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PubMed1992

Olive oil, corn oil, and n-3 fatty acids differently affect lipids, lipoproteins, platelets, and superoxide formation in type II hypercholesterolemia.

To evaluate which dietary fat may provide the best response in terms of plasma lipids and lipoproteins and also of platelet aggregability and superoxide formation by white blood cells, 12 type II patients were randomly allocated to three different diets, which provided polyunsaturated fatty acids (corn oil), monounsaturated fatty acids (olive oil), and a supplementation of ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids to a prudent diet. Olive oil and, more significantly, n-3 ethyl esters lowered total cholesterol best (-2.2% and -5.8%, respectively); the latter diet, as expected, also significantly lowered triglyceridemia (-21.4%). The corn-oil diet exerted a small, statistically significant reduction of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (-4.3%), and it also lowered plasma total apo B concentrations (-3.8%). n-3 ethyl esters significantly raised both total (+3.1%) and particularly HDL2 cholesterol (+24%). Platelet reactivity was insignificantly reduced by the three regimens, but all three significantly reduced thrombin-stimulated formation of thromboxane B2. Finally, only the n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced O2- generation by adherent monocytes. Dietary unsaturated fatty acids are generally effective on the plasma lipid and lipoproteins in type II patients, but significant differences may be found between the three tested regimens.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMed1992

A low-sodium diet supplemented with fish oil lowers blood pressure in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To examine effects of dietary fish oil supplementation with sodium restriction on blood pressure in the elderly. DESIGN: In a double-blind dietary intervention lasting 4 weeks, parallel comparisons of blood pressure were made in volunteers assigned to one of four treatment groups: fish oil and low sodium; fish oil and normal sodium; sunflower oil and low sodium; or sunflower oil and normal sodium. SETTING: Subjects lived at home and attended our nutrition research clinic at fortnightly intervals for dietary counselling and blood pressure measurement. PARTICIPANTS: Health volunteers aged 60-80 years were sought by advertisement. A total of 114 men and women were enrolled in two cohorts; 106, with an initial mean blood pressure of 132/77 mmHg, satisfactorily completed the study. INTERVENTION: All subjects adopted a low-sodium diet and dietary changes were effected by double-blind administration of slow-release sodium chloride or placebo tablets, along with capsules containing either fish or sunflower oil. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary measure was the within-subject change in blood pressure after 4 weeks of intervention in each dietary treatment group. RESULTS: Urinary sodium excretion in subjects on low-sodium diets decreased whilst potassium excretion was unaffected. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) fell in the group taking sunflower oil with low sodium, but there was only a transient fall in diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In those taking fish oil with normal sodium, the change in blood pressure was not significant, except after adjustment for initial blood pressure and weight changes. When fish oil was combined with low sodium, however, both SBP and DBP were substantially reduced; the reduction in DBP was significantly greater than in the other treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Dietary fish oil and sodium restriction can interact to lower DBP in the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

n-3 fatty acids: biochemical actions in cancer.

A number of reports indicate that fish n-3 PUFA inhibit the development, growth and progression of several experimental tumors. There emerges a pattern of complex and diverse biochemical actions of n-3 PUFA in different animal tumor models, from the studies undertaken to date to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. These findings, along with the recent epidemiological evidence of an inverse correlation between fish intake and incidence of some human cancers, makes it worthwhile to determine the role of n-3 PUFA in cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dietary n-3 fatty acids reduce antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and alter eicosanoid release by chicken immune cells.

The overall goal of the present study was to determine whether the incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into poultry rations would alter the immune response of broiler chickens. Female broiler chicks were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet to which one of four dietary fats were added: lard (LA), corn oil (CO), flaxseed oil (SO), or menhaden fish oil (FO). The latter two fat sources are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Enriching the diet with n-3 PUFA did not alter the primary or secondary antibody response of broiler chickens to sheep red blood cells. Dietary fat source had no effect on antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) by peripheral blood leukocytes, but ADCC by splenocytes was 50% lower in chickens fed SO and FO compared with LA and CO (P less than .005). As expected, the fatty acid profile of the isolated immune cells reflected the fatty acid composition of the dietary fats fed. Basal release and calcium ionophore (A23187)-stimulated (10 microM) release of thromboxane B were significantly lower (P less than .05) in the SO and FO groups compared with the LA and CO groups. Total leukotriene B release was not significantly altered by dietary fat source. In conclusion, feeding broiler chickens diets rich in n-3 PUFA reduced ADCC of splenocytes and altered eicosanoid production by isolated immune cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dietary supplementation with fish oil in ulcerative colitis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of fish oil supplementation in patients with active ulcerative colitis. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trail with 4-month treatment periods (fish oil and placebo) separated by a 1-month washout. SETTING: Four gastroenterology divisions. PATIENTS: Twenty-four patients with active ulcerative colitis entered the study. Five dropped out, and one was noncompliant. Eighteen patients completed the study. All patients had active disease as manifested by diarrhea and rectal inflammation. INTERVENTIONS: Treatment with prednisone and sulfasalazine was continued. Fish oil supplementation consisted of 18 Max-EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) capsules daily (eicosapentaenoic acid, 3.24 g; and docosahexaenoic acid, 2.16 g). Placebo supplementation consisted of 18 identical capsules containing isocaloric amounts of vegetable oil. MEASUREMENTS: Patients were evaluated at study entry and after each diet period. Evaluations included a review of symptoms, flexible sigmoidoscopy, rectal biopsy, and rectal dialysis to measure prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 levels. RESULTS: Fish oil supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in rectal dialysate levels of leukotriene B4 from 71.0 to 27.7 pg/mL (average change, -43.3 pg/mL; 95% CI, -83 to -3.6). Significant improvements were seen in acute histology index (average change, -8.5 units from a baseline of 10.5 units; CI, -12.9 to -4.2) and total histology index (average change, -8.5 units from a baseline of 14.80; CI, -13.2 to -3.8) as well as significant weight gain (average weight gain, 1.74 kg, CI, 0.94 to 2.54). No significant changes occurred in any variable during the placebo period. Seven patients received concurrent treatment with prednisone. During the fish oil supplementation period, the mean prednisone dose decreased from 12.9 mg/d to 6.1 mg/d and rose from 10.4 mg/d to 12.9 mg/d during the placebo diet period (P greater than 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Four months of diet supplementation with fish oil in patients with inflammatory bowel disease resulted in reductions in rectal dialysate leukotriene B4 levels, improvements in histologic findings, and weight gain.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Dietary omega 3 fatty acids and gestational hypertension in the Inuit.

Blood pressure at the end of pregnancy and the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension were monitored in Inuit communities in the Keewatin region of the Northwest Territories. Communities with more fish and sea mammals in their diet had a lower blood pressure at the end of pregnancy and a lower incidence of gestational hypertension. The lower incidence of gestational hypertension was independent of other variables, including pregravida weight and parity. Cord blood phospholipid fatty acid analysis confirmed higher levels of eicosapentanoic acid, a fatty acid enriched in fish and sea mammals, in infants born to mothers from communities with higher fish in their diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Lipid metabolism, atherogenesis, and haemostasis in Eskimos: the role of the prostaglandin-3 family.

In Eskimos coronary heart disease is a rarity. This can partly be explained by their favorable plasma lipid levels. An additional factor seems, however, to be that in Eskimo food polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 series replace those of the omega-6 series. C20:5, omega-3 can be converted by the vessel wall to an antiaggregatory substance, whereas it has no proaggregatory effect on platelets. Consistent with these findings Eskimos were found to have a nearly 2-fold longer bleeding time than Danes. Platelet aggregability, too, was markedly depressed when exposing platelets from Eskimos to ADP and collagen.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1992

Essentiality of dietary omega 3 fatty acids for premature infants: plasma and red blood cell fatty acid composition.

Pre-term infants, that are not breast-fed, are deprived of vital intrauterine fat accretion during late pregnancy and must rely on formula to obtain fatty acids essential for normal development, particularly of the visual system. Preterm infants (30 wk postconception) receiving human milk were compared to infants given one of the following formulae: Formula A was a commercial preterm formula with predominantly 18:2 omega 6 (24.2%) and low (0.5%) 18:3 omega 3; Formula B was based on soy oil and contained similar 18:2 omega 6 levels (20%) and high 18:3 omega 3 (2.7%); Formula C was also a soy oil-based formula (20% 18:2, 1.4% 18:3) but was supplemented with marine oil to provide omega 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) at a level (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, 0.35%) equivalent to human milk. At entry (10 days of age), the fatty acid composition of plasma and red blood cell (RBC) membrane lipids of the formula groups were identical. By 36 wk postconception, the DHA content in lipids of group A was significantly reduced compared to that in the human milk and marine oil formula groups. Omega-3 LCP results were further amplified by 57 wk with compensatory increases in 22:5 omega 6 in both plasma and RBC lipids. Provision of 2.7% alpha-linolenic acid in formula group B was sufficient to maintain 22:6 omega 3 levels equivalent to those in human milk-fed infants at 36 wk but not at 57 wk. Effects on the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and fragility of RBC attributable to the marine oil supplementation were negligible. The results support the essentiality of omega 3 fatty acids for preterm infants to obtain fatty acid profiles comparable to infants receiving human milk. Formula for preterm infants should be supplemented with omega 3 fatty acids including LCP.

Diet↗
PubMed1976

Fatty-acid composition of rat brain lipids. Determined by support-coated open-tubular gas chromatography.

The nonhydroxy fatty acid composition of rat brain lipids (except gangliosides) was determined by support-coated open-tubular (SCOT) gas chromatography. Fatty acids of both odd and even chain lengths ranging from C14 to C26 were detected. Brain lipids contained 49% saturated, 29% monounsaturated, and 22% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Monoenoic fatty acids were mainly of the omega-9 and omega-7 series with minor amounts of omega-10 and amega-11 isomers. Dienes and trienes consisted of omega-6, amega-7, and omega-9 series. Tetraenes were of the omega-6 series. Small amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 pentaenes were detected. The most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid was 22:6omega-3. The advantages of support-coated open-tubular columns over wall-coated open-tubular columns for the analysis of brain lipid fatty acids are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Fatty acids and breast cancer: Epidemiology, subtype-specific metabolism, immune regulation, and clinical translation.

Fatty acids (FAs) are bioactive dietary and metabolic molecules that participate in membrane architecture, energy homeostasis, inflammatory signaling, gene regulation and immune function, all of which intersect with breast cancer (BC) risk, progression and treatment response. In this narrative review we integrate epidemiological, clinical, translational and mechanistic evidence on the role of FAs in BC. Saturated, monounsaturated, trans- and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) are treated as distinct biological exposures rather than interchangeable measures of total fat intake. Similarly, evidence from dietary assessment, circulating biomarkers, erythrocyte membrane composition, adipose tissue stores and tumor lipid signatures is interpreted separately, because each captures exposure and biology at a different level. BC subtypes differ in FA synthesis, uptake, oxidation, storage and remodeling: luminal tumors are frequently linked to hormone-regulated lipogenesis, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive tumors to growth-factor-driven lipid metabolism, and triple-negative tumors to exogenous FA uptake, inflammatory lipid mediators and ferroptosis-related vulnerabilities. FA-derived mediators also shape immune-cell polarization, cytokine signaling and the tumor microenvironment, and dietary FAs may reshape the gut microbiota; the fiber-derived short-chain FAs it produces, distinct from dietary FAs, likewise help regulate immune and inflammatory tone. Clinical data suggest possible roles for fat-quality modification and selected n-3 PUFA interventions, but findings are heterogeneous and not yet sufficient to support routine biomarker-guided precision onco-nutrition. Candidate biomarkers, such as erythrocyte n-6:n-3 composition, require prospective validation before clinical implementation. FA biology thus represents a modifiable but complex axis in BC prevention, tumor biology and supportive care.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Effect of cultural conditions on production of eicosapentaenoic acid by Pythium irregulare.

The effect of culture conditions upon lipid content and fatty acid composition of mycelia of Pythium irregulare was investigated with particular attention to increasing the yield of 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5; omega-3)(EPA). All experiments were done by shake flask culture using a yeast extract + malt extract medium. The maximum growth rate was obtained at 25 degrees C, but maximum EPA production was obtained at 12 degrees C. The highest EPA production was 76.5 micrograms EPA/ml 13 days fermentation at 12 degrees C. Addition of glucose during fermentation increased the yield considerably. The highest yield was 112 micrograms/ml, obtained at 13 days fermentation with spiking on day 11. Fermentation time could be shortened by initial incubation at 25 degrees C for 2 days, followed by incubation at 12 degrees C for 6 days. The culture also produced arachidonic acid and other omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EPA production was also obtained with lactose or sweet whey permeate, a by-product of cheese manufacture that contains lactose as the main carbohydrate.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed1977

Hydrocarbon gases produced during in vitro peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and decomposition of preformed hydroperoxides.

Hydrocarbon gases have been used previously as an index of lipid peroxidation in vivo and in vitro. In vitro experiments are reported on the formation of hydrocarbon gases from peroxidizing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Hydrocarbon gases were not released during a 20-hr peroxidation phase but were released following the decomposition of hydroperoxides by addition of excess ascorbic acid. The major hydrocarbon gas products in iron, copper, or hematin catalyzed peroxidation systems were ethane or ethylene from linolenic acid, and pentane from linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Calculations of the ratios of hydrocarbon gases formed were based on fatty acid decrease and/or change in diene conjugation and peroxide values. Depending on the fatty acid, catalyst, and calculation basis used, pentane formation was as high as 1.3 mol %, ethane 4.3 mol %, and ethylene 10.6 mol %.

Chemical Phenomena↗