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PubMed1985

[Relation of blood lipids and insulin to body fat content, body surface area and state of the subcutaneous fatty tissue in patients with breast and lung cancer].

The study was concerned with an evaluation of the results of examination of 203 breast and 158 lung cancer patients. Such constitutional features as excessive body weight, body fat level and body surface area as well as adipocyte diameter and FFA profile in subcutaneous fat tissue were to be in a greater correlation with lipid (triglyceride, cholesterol and non-esterified FFA) levels than the rates of lipolysis and liposynthesis in both study groups. There may be minor differences in the mechanisms of hypertriglyceridemia development in breast and lung cancer patients. The rise in blood triglyceride level was largely due to basal hyperinsulinemia and glucocorticoid hyperproduction in lung cancer patients, whereas, in breast cancer patients it was mostly determined by resistance to insulin and an increase in body surface area contributed by lean body mass.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1995

Modernization of lifestyle, body fat content and body fat distribution: a comparison of Igloolik Inuit and Volochanka nGanasan.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two circumpolar populations at different stages in adoption of a modern lifestyle with respect to body fat content, fat distribution, blood lipids and blood pressures. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison between Inuit and nGanasan. SUBJECTS: 141 male and 107 female Inuit (aged 17-49 years) living in the modern settlement of Igloolik (69 degrees 40'N, 81 degrees W) and 38 male and 39 female nGanasan living a more traditional lifestyle in Volochanka (71 degrees N, 94 degrees E). MEASUREMENT: Triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, chest and waist circumferences, blood pressures, plasma total cholesterol, plasma HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. RESULTS: Igloolik Inuit now have similar subcutaneous fat readings to their urban counterparts, average values increasing with age from 10 to 16 mm in males, and from 15 to 29 mm in females. In Volochanka, the men retain low readings (6-8 mm), but the women (13-25 mm) almost match their Inuit counterparts. Individual skinfolds, chest and waist circumferences all show substantial correlations with blood pressure (nGanasan > Inuit). The subscapular/triceps ratio is also high (Igloolik, 1.55 to 1.74 in men, 1.06 to 1.15 in women; Volochanka, 1.45 to 1.70 in men and 1.20 to 1.70 in women), but this ratio is only weakly correlated with plasma lipids and blood pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Internal fat deposition may reduce correlations between skinfolds and other cardiac risk factors. Nevertheless, the Inuit have accumulated fat in adopting a modern, sedentary lifestyle, with adverse implications for their future health.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, and its association factors between percentage body fat and body mass index in rural Thai population aged 35 years and older.

OBJECTIVES: To obtain the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its associated socioeconomic factors, and also to evaluate the association between percentage body fat (BF) and body mass index (BMI) in a rural Thai population. MATERIAL AND METHOD: MS defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The prevalence of the MS was then determined using the NCEP III criteria with and without the modified waist circumference criteria. BMI indicating normal weight, overweight and obesity as re-defined for the Asian by International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO), WHO. Four-hundred and four rural Thai men and women aged 35 years and older were evaluated. Data on anthropometry, blood pressure, socioeconomic status, lifestyle-related information, blood studies, and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) values had been collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of the MS in the rural Thai people was 18%, but increased to 23% with the modified Asian criteria. High BMI, female gender, and older age were associated with increased odds of the MS. Household income, dietary composition, smoking and drinking status were not associated with increased odds of the MS. There was significant association between percent BF and BMI in men and women in rural Thai population. CONCLUSION: The MS was present in about 18% of the rural Thai population and was significantly influenced by body mass index, gender and age. Metabolic syndrome becomes an important problem in rural Thai populations who even live basic lifestyle in the non-urbanized and non-industrialized areas. Identification and clinical management of this high-risk group is an important strategy for coronary heart disease prevention.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effect of polymorphism of uncoupling protein 3 gene -55 (C>T) on the resting energy expenditure, total body fat and regional body fat in Chinese.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of the C to T variant at the -55 site of the promoter region of uncoupling protein 3 gene (UCP3) with the resting energy expenditure and the parameters of body fat in Chinese population. METHODS: Three hundred Chinese (91 normal weight subjects, 209 overweight/obesity subjects) were genotyped for the UCP3 gene -55(C>T) by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Resting energy expenditure (REE), fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM) and the parameters for regional adipose tissue distribution were measured. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies of UCP3 gene -55(C>T) were not associated with obesity and different types of obesity. The REE level in normal weight subjects with TT homozygotes was higher than that in those with CT heterozygotes and CC homozygotes (P=0.0200). Similar tendency was also observed in overweight/obesity subjects. The FM/FFM exhibited significant difference between the overweight/obesity subjects with a TT genotype and those with a CT or CC genotype (P=0.0096). CONCLUSION: The level of difference in REE caused by the polymorphism of promoter region of UCP3 -55(C>T) may play a role in energy metabolism in Chinese.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1999

Relation of beta3-adrenergic receptor gene mutation to total body fat but not percent body fat and insulin levels in Thais.

A Trp64Arg mutation in the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene has been implicated in the pathophysiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the findings have been controversial due to the use of different populations and different methods for the estimation of body fat. In the present study, the prevalence of Trp64Arg mutation of the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene was determined and its relation to body fat as assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was evaluated in Thai men and women. The effect on insulin sensitivity as assessed by the serum insulin to glucose ratio was also examined. The subjects were 76 men and 135 women aged 20 to 80 years. Body fat and its regional distribution were assessed by DEXA. Mutation in the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Data are expressed as the mean +/- SEM. Fifty-nine subjects (28.0%) had the Trp64Arg mutation in the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene; 54 (25.6%) were heterozygotes and five (2.4%) were homozygotes. The gene frequency of Trp64Arg mutation was 15.2% in these subjects. In women, Trp64Arg mutation was not associated with the difference in total body fat (Trp/Arg or Arg/Arg, 19.4 +/- 1.0 kg; Trp/Trp, 19.2 +/- 0.6 kg) or percent body fat (Trp/Arg or Arg/Arg, 34.6% +/- 1.2%; Trp/Trp, 34.3% +/- 0.6%). In contrast to the findings in women, men with Trp64Arg mutation had lower total body fat after controlling for age (Trp/Arg or Arg/Arg, 13.2 +/- 1.1 kg; Trp/Trp, 15.8 +/- 0.7 kg; P < .05). However, no difference was found in percent body fat (Trp/Arg or Arg/Arg, 20.9% +/- 1.3%; Trp/Trp, 23.3% +/- 0.7%). No difference in the fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI) was found between subjects with and without Trp64Arg mutation. The data suggest that Trp64Arg mutation of the beta3-adrenergic receptor is common in Thais and appears to exert effects on total body fat but not percent body fat in men. Trp64Arg mutation is not associated with insulin resistance as assessed by the FIRI in Thais.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1999

Differences in the relationship between body fat and body mass index between two different Indonesian ethnic groups: the effect of body build.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between body fat percent (BF%) and body mass index (BMI) in two different Indonesian ethnic groups (Malays and Chinese) and to relate differences in the relationship to differences in body build and slenderness. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Except for ethnicity, not specially selected populations living on Java (Depok, south of Jakarta: Malay Indonesians, n = 117) and on Sulawesi (Makale, north of Ujung Pandang: Chinese Indonesians, n = 109). MEASUREMENTS: Weight, height, sitting height, waist and hip circumferences and skeletal widths were measured. BMI was calculated and BF% was predicted from BMI, age and sex using a (Dutch) Caucasian prediction formula. Slenderness was expressed as the ratio of weight: sum of knee and wrist width. BF% assessed by deuterium oxide dilution was used as a reference. RESULTS: BF% in the male and female Malay Indonesians was 24.6+/-7.0 and 35.6+/-5.6% respectively which was not significantly different from the values in the male and female Chinese Indonesians (24.0+/-4.3 and 33.8+/-6.9%). BMI and age were significantly lower in the Malay Indonesians. Malay Indonesians had a more slender body build in terms of skeletal widths compared to the Chinese Indonesians, and they had a higher slenderness index. BF% predicted from BMI using a Caucasian prediction formula was underestimated by 5.8+/-4.8% and 7.7+/-3.8% in the male and female Malay Indonesians but only by 1.3+/-3.0% and 1.7+/-3.7% in the male and female Chinese Indonesians. After correction for differences in age, sex and BF% the Malay Indonesians had a 1.7+/-0.3 kg/m2 (P < 0.0001) lower BMI than the Chinese Indonesians. After correcting for body build and relative sitting height the difference lowered to 0.9+/-0.4 kg/m2 (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed the results of an earlier study that Indonesians have a higher BF% at the same BMI compared to Caucasians, but that there are apparently also differences among Indonesian subgroups. These differences are at least partly related to differences in body build.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Body fat distribution, body composition, and respiratory function in elderly men.

BACKGROUND: Most population studies have reported weak or nonsignificant associations between body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) and lung function. OBJECTIVE: This study focused on the distinct effects of fat distribution and body composition on lung function and examined these relations in elderly men. DESIGN: The study was a cross-sectional evaluation of 2744 men aged 60-79 y who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer and were drawn from general practices in 24 British towns. Anthropometric and body-composition [including fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and percentage body fat (%BF) evaluated with bioelectric impedance] measurements were made, and lung function was examined by using spirometry. RESULTS: Height-standardized forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was diminished only in lean (BMI < 22.5) and obese (BMI > or = 30) men, but forced vital capacity (FVC) tended to decrease with increasing BMI (P < 0.01). All other measures of adiposity [ie, waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), FM, and %BF] were significantly and inversely related to FEV1 and FVC after adjustment for confounders, including age and cigarette smoking (all: P < 0.05). This was seen both in nonobese (BMI < 30) and obese men. FFM was positively associated with FEV1 (P = 0.03) and to a lesser extent with FVC. Higher BMI and FFM were both associated with reduced odds of a low FEV1-FVC ratio (ie, <70%). CONCLUSION: Total body fat and central adiposity are inversely associated with lung function, but increased FFM reflecting increases in muscle mass is associated with increased lung function and lower odds of low FEV1:FVC in the elderly.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1999

Effect of body build on the validity of predicted body fat from body mass index and bioelectrical impedance.

The objective of this study was to test whether differences between body fat percent (BF%) measured by densitometry and BF% predicted from body mass index (BMI) or bioimpedance (BIA) can be explained by differences in body build. Weight, height, sitting height (leg length), arm length, skeletal widths, BIA, bone mineral content from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and BF% from densitometry were measured in 90 apparently healthy, young adult subjects (age range 18-31 years). The BMI was calculated and BF% predicted from BMI, age, and sex. BF% was also predicted from BIA. BF% measured by densitometry was 29.3 +/- 5.0% for women and 14.6 +/- 5.1% for men. BF% predicted from BIA (27.1 +/- 6.7% in women, 19.0 +/- 6.0% in men) was significantly different from measured values in both sexes. BF% predicted from BMI (25.9 +/- 2.2% for women, 15.6 +/- 2.4% for men) was only significantly different from BF% from densitometry in women, not in men. In both sexes skeletal widths, especially elbow width, were related to the prediction error of BF% from BMI, confirming the hypothesis that BF% predicted from BMI underestimates BF% in persons with a relatively slender body build or frame. The prediction error of BF% from BIA was found to be related to the length of the arms and legs, confirming the hypothesis that BIA overestimates BF% in persons with relatively long limbs.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2001

Body fat distribution and total body fat as risk factors for microalbuminuria in the obese.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Despite evidence linking type of obesity with subsequent organ malfunction, such a link with renal malfunction has not been widely researched. The aim of this study was to investigate percentage of total body fat (%TBF), and body fat distribution in relation to the renal function in overweight/obese subjects. METHODS: Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), TBF (by bioelectric impedance), and albumin excretion rate (AER) were determined in 77 subjects: 48 overweight/obese (BMI > or =27.8 for men and > or =27.3 for women) and 29 controls (BMI <27.8 for men and <27.3 for women). Obese subjects were subdivided into those (n = 33) with central fat distribution (WHR > or =0.81 for women and > or =0.92 for men) and those (n = 15) with peripheral fat distribution (WHR <0.81 for women and <0.92 for men). RESULTS: Obesity, irrespective of type, was significantly related to increased AER. Furthermore, in subjects who did not differ in %TBF, the age-adjusted relative risk of abnormal AER was 18 times greater in centrally obese subjects as compared with controls, while only four times greater in peripherally obese subjects. CONCLUSION: A significant difference in risk of renal malfunction was observed in individuals having the same %TBF, but differing in the distribution of this fat, with a central fat pattern being the greater risk.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2001

Growth of visceral fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat, and total body fat in children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the patterns of growth of visceral fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat, and total body fat over a 3- to 5-year period in white and African American children. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Children (mean age: 8.1 +/- 1.6 years at baseline) were recruited from Birmingham, Alabama, and those with three or more repeated annual measurements were included in the analysis (N = 138 children and 601 observations). Abdominal adipose tissue (visceral and subcutaneous) was measured using computed tomography. Total body fat and lean tissue mass were measured by DXA. Random growth curve modeling was performed to estimate growth rates of the different body fat compartments. RESULTS: Visceral fat and total body fat both exhibited significant growth effects before and after adjusting for subcutaneous abdominal fat and lean tissue mass, respectively, and for gender, race, and baseline age (5.2 +/- 2.2 cm(2)/yr and 1.9 +/- 0.8 kg/yr, respectively). After adjusting for total body fat, the growth of subcutaneous abdominal fat was not significant. Whites showed a higher visceral fat growth than did African Americans (difference: 1.9 +/- 0.8 cm(2)/yr), but there was no ethnic difference for growth of subcutaneous abdominal fat or total body fat. There were no gender differences found for any of the growth rates. DISCUSSION: Growth of visceral fat remained significant after adjusting for growth of subcutaneous abdominal fat, implying that the acquisition of the two abdominal fat compartments may involve different physiologic mechanisms. In contrast, growth of subcutaneous abdominal fat was explained by growth in total body fat, suggesting that subcutaneous fat may not be preferentially deposited in the abdominal area during this phase of growth. Finally, significantly higher growth of visceral fat in white compared with African American children is consistent with cross-sectional findings.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2001

Maternal expression of functional lipoprotein lipase and effects on body fat mass and body condition scores of mature cats with lipoprotein lipase deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: To assess effects of deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) on body condition scores and lean and fat body masses of adult cats. ANIMALS: 12 cats without LPL mutations and 23 cats that were heterozygous or homozygous carriers of the Gly412Arg LPL mutation. PROCEDURE: Lean and fat body masses were estimated by use of body condition scores and change in enrichment of serum after IV administration of deuterium oxide. Mass spectroscopy and infrared absorbance methods were used to determine deuterium enrichment. RESULTS: Fat body mass (mean +/- SD; 0.2 +/- 0.1 kg) and percentage body fat (6.2 +/- 1.4%) of homozygotes were significantly less than those of clinically normal cats and heterozygotes (0.7 +/- 0.1 kg, 18.2 +/- 1.6% and 0.5 +/- 0.1 kg, 15.6 +/- 1.7%, respectively). Homozygous offspring of homozygous dams had significantly less fat body mass (0.1 +/- 0.1 kg) and percentage body fat (2.1 +/- 1.0%) than homozygous offspring of heterozygous dams (0.3 +/- 0.1 kg and 9.2 +/- 1.7%, respectively). Lean body mass did not differ significantly among groups. For all groups, percentage body fat was significantly correlated with body condition score (r= 0.65), and body condition scores supported findings for fat body mass. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Deficiency of LPL activity in cats diminishes stores of body fat. This is consistent with a low rate of de novo synthesis of fat. The effect of dam on body masses in mature LPL-deficient cats indicates nutrient programming of adipose formation during gestation or lactation.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2003

A reduction in dietary saturated fat decreases body fat content in overweight, hypercholesterolemic males.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The effect of the quality of dietary fat on body composition is unknown. Our objective was to determine whether body composition is modified by the isocaloric substitution of a diet rich in saturated fat by a diet high in monounsaturated fat (Mediterranean diet) or a carbohydrate-rich diet in overweight subjects with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study involved 34 hypercholesterolemic males aged 18-63 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 28.2 (2.6), all of whom consumed a diet rich in saturated fat (SAT) for 28 days. They were then randomly divided into two groups of 17 subjects and underwent two dietary periods of 28 days each in a crossover design: a Mediterranean diet high in monounsaturated fat (MONO) and a carbohydrate-rich diet (CHO). The order of the diets was different for the two group. The CHO diet contained 57% CHO and 28% total fat (< 10% saturated fat, 12% monounsaturated fat and 6% polyunsaturated fat); the Mediterranean diet contained 47% CHO and 38% fat (< 10% saturated fat, 22% monounsaturated fat--75% of which was provided by olive oil- and 6% polyunsaturated fat). The variables measured at the end of each dietary intervention period were: 1) body composition by means of bioelectrical impedance; 2) plasma lipoproteins using enzymatic techniques; and 3) fatty acids in cholesterol esters by means of gas chromatography. BMI and the waist/hip ratio remained the same during the three dietary periods. A decrease in fat was observed when changing from a saturated fat diet (23.3 (6.3) kg) to a Mediterranean diet (20.8 (7.2) kg) (p < 0.05), or a carbohydrate-rich diet (20.6 (6.7) kg) (p < 0.05). Lean mass increased when changing from a SAT diet (58.4 (7.0) kg) to a CHO diet (60.2 (7.0) kg) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The isocaloric substitution of a saturated fat-rich diet by a Mediterranean or carbohydrate-rich diet decreases total body fat in hypercholesterolemic males.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1983

Age changes in skinfolds, body fat and lean body mass in Jat-Sikh and Bania females during 20 to 80 years.

The present paper reports the changes in body fat and lean body mass during 20 to 80 years. The data consist of 502 Jat-Sikh and 510 Bania females. The body fat has been calculated by applying Durnin & Womersley's (1974) formulae. The body fat reaches a maximum value of 20.06 kg at age-group 60-64 in Jat-Sikh females and 22.15 kg at age-group 45-49 in Bania females followed by a decline, reaching a value of 15.28 kg in Jat-Sikhs and 14.93 kg in Banias in the 70+ age group. The redistribution of fat with ageing has also been observed from skinfold measurements and changing body contours. The lean body mass reaches a maximum value of 35.64 kg in Jat-Sikhs and 36.22 kg in Bania at age-group 35-39 followed by a steady decrease reaching a value of 30.47 kg in Jat-Sikhs and 28.27 kg in Banias at age-group 70+. The females of the present study possess significantly lesser body fat and lean body mass as compared to American and British females. But in terms of percentages the Jat-Sikh females of the present study possess the largest lean body mass and the least body fat.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Photoperiod, but not a high-fat diet, alters body fat in Shaw's jird.

Many animal species living in temperate zones show annual body fat cycles. In an apparent regulation of total body fat, species showing naturally occurring decreases in adiposity in the fall (e.g., meadow voles and Siberian hamsters) are resistant to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in short, "winter-like" days (SDs), and in long, "summer-like" days (LDs) at their peak adiposity. SD-exposed Shaw's jirds (Meriones shawi) show SD-induced decreases in body fat; therefore, we predicted they also would be resistant to HFD-induced obesity. Male jirds were fed a standard chow diet or a HFD, and half of each group was exposed to LDs or SDs. SD-exposed jirds significantly decreased their carcass lipid content and testes mass compared with LD controls, but not body or WAT pad masses. HFD feeding in either photoperiod did not affect any of these measures, nor did it trigger overeating. Thus, it appears disadvantageous for this, and other species, that exhibit body fat peaks in the LDs of summer and nadirs in the SDs of winter, to fatten further or dampen their body fat losses, respectively, whereas species that exhibit body fat nadirs in the LDs of summer and peaks in the SDs of winter do become fat in LDs, and even fatter in SDs, when fed a HFD (e.g., Syrian hamsters). This dichotomous separation of HFD-induced body fat responses to HFD feeding among species showing opposite seasonal lipid mass peaks and nadirs may prove useful in understanding resistance or susceptibility to HFD-induced obesity, especially because they are naturally occurring.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1990

Evaluation of body fat estimated from body mass index, skinfolds and impedance. A comparative study.

The purpose of the study was to cross-validate three different methods used in field studies for estimating body fat in a group of Danes (n = 139) aged 35-65 years with a wide range in body fat. On the first two-thirds of the participants (n = 93) multiple regressions equations were developed for body fat by means of height, weight, sex and age and either BMI, or by sum of four skinfolds or electrical impedance. A four-compartment-model based on measurements of both total body water (TBW) and potassium (TBK) was used as reference. On the remaining one-third of the subjects (n = 46) cross-validation of the developed equations was carried out. The multiple regression equation for impedance had higher R-square (R2 = 0.89) and lower residual error (SEE = 3.32 kg) than the multiple regression equations for skinfolds (R2 = 0.81, SEE = 3.91 kg) or body mass index (R2 = 0.85, SEE = 3.94 kg). The cross-validation study showed that all three simple methods give reliable average body fat estimates. The difference in estimates of body fat between the reference method and impedance, BMI and skinfolds was 0.76 kg, -0.64 kg and -0.21 kg respectively, none of these differences being different from zero. However, the variance of body fat estimated from BMI (4.84 kg) was higher than body fat estimated from impedance (4.36 kg) (P = 0.013). The multiple regression analysis further showed that measurements of skinfold do not seem to add significantly to the prediction of body fat if height and weight are included.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1995

Familial clustering of multiple measures of adiposity and fat distribution in the Québec Family Study: a trivariate analysis of percent body fat, body mass index, and trunk-to-extremity skinfold ratio.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether independent or common (pleiotropic) familial factors (i.e., genetic and/or common environment) underlie the observed associations among measures of body mass, body fat, and its distribution. DESIGN: A familial correlation model involves both parents and offspring, and gives rise to three types of familial correlations (spouse, parent-offspring, and sibling). A pattern of significant familial correlations suggests that the trait is determined by familial factors (i.e., genetic and/or environmental heritability). Cross-trait familial correlations are also estimated, both within individuals (intraindividual) and between family members (interindividual). Interindividual cross-trait familial correlations (e.g., trait 1 in parents with trait 2 in offspring) lead to the same type of familial inferences regarding bivariate heritabilities. SUBJECTS AND MEASURES: Measures of total body fat (% body fat-%BF), fat distribution (trunk/extremity skinfold ratio-TER), and body mass index (BMI) were assessed in 1239 individuals from 309 nuclear families participating the Québec Family Study. RESULTS: All three adiposity measures are cross-correlated within individuals. However, interindividual cross-trait correlations, which alone are capable of suggesting common familial determinants, are significant only for BMI with each of %BF and TER (bivariate heritabilities of 10% and 18%, respectively), and not for %BF and TER. CONCLUSION: Although all three adiposity measures are correlated within individuals, there appear to be entirely different underlying genes and/or environmental factors influencing the adiposity phenotypes of total body fat and fat distribution. The BMI, however, apparently shares some familial determinants with both total body fat and fat distribution.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic Acid and fat source on body fat and apoptosis in mice.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether altered dietary essential fatty acid (linoleic and arachidonic acid) concentrations alter sensitivity to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-induced body fat loss or DNA fragmentation. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Mice were fed diets containing soy oil (control), coconut oil [essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD)], or fish oil (FO) for 42 days, and then diets were supplemented with a mixture of CLA isomers (0.5% of the diet) for 14 days. Body fat index, fat pad and liver weights, DNA fragmentation in adipose tissue, and fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue were determined. RESULTS: The EFAD diet decreased (p < 0.05) linoleic and arachidonic acid in mouse adipose tissue but did not affect body fat. Dietary CLA caused a reduction (p < 0.05) in body fat. Mice fed the EFAD diet and then supplemented with CLA exhibited a greater reduction (p < 0.001) in body fat (20.21% vs. 6.94% in EFAD and EFAD + CLA-fed mice, respectively) compared with mice fed soy oil. Dietary FO decreased linoleic acid and increased arachidonic acid in mouse adipose tissue. Mice fed FO or CLA were leaner (p < 0.05) than control mice. FO + CLA-fed mice did not differ in body fat compared with FO-fed mice. Adipose tissue apoptosis was increased (p < 0.001) in CLA-supplemented mice and was not affected by fat source. DISCUSSION: Reductions in linoleic acid concentration made mice more sensitive to CLA-induced body fat loss only when arachidonic acid concentrations were also reduced. Dietary essential fatty acids did not affect CLA-induced DNA fragmentation.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2006

Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to changes in body weight, body fat distribution, and body composition in adult Danes.

BACKGROUND: A diet with a high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) may promote overconsumption of energy and increase the risk of weight gain. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the relation between GI and GL of habitual diets and subsequent 6-y changes in body weight, body fat distribution, and body composition in a random group of adult Danes. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study was conducted in a subsample of men and women from the Danish arm of the Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease study. The subsample comprised 185 men and 191 women born in 1922, 1932, 1942, or 1952. A baseline health examination and a dietary history interview were carried out in 1987 and 1988; a follow-up health examination was performed in 1993 and 1994. RESULTS: Positive associations between GI and changes in body weight (DeltaBW), percentage body fat (Delta%BF), and waist circumference (DeltaWC) were observed in women after adjustment for covariates. Significant GI x sex x physical activity interactions for DeltaBW, Delta%BF, and DeltaWC were observed, and the associations in the sedentary women were particularly positive. No significant associations with GI were observed in men, and no significant associations with GL were observed in either sex. CONCLUSIONS: High-GI diets may lead to increases in BW, body fat mass, and WC in women, especially in sedentary women, which suggests that physical activity may protect against diet-induced weight gain. No associations with GI were observed in men, which suggests sex differences in the association between GI and obesity development.

Adult↗