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PubMed2003

Cytoskeleton and chromatin reorganization in horse oocytes following intracytoplasmic sperm injection: patterns associated with normal and defective fertilization.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is the method of choice for fertilizing horse oocytes in vitro. Nevertheless, for reasons that are not yet clear, embryo development rates are low. The aims of this study were to examine cytoskeletal and chromatin reorganization in horse oocytes fertilized by ICSI or activated parthenogenetically. Additional oocytes were injected with a sperm labeled with a mitochondrion-specific vital dye to help identify the contribution of the sperm to zygotic structures, in particular the centrosome. Oocytes were fixed at set intervals after sperm injection and examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In unfertilized oocytes, microtubules were present only in the metaphase-arrested second meiotic spindle and the first polar body. After sperm injection, an aster of microtubules formed adjacent to the sperm head and subsequently enlarged such that at the time of pronucleus migration and apposition it filled the entire cytoplasm. During syngamy, the microtubule matrix reorganized to form a mitotic spindle on which the chromatin of both parents aligned. Finally, after nuclear and cellular cleavage were complete, the microtubule asters dispersed into the interphase daughter cells. Sham injection induced parthenogenetic activation of 76% of oocytes, marked by the formation of multiple cytoplasmic microtubular foci that later developed into a dense microtubule network surrounding the female pronucleus. The finding that a parthenote alone can produce a microtubule aster, whereas the aster invariably forms at the base of the sperm head during normal fertilization, indicates that both gametes contribute to the formation of the zygotic centrosome in the horse. Finally, 25% of sperm-injected oocytes failed to complete fertilization, mostly due to absence of oocyte activation (65%), which was often accompanied by failure of sperm decondensation. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that union of the parental genomes in horse zygotes is accompanied by a series of integrated cytoskeleton-mediated events, failure of which results in developmental arrest.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed2005

Births: final data for 2003.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents 2003 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, and tobacco and alcohol use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, complications of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, abnormal conditions, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Also presented are birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status. Selected data by mother's State of residence are shown, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. METHODS: Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 4.09 million births that occurred in 2003 are presented. Denominators for population-based rates are derived from the U.S. 2000 census. RESULTS: In 2003 there were 4,089,950 live births reported in the United States, 2 percent more than the number in 2002. The crude birth rate (CBR) and general fertility rate (GFR) rose slightly. Childbearing among teenagers declined for the 12th straight year to another historic low. Birth rates for women aged 20-24 years also declined, whereas rates for women aged 25-44 years increased 2-6 percent, reaching highs not reported since the mid- to late 1960s. All measures of unmarried childbearing increased considerably in 2003, but smoking during pregnancy continued to decline. Timely initiation of prenatal care improved slightly. The cesarean delivery rate jumped another 5 percent to another all-time high, and the rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean dropped 16 percent, an all-time low. Key measures of birth outcome-the percentages of preterm and low birthweight (LBW) births-rose. The twinning rate increased, but the rate of triplet and higher order multiple births was essentially stable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Births: final data for 2004.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents 2004 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal lifestyle and health characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, and tobacco use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, characteristics of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Also presented are birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status. Selected data by mother's state of residence are shown, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. METHODS: Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 4.1 million births that occurred in 2004 are presented. Denominators for population-based rates are post-censal estimates derived from the U.S. 2000 census. RESULTS: In 2004, 4,112,052 births were registered in the United States, less than 1 percent more than the number in 2003. The crude birth rate declined slightly; the general fertility rate increased by less than 1 percent. Childbearing among teenagers and women aged 20-24 years declined to record lows. Rates for women aged 25-34 and 45-49 years were unchanged, whereas rates for women aged 35-44 years increased. All measures of unmarried childbearing rose in 2004. Smoking during pregnancy continued to decline. No improvement was seen in the timely initiation of prenatal care. The cesarean delivery rate jumped 6 percent to another all-time high, whereas the rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean fell by 13 percent. Preterm and low birthweight rates continued their steady rise. The twinning rate increased, but the rate of triplet and higher order multiple births was down slightly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Births: final data for 2002.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents 2002 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, tobacco, and alcohol use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, complications of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, abnormal conditions, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Also presented are birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status. Selected data by mother's State of residence are shown, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. METHODS: Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 4.022 million births that occurred in 2002 are presented. Denominators for population-based rates are derived from the 2000 U.S. census. Rates for 1991-2001 may differ from those published previously based on the 1990 U.S. census. RESULTS: There were 4,021,726 live births in 2002, essentially unchanged from 2001. The birth rate, fertility rate, and total fertility rates all declined 1 percent in 2002. The teenage birth rate dropped 5 percent, reaching another record low. The birth rates for women 20-24 years declined, whereas the rate for women 25-29 years was stable. The birth rate for women 30-34 years declined, but the rate for women 35-44 years continued to rise. Births to unmarried women changed very little. Smoking during pregnancy was down again. The timeliness of prenatal care continued to improve. The cesarean delivery rate climbed to the highest level ever reported in the United States (26.1 percent) and the rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean plummeted 23 percent to 12.6 percent. Preterm and low birthweight levels both rose for 2002. The twin birth rate continued to climb, but the rate of triplet/+ births was down slightly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Births: final data for 2001.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents 2001 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, tobacco, and alcohol use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, complications of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, abnormal conditions, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Also presented are birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status. Selected data by mother's State of residence are shown, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. METHODS: Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 4.026 million births that occurred in 2001 are presented. Denominators for population-based rates are derived from the 1990 U.S. census. As a result, rates are generally larger than would be the case if 2000-based estimates were used. The magnitude of the overestimate will vary by population subgroup; overestimates are likely greatest for those of Hispanic origin. RESULTS: The number of births, the birth rate, fertility rate, and total fertility rates all declined 1 percent in 2001. The teenage birth rate reached another historic low. Birth rates for women in their twenties declined slightly, whereas rates for women aged 30 to 44 years continued to rise. Births to unmarried women changed very little. Smoking by pregnant women was down again. Women were more likely to begin care in the first trimester of pregnancy (83.4 percent). The cesarean delivery rate rose for the fifth consecutive year to 24.4 percent; the primary cesarean rate was up 5 percent and the rate of vaginal births after a previous cesarean fell 20 percent. Preterm and low birthweight levels both rose for 2001. The twin birth rate continued to climb, and following 2 years of decline, the rate of triplet/+ births also increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictive value of sperm hyperactivation measurements based on the dilution effect method in clinical in vitro fertilization.

Sperm hyperactivation motility characterized by wide oscillatory movements of the sperm head, nonlinear directions, and rapid motility with occasional star-shaped pattern of movement was measured during routine semen analyses prior to an in vitro fertilization procedure. The method consisted of diluting liquefied semen 1:20 with Ham's F-10 supplemented with processed human cord sera followed by incubation at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes. At the end of the incubation period, aliquots of semen samples were evaluated by phase contrast microscopy for sperm hyperactivation. The results indicated that (1) sperm samples exhibiting 15% or more hyperactive motility were associated with a significantly higher percent fertilization of oocytes during the IVF procedure; (2) sperm hyperactive motility was correlated to sperm fertilizability during IVF treatment cycles.

Female↗
PubMed1988

[Fertility and migration: an analysis of women included in the 1981 census in the province of Milan].

The relationship between fertility and migration patterns in the Italian province of Milan is analyzed. "The own-children method is used to obtain retrospective fertility measurements by the linkage of the young children enumerated in the census to their mothers, classified by different mobility characteristics (such as place of birth, present and previous place of residence)." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Birth Rate↗
PubMed2003

Effect of selenium on increasing the antioxidant activity of tea leaves harvested during the early spring tea producing season.

This research was to determine the effect of foliar application of selenium on increasing the antioxidant activity of tea harvested during the early spring tea producing season using a alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and the linoleic acid system. The results showed that the radical scavenging ability of the tea extracts followed this order during the first 60 min: selenium-enriched tea obtained by fertilization with selenate > BHT > selenium-enriched tea obtained by fertilization with selenite > alpha-tocopherol > regular tea. Se-enriched tea obtained by fertilization with selenate exhibited the highest inhibition percentage of 84.29% at 30 min. Se-enriched tea extracts provided higher hydrogen-donating capabilities than regular tea and contrasts with BHT and alpha-tocopherol at the concentration of 100 microg of solids/mL of ethanol. There was a little change in the sequence of radical scavenging ability during the later 60 min: Se-enriched tea obtained by fertilization with selenate > Se-enriched tea obtained by fertilization with selenite > BHT > regular tea > alpha-tocopherol. The individual activity of tea extracts and references measured by the linoleic acid system showed that the tea extracts, BHT, and alpha-tocopherol manifested almost the same patterns of activity as the DPPH method. Tea enriched in selenium by fertilization with selenate still exhibited the highest inhibition activity of lipid oxidation, whereas alpha-tocopherol showed the lowest inhibition. The antioxidant activity of Se-enriched green tea harvested during the early spring tea producing season is enhanced compared to regular tea.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1987

Natural family planning indicators of ovulation.

Indirect evidence of the occurrence of ovulation, which is generally accepted, is an increase in plasma or serum progesterone. Pelvic ultrasonography can estimate the probable time of ovulation within 12 h. There is a close association between the rise in progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and oestrogen peaks and ovulation. A WHO study reported that ovulation occurred at a median time of 8 h after the rise in plasma progesterone, 15 h after the LH peak and 24 h after the oestrogen peak. The basal body temperature (BBT) method is the most effective in determining the premenstrual infertile period, but it is unreliable for an accurate determination of ovulation and the postmenstrual infertile period. Nor is BBT an effective method of predicting ovulation during postpartum lactational amenorrhoea. Therefore, BBT is usually used as a secondary indicator of ovulation and is combined with more reliable indicators. Observed changes in cervical mucus patterns can be used to define the probable fertile period, although this method produces a wide range of days. The peak mucus symptom is closely correlated with ovulation. Mucus symptoms can be used as a guide for the timing of blood or urine samples for estimation of LH, oestrogen and progesterone or their metabolites. Symptothermal methods incorporate other symptoms such as cervical changes, intermenstrual pain, breast tenderness and backaches, but these are secondary signs of ovulation and are recommended to be used in conjunction with mucus and BBT.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2003

Spermatogenic patterns and early embryo development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection in severe oligoasthenozoospermia.

PURPOSE: Evaluate the influence of different baseline spermatogenic patterns [meiotic pattern (normal or abnormal), sperm concentration (> 1 x 10(6)/mL or < or = 1 x 10(6)/mL), and the combined meiosis-sperm concentration pattern] on early embryo development in severe oligoasthenozoospermia. METHODS: Embryo outcomes (fertilization rate, cleavage rate, and 4-cell stage embryo division rate on day 2) after IVF-ICSI in 75 oligoasthenozoospermia and 79 normozoospermic males. RESULTS: The embryo division rate was significantly lower in oligoasthenozoospermia compared to normozoospermia (50.43% vs. 58.72%, p < 0.01) and in the oligoasthenozoospermia group for meiotic anomalies (43.40%), sperm concentration < or = 1 x 10(6)/mL (44.35%), and the combined pattern < or = 1 x 10(6)/mL with meiotic anomalies (37.17%). Logistic regression analysis showed a synergic effect (OR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.28-3.12) when the two spermatogenic patterns predictive of slow embryo development [meiotic anomalies (OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.03-2.15) and sperm concentration < or = 1 x 10(6)/mL (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.09-2.13)] were present. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that the early embryonic developmental capacity is inversely related to the severity of spermatogenic impairment (meiotic anomalies and/or sperm concentration < or = 1 x 10(6)/mL).

Embryo, Mammalian↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fertility awareness in the 1990s--the Billings Ovulation Method of natural family planning, its scientific basis, practical application and effectiveness.

Early methods of natural family planning (calendar rhythm, basal body temperature, and symptothermal) are briefly mentioned and dismissed as unsatisfactory for fertility regulation at our present state of knowledge of female reproductive physiology. Cervical mucus patterns, which reflect ovarian hormone levels, are shown to be accurate markers of the fertile and infertile phases of a woman's menstrual cycle. Interpretation of these patterns forms the basis of the Billings Ovulation Method of natural family planning. Extensive laboratory and clinical studies have shown this method to be on a sound scientific footing, that it is applicable to all phases of a woman's reproductive life, and that women readily understand and are able to teach other women the meaning of these patterns as experienced by changing sensations at the vulva and changing characteristics of any visible mucus. The simple rules which have been formulated for postponing and achieving pregnancy are given. Field trials of this non-invasive method for fertility regulation in both developing and developed countries show that the rules are readily understood by participants. In the most recent trials, it has been shown that the method-related pregnancy rate is less than 1 per 100 woman years, which compares more than favorably with other contraceptive techniques.

Australia↗
PubMed1994

Mitochondrial DNA RFLP and genetical studies of cytoplasmic male sterility in the sunflower (Helianthus annuus).

Fifteen sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cytoplasmic male-sterile, and a single male-fertile, cytotypes were studied by both mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and genetical analysis of male-fertility restoration patterns. It was found by multivariate analysis that the two methods of identification of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) should be of use in sunflower breeding programs. The RFLP study distinguished 13 groups based on differences in mtDNA organization. DNA molecular diversity occurs both within and between the Helianthus species from which the steriles originate. The mitochondrial genes analyzed present specific molecular configurations for each type of sterility studied. The analysis of male-fertility restoration separated the cytotypes into 12 groups. The associations of CMS and inbred restorer lines indicated the presence of specific nuclear genes involved in cytoplasmic male-sterility restoration.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed2002

Cytogenetic analysis of giant oocytes and zygotes to assess their relevance for the development of digynic triploidy.

BACKGROUND: In order to assess the role of binucleate giant oocytes for generating digynic triploidy, we studied their frequency, maturation patterns and chromosomal complements at metaphase II (MII) or after fertilization. METHODS: Uncleaved, giant zygotes were incubated with podophyllotoxin and vinblastine, treated with hypotonic solution and fixed by a gradual fixation method. Giant MII oocytes were directly subjected to hypotonic treatment. The chromosomes were stained with Giemsa. RESULTS: A total of 7065 oocytes were collected during the study period, of which 18 (0.26%) were classified as giant cells. When considering only those patients in whom giant cells were identified (among other normal sized cells) a giant cell frequency of 18/237 (7.6%) was found. Nine cells underwent a union of the nuclei during maturation to MII and four of them became fertilized showing two pronuclei. Seven oocytes maintained the binucleate state to MII and one of them was fertilized showing three pronuclei. Ten unfertilized cells were available for cytogenetic analysis and proved to be diploid. All five giant zygotes revealed triploidy. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that giant oocytes may play an important, yet underestimated role in causing digynic triploidy. We recommend the exclusion of giant oocytes from IVF trials and that giant cells should be discarded, even if they carry the regular number of two pronuclei.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Empirical Bayes estimation of demographic schedules for small areas.

In this article, we analyze empirical Bayes (EB) methods for estimating small-area rate schedules. We develop EB methods that treat schedules as vectors and use adaptive neighborhoods to keep estimates appropriately local. This method estimates demographic rates for local subpopulations by borrowing strength not only from similar individuals elsewhere but also from other groups in the same area and from regularities in schedules across locations. EB is substantially better than standard methods when rates have strong spatial and age patterns. We illustrate this method with estimates of age-specific fertility schedules for over 3,800 Brazilian municipalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Marriages, divorces, and number of children: life tables on the family life cycle in Austria].

A multistate life table approach to the analysis of the family life cycle is outlined. "After calculating one-dimensional nuptiality and divorce tables and presenting a recently developed model of a fertility table based on parity, a multi-state model is described in which the cells represent all possible combinations of marital status and parity." The model is applied to data from the 1976 and 1981 micro-censuses of Austria. Findings regarding marriage, divorce, fertility, and fertility differentials by education are discussed. (summary in ENG)

Austria↗