 years, users of both current family planning methods and modem methods have increased; users of traditional methods have decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Male views of contraceptive methods in a rural community in Bahia State, Brazil].

Family planning programs have traditionally concentrated on women. This study aimed to determine men's knowledge of contraceptive methods in a rural community in Bahia State, Brazil. Mean age of interviewees was 40.0 (+/-17.6) years. Avoiding unwanted pregnancy was reported as a responsibility of the couple by 39.7% of the male interviewees (n = 71) and as the man's responsibility by 26.8% (n = 48). The most widely known methods were condoms (98.9%) and the pill (96.6%). Condoms (22.9%), female sterilization (21.2%), and the pill (12.8%) were the most widely used methods. The majority of the interviewees (56.4%) reported that they "always" use some method. The men chose the method in 45.6% of the couples. The results indicate that more options for contraceptive methods should be offered, thereby facilitating the best choice of methods by the couple. Still, since in this study men chose the method in nearly half of the cases, it is necessary to prioritize couples' participation in family planning programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Men's knowledge of and attitude with respect to family planning in a suburban Nigerian community.

BACKGROUND: Men's Knowledge of and attitudes to family planning (FP) in suburban and rural Nigeria is still poor despite a global move to increase the involvement of men in reproductive health matters. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine men's knowledge of and attitude to family planning at Ganmo, a sub-urban community on the outskirts of Ilorin, Nigeria. METHOD: The study employed an interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaire to elicit information from 360 men in the households. Only males above the age of 15 years resident in the community were selected for interview A proportionate sampling procedure was employed in selecting the required numberof men from each of the 32 compounds that make up the community. RESULTS: Nearly all men (96.5%) were aware of family planning and a majority of them were aware of some common methods of family planning e.g. Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs) (72.5%), Injectables (69.2%), Condoms (86.6%) and Traditional methods (70.6%). Knowledge of other alternative female methods was low e.g. Norplant (17.5%), IUCD (26.3%), Diaphragm (39.8%), Vaginal cream (30.2%), Vaginal tablet (37.8%) and Vaginal sponge (16.8%), and Tubal Ligation (51.3%). Knowledge of male controlled FP methods like Withdrawal (49.6%), Rhythm or periodic abstinence (54.6%) and Vasectomy (28.6%) was also poor. The Respondents had low knowledge of common side effects of FP methods e.g. nausea (9.8%), vomiting (13.1%), abnormal menstruation (34.4%), pain (23.2%) and unwanted weight gain (17.0%); some 25.3%% of respondents had no knowledge of any side effects. The attitude of respondents to family planning was also relatively poor as only a moderate proportion of men supported the FP concept (52.7%) and the Nigerian Population Policy (54.8%) of "four children to a woman". Some 54.8% of respondents were in support of men discussing about FP with their spouses. The major reasons for non-approval of FP by men were the fear of side-effects (70.4%) and perception of FP as being against religion (52.1%). The predictors of poor FP attitude were not having formal education, practice of polygyny and to a lesser extent being a Muslim. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that, men at Ganmo have limited knowledge of, and poor attitude to FP An intensive drive at a community based adult reproductive health education was advocated among other recommendations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Child spacing and child mortality among Nigerian Igbos.

Until recently, a birth interval of at least two years was the norm in the Nigerian Igbo culture, a practice necessary for infant health and survival. A study of antenatal patients of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, shows that this cultural pattern has been disrupted by Westernization, urbanization and consumerism. The patients studied had an average of four pregnancies in five years. Roughly half of those conceived did not survive: 41% of the patients reported having lost at least one child. Modern family planning methods are urged as replacements for the abandoned traditional methods of child spacing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Family planning and desire for additional children after cesarean section.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the acceptance of contraceptives among cesarean section patients in a West African traditional environment. METHOD: Eighty-three cesarean section patients of a regional hospital in Burkina Faso were interviewed at their homes as to their attitudes towards family planning. RESULT: In collaboration with local midwives, contraception for 2 years had been recommended to the patients. Only one woman had been using contraceptives before. After cesarean, 46 women used contraceptives and 13 had undergone tubal ligature. Contraceptive users had their next pregnancy on average 10 months later than women not practicing contraception. Patients showed a strong interest to limit their family size. None of the women desired more than 5 children. CONCLUSION: Correct promotion provided, cesarean section patients in a traditional environment accept contraceptives and are interested in family planning.

Burkina Faso↗
PubMed1998

Women's choice between indigenous and Western contraception in urban Mozambique.

Research on women's reproductive behavior and family planning in developing countries is usually focused on western contraceptive methods and rarely addresses indigenous contraception, such as herbs, amulets, and charms that are believed to prevent pregnancy. However, the available data demonstrate that indigenous contraception is widely known, and its prevalence often rivals that of western methods. Based on qualitative data collected in Greater Maputo, Mozambique, in 1993, this study explores and analyzes women's choice between western methods-mainly oral contraceptives, intra-uterine devices and injectables-available from state-run family planning clinics, and indigenous contraception, a combination of herbal and magical medicine, provided by traditional healers. The study demonstrates that women's choice between the two types of methods is determined by their sociodemographic characteristics and cultural background, access to these methods, perceptions of the effectiveness and undesirable side-effects of these methods, and by restrictions imposed by the providers. Although indigenous methods may not compete with western contraception in the long run, their present-day persistence warrants the attention of scholars and policymakers who intend to integrate women's concerns and constraints in the design of family planning systems.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1997

Male involvement in family planning: a case study spanning five generations of a south Indian family.

Family planning program planners often view men as gatekeepers who, if involved in reproductive decisionmaking, will thwart women's efforts to regulate fertility. This study examines fertility decisions made by five generations of one South Indian family and the factors affecting its sudden observed fertility decline. Male involvement in family planning and use of male methods are associated with the fertility decline and resulted in long-term benefits for women. Traditional notions about gender roles and family, in addition to economic concerns, shaped fertility decisionmaking. Individual motivation rather than choice of methods was more important for positive male participation in family planning.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1996

Development of new formulas to identify the fertile time of the menstrual cycle.

The calendar method is perceived to be less effective than other methods of family planning. A large existing data set was used to determine how well the fertile time is identified using the traditional calendar method formula and to determine if better formulas could be developed to identify the fertile time more accurately and require less abstinence. We compared the traditional formula with three alternatives, two of which were developed for this analysis. All three alternative formulas performed better than the traditional formula in identifying the presumed fertile time. The result of our analysis is a summary table which can be used to select the best rules for testing the effectiveness of the calendar method.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Socioeconomic status and use of family planning among Ghanaian government workers.

The low utilization of family planning methods in Ghana, and by inference in much of Africa, is explained by reference to traditional sociocultural values held by males. A LISREL model is tested using data collected from educated males working in the Ghanaian government. Among the findings are that lack of couple communication, segregated conjugal role relationships, and male-dominated decision-making are all significant predictors of non-use of family planning methods (pronatalist attitude is not). Possession of knowledge of family planning among Ghanaian males alone is unlikely to initiate use of family planning methods. Additional sociodemographic and modernization findings are reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence and determinants of current contraceptive method use in a palm oil company in Cameroon.

The principal reasons given by African women for not using contraception include their lack of economic power and control over their choice of partner. An epidemiologic descriptive survey of a cross-section of the female personnel of a Cameroonian palm oil company (SOCAPALM) was carried out in August 1995, to evaluate the various determinants and level of use of various family planning methods in a well defined population of women in employment. An exhaustive list of all the households in the five villages of SOCAPALM was compiled and all women between 15 and 49 years of age who had lived on the palm oil plantation for at least a year were interviewed. The adjusted odds ratios showed that use of modern contraceptive methods was significantly associated with the woman having received secondary education, having more than three children, being the head of the household and, in cases where there was a man regularly present in the household, his approval of family planning. Recently receiving information (during the last month) about family planning was not identified by multivariate analysis as a significant factor affecting the decision to use modern or traditional contraception. The same factors were found to be associated with the use of traditional methods of contraception, but having had an illegal abortion was also associated with the use of such methods. Thus, the level of knowledge about family planning and the prevalence of contraceptive use was significantly higher for women living in industrial environments (such as SOCAPALM), than in the overall population of women in Cameroon. The economic power of the woman, the presence of a strong social reproductive health network, and the positive attitude of men and community leaders were the most important factors affecting the family planning decision of the women.

Abortion, Illegal↗
PubMed2005

Traditional healers for HIV/AIDS prevention and family planning, Kiboga District, Uganda: evaluation of a program to improve practices.

In the face of ongoing epidemics of HIV/AIDS and STI, high demand for family planning, and limited resources, traditional healers may be under-utilized providers of reproductive health education in rural sub-Saharan Africa. We implemented a training program in HIV prevention and family planning methods for healers in the Kiboga district of Uganda and evaluated the program's impact on healers' clinical practice and the diffusion of information to their female clients. Of 46 healers recruited, 30 (65%) completed a pre- and post-training interview. Following training, traditional healers increased discussions of family planning with their clients. Of 84 female clients recruited, 44 (52%) completed the interview before and after the training for healers. Female clients corroborated that they increased discussions of family planning with their healers, as well as discussions about HIV/AIDS. Both healers and their female clients were more likely to make a connection between family planning, condom use, and HIV prevention after the training compared to before the training. Findings provide evidence that traditional healers in a rural area of Uganda can successfully adapt HIV prevention messages and family planning information into their clinical practices.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Alternative models for academic family practices.

BACKGROUND: The Future of Family Medicine Report calls for a fundamental redesign of the American family physician workplace. At the same time, academic family practices are under economic pressure. Most family medicine departments do not have self-supporting practices, but seek support from specialty colleagues or hospital practice plans. Alternative models for academic family practices that are economically viable and consistent with the principles of family medicine are needed. This article presents several "experiments" to address these challenges. METHODS: The basis of comparison is a traditional academic family medicine center. Apart of the faculty practice plan, our center consistently operated at a deficit despite high productivity. A number of different practice types and alternative models of service delivery were therefore developed and tested. They ranged from a multi-specialty office arrangement, to a community clinic operated as part of a federally-qualified health center, to a team of providers based in and providing care for residents of an elderly public housing project. Financial comparisons using consistent accounting across models are provided. RESULTS: Academic family practices can, at least in some settings, operate without subsidy while providing continuity of care to a broad segment of the community. The prerequisites are that the clinicians must see patients efficiently, and be able to bill appropriately for their payer mix. CONCLUSION: Experimenting within academic practice structure and organization is worthwhile, and can result in economically viable alternatives to traditional models.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2001

Ordeal of women for induced abortion in a rural area of Bangladesh.

The study was carried out to document the context of induced abortion, nature of its management, and post-abortion complications in Matlab, Bangladesh. The study included all 91 cases of induced abortion that took place in the study area from July to October 1995. Information was collected from women within 60 days after the abortion. A physician carried out in-depth interviews and physical examinations of 20 randomly-selected cases. The findings depicted a complex context, within which the women had to go for an abortion. In most cases, the complete lack of use or lack of use-effectiveness of family-planning methods resulted in unwanted pregnancies. The women in desperation sought abortion services from traditional sources first. When their conditions worsened, they contacted the available modern service facilities. At times, it was too late and led to serious health consequences. Limited access to safe abortion services, together with an absence of social support, put women in a life-threatening situation. Prevention of unwanted pregnancies and access to safe abortion services are needed to improve the situation.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

The role of contraceptive supply and demand in Mexican fertility decline: evidence from a microdemographic study.

This paper uses retrospective life history data to assess the impact of family planning services on contraceptive use in a rural Mexican township. Between 1960 and 1990 contraceptive use rose and fertility declined dramatically. Both contraceptive supply and demand factors were influential in these trends. The start of the government-sponsored family planning programme in the late 1970s was associated with a sharp rise in female sterilization and use of the IUD. However, once we controlled for the changing socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the sample, the presence of family planning services had no significant effect on the likelihood that women used modern reversible methods compared to traditional methods. Men and women expressed concerns about the safety of modern methods such as the pill and the IUD. Efforts to increase modern contraceptive use should place greater emphasis on communicating the safety of these methods and improving the quality of services.

Contraceptive Devices↗
PubMed1996

Abortion law and practice in China: an overview with comparisons to the United States.

This article utilizes legal documents, policy statements and ethnographic data to compare abortion law and practice in China and the United States. It outlines Chinese abortion law from ancient to modern times, identifies categories of reasons for aborting, and describes both folk remedies and the most common methods of modern medicine for inducing abortion. The contemporary incidence of abortion is discussed in the context of official family planning policy; evidence is presented to suggest that while modern methods are far safer than traditional remedies, the use of abortion as a major form of birth control has had an impact on women's health. The interference of the state in women's reproductive life is put in historical/cultural context and compared to U.S. views of women's reproductive rights. Differences in conception of abortion rights are attributed to contrasting historical relationships between the state and the individual and religiously and legally based theories of human rights, including fetal personhood and right to life.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using financing to motivate a for-profit health care provider to deliver family planning services: is it a cost-effective intervention? A study of AAR health services in Kenya.

Despite much discussion of the role of private health care providers, there are no tried and tested models for supporting for-profit providers in ways that produce cost-effective public health outcomes. This paper examines the cost effectiveness of using a loan mechanism to motivate a for-profit provider to deliver family planning services. The intervention examined directly resulted in a private provider delivering family planning services, however, it did not create a long-term financial incentive for the private provider to promote the use of family planning. The cost effectiveness of this intervention is analysed using a methodology that captures long term sustainability of the intervention within a traditional family planning outcome measure, such as couple years protection (CYP), by discounting future expected CYPs. Depending on the method for analysing costs and assumptions regarding future CYPs, this intervention produced family planning outcomes at no or very low cost (0 dollars-4.11 dollars per CYP). The analysis demonstrates that innovative family planning interventions with private providers should be considered as they can be more cost effective than traditional programmes.

Capital Financing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effectiveness of contingency-planning counseling.

A longitudinal study assessed the effectiveness of contingency-planning counselling on contraceptive use and pregnancy outcomes among patients at a family planning clinic. Of 914 women enrolled in the study, 502 received traditional family planning counseling that focused on the provision of information and the selection of a contraceptive method, and 412 received contingency-planning counseling, which provided additional attention to possible problems that might arise with contraceptive use and the particular method selected. Although contingency-planning counseling was favorably received by both patients and staff members, patients in the two groups did not differ significantly on most of the outcomes considered. The two counseling groups had remarkably similar rates of clinic continuation at both the six- and 12-month follow-ups and analogous patterns of contraceptive use. In an exception to this pattern, the six-month pregnancy rate was significantly reduced among contingency-counseled patients who had ever been pregnant. However, the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing the likelihood of unintended pregnancy was short-lived: At 12 months, the pregnancy rate among ever-pregnant women was the same for traditionally counseled patients as for those receiving contingency-planning counseling.

Counseling↗