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PubMedDate not supplied

Female adolescent contraception.

Numerous clinical challenges confront care providers in caring for adolescents regarding contraception and sexual health issues. Strong communication skills are an integral factor in dealing with the sexually active teen. The most common contraceptive options for adolescents include Norplant, Depo-Provera, oral contraception, and condoms. Providing contraceptive care for adolescents requires knowledge of these methods, including the new FDA guidelines that standardize instructions for oral contraceptive use. Nursing responsibilities include counseling the adolescent regarding the risks of sexual activity with multiple partners, exposure to HIV, STDS, and the correct use of condoms. Educational efforts should focus on improving adolescent communication skills and encouraging discussion by sexual partners about the issue of condom use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A comparative study of users of long-term contraceptive subdermal implants and female surgical contraception in Kenya.

This was a comparative study of users of Norplant contraceptive, Subdermal implants and LA Minilap, in rural, urban and peri-urban sites in Kenya during 1991-1993. Both methods are very well accepted by well counselled women seeking long-term, continuous, convenient, highly effective contraception. Norplant users had a mean age of 27.3 years, an average of 2.6 living children and 25.3 per cent were unmarried, while 32.9 percent had completed their families. This compares with 31.3 years, 6.2 living children, 0.6 percent unmarried and 100 percent completed families respectively for LA Minilap. Norplant acceptance rates have continued to rise over the few years since programme inception, and now stand at 5.4 percent of all new acceptors. LA Minilap acceptance trends shows a plateau or moderate down-turn at 21.6 percent of new acceptors. The possible reasons and implications of these observations, along with user characteristics are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Incidence of endometrial cancer in relation to the use of oral contraceptives.

Female residents of King and Ierce Counties in the state of Washington in whom endometrial cancer was diagnosed during 1975--77 were interviewed concerning prior use of oral contraceptives. Their responses were compared with those of a random sample of women from the same population. Women who had taken Oracon (0.1 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 25 mg of dimethisterone) were estimated to have a risk of endometrial cancer 7.3 times that of other women (P = 0.007). This elevation in risk was not seen in users of other sequential preparations. Women who had used combined oral contraceptives had only 50 per cent of the incidence of endometrial cancer of nonusers (P = 0.05), although the protective effect was not evident among those who subsequently took menopausal estrogens for more than two years. These associations suggest that development of neoplasia in the endometrium can be extremely sensitive to hormonal factors: if an oral contraceptive, like Oracon, emphasizes the estrogenic component, promotion of cancer can result; if like combined preparations, the contraceptive emphasizes the progestational component, protection against cancer can result.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The human respiratory nasal mucosa in females using contraceptive pills. An ultramicroscopic and histochemical study.

The ultrastructure and histochemical changes in 25 females using contraceptive pills were studied. Fifteen pill-using females developing no nasal symptoms showed similar changes to those observed in symptom-free pregnant females. Ten pill-using females developing nasal symptoms showed squamous metaplasia, interepithelial oedema, glandular hyperplasia, histiocytic proliferation and fibrous tissue deposition, all attributed to the action of oestrogen. Their histochemical reactions were similar to those of chronic hypertrophic non-allergic rhinitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Knowledge and practice of emergency contraception among female undergraduates in the University of Lagos, Nigeria.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the level of knowledge and practice of emergency contraception among female undergraduates in University of Lagos and to determine the factors that influence knowledge and practice of emergency contraception among female undergraduates. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: The University of Lagos, Lagos, South-West, Nigeria between August 2003 and March 2004. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and eighty randomly selected female undergraduate students. RESULTS: The findings revealed that 67.8% of the respondents reported knowing about emergency contraception. More than half (56.1%) were sexually active and of this group, 96.8% had ever practiced contraception with only 33.9% having ever practiced emergency contraception. However, only 37.8% and 36.3% of respondents who had reported knowing about emergency contraception knew the correct time frame for effective use, and correctly identified emergency contraceptives respectively. Among those who were aware of, and had used emergency contraception, 34.1% obtained their information from health care providers, while the larger majority obtained from friends. Knowledge and practice of emergency contraception was found to be directly related to age, level of study, medical education, marital status, sexual activity, previous history of use of contraceptives and previous history of induced abortion. CONCLUSION: Education efforts that focus on the training of health care providers and young adults on emergency contraception with regards to available methods and correct timing of use would greatly improve women's access to and effective use of this method in Nigeria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Incidence of ovarian cancer in relation to the use of oral contraceptives.

Female residents of six counties in Washington and Utah in whom a diagnosis of ovarian cancer was made during 1975-79 were interviewed concerning prior use of oral contraceptives. Interviews with a random sample of women drawn from these same counties were obtained for comparison. A smaller proportion of women with epithelial ovarian tumors had taken oral contraceptives than had controls: the estimated risk of ovarian cancer in uses relative to that in non-users was 0.57 (p = 0.04). The magnitude of the decreased risk depended on the duration over which oral contraceptives had been taken, as the negative association was present only after 4 or more years of use. In many ways, the use of oral contraceptives mimics the physiologic effects of pregnancy. The results of the present investigation, when interpreted together with those from other epidemiologic studies and from experiments in animals, suggest that, like pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives has a protective effect against the development of ovarian cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Contraception in female adolescents. Point of view of a pediatrician].

Sexual relationships appear to begin earlier nowadays, but sexual intercourse is in fact fairly infrequent and so permanent contraception may not be required, even though it is the most effective method, and this is the aim. The author concludes that there is no "best choice", but that in each case one has to try to use what is "least undesirable".

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Advances in female hormonal contraception: current alternatives to oral regimens.

Despite the wide variety of reversible contraceptives, unintended pregnancy rates in developed nations are still considered markedly elevated by most epidemiologists and clinicians. Indeed, the US has one of the highest unintended pregnancy rates among the industrialized nations of the world. Although many factors appear to influence this problem, what may play an important role in this apparent paradox is the process by which a woman obtains contraception. Although most nonbarrier methods have similar efficacy, the ability to use that method consistently and correctly will determine whether it provides maximal contraception. Oral contraceptives are the most popular method in the US; accordingly, the process by which US women obtain their contraception may not take into account the desire of many women to use nondaily methods. The recent introduction of nondaily methods in the US and elsewhere has provided more choice so that a successful contraceptive decision can be made in the first instance rather than after an adverse clinical outcome or unintended pregnancy with a method not as well suited to that woman's lifestyle. These new methods are not characterized by improved safety or efficacy; rather, they have novel components or delivery systems that may provide important options to women who may not be able to or willing to use existing methods of contraception. The transdermal patch, vaginal ring, and monthly injectable are combination estrogen/progestogen methods characterized by novel delivery systems and compliance regimens. The single rod implant is a facile and well accepted method that has not yet been approved for use in the US but has been an increasingly popular choice elsewhere. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system has been used in Europe for over 10 years and has recently been introduced in the US. This intrauterine contraceptive provides high efficacy and reliability, and may have considerable noncontraceptive benefit with regard to the nonsurgical treatment of uterine bleeding problems and endometrial protection for menopausal hormone therapy. The increasing popularity of these methods can be considered a testament to the desire of women to consider nondaily contraceptives as first-line, mainstream options. It is hoped that increasing use of these methods will lead to a considerable decrease in the rate of unintended pregnancy.

Contraceptive Agents, Female↗
PubMed1981

[Side effects of hormonal contraception].

Female sex hormones have an influence not only on the reproductive process, but on nearly all organs and functional systems. This explains their broad spectre of side-effects, which by their degree of subjective annoyance may impair the acceptability of hormonal contraception or--through a suggested risk to the patient--even enforce discontinuation of medication. The significance of quite a number of alterations in biochemical and metabolic parameters cannot yet be fully elucidated. The author offers a summary of the principal side-effects of present-day hormonal contraceptives.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1999

Knowledge of emergency contraception amongst female patients attending a department of genitourinary medicine.

The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of emergency contraception amongst new female patients attending an inner-city department of genitourinary medicine. Information was also sought about use of regular contraception and demography. Three hundred and ninety nine questionnaires were suitable for analysis. Half of the sample answered that the latest a woman could take emergency contraception after unprotected sex was three days. None of the sample knew that emergency contraception could be obtained up to five days. Twenty nine per cent of the sample reported sex without contraception during the menstrual cycle preceding attendance. Women who had ever used regular contraception in the past were statistically less likely to have reported unprotected sex in the menstrual cycle preceding attendance (p=0.0000068). Professional women were statistically less likely to have reported unprotected sex in the menstrual cycle preceding the clinic visit. Fourteen per cent of the sample had genital warts at this first clinic visit, 10 per cent had Chlamydia trachomatis, seven per cent had herpes simplex infection, six per cent had gonococcal infection and five per cent had trichomonal infection. Women who reported unprotected sex during the preceding menstrual cycle were not statistically more likely to have a sexually transmitted infection at this first clinic visit. A large number of women attending departments of genitourinary medicine are at risk of both pregnancy and also sexually transmitted infection. Staff working in all areas of sexual health need to have a good knowledge of both contraception and sexually transmitted infections in order to educate the clients on both aspects of unprotected sex.

Adolescent↗