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PubMedDate not supplied

[Australian method of first aid for European snake bites. Spreading its use in Italy].

Antiquated first-aid procedures, such as the incision and sucking of the wound and the application of a tourniquet, are still used in Italy consequent to the bite of vipers. The A. hope that such procedures will be finally abandoned, since they are ineffective, impractical, painful and can furthermore produce invalidating or disfiguring permanent outcomes. In this report they extensively describe Australian first-aid measures consequent to snakebites, constituted by a compressive bandage and by immobilization of the bitten limb by splinting. They hope therefore that the divulgation of this procedure in Italian will bring about, within a short period of time, its extensive use in Italy consequent to viper bites, as it is very effective, practical and easy to carry out.

Australia↗
PubMed1977

[First aid measures in emergency pediatric surgery (author's transl)].

The type of first aid given to patients requiring emergency pediatric surgery is decisive for the prognosis in many cases. With this aspect in mind, individual disease pictures from the group of connatal deformities (esophageal atresia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, diaphragmatic hernia and defect, myelomeningocele), from emergency surgical situations beyond the neonatal stage (acute abdomen and ileus, esophageal varices, pneumothorax), and accident injuries (blunt abdominal trauma, cranio-cerebral trauma, burns) are selected and the most important first aid measures described. But for all diseases, the general rule for the treatment of all seriously ill children applies: provision of a safe venous access, readiness to intubate, adequate oxygenation and control of the acid-base, water and electrolyte balances.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1976

First aid on the ski slopes.

In administering first aid on ski slopes, the principles followed are basic ones: arrest of hemorrhage, adequate immobilization of fractures, prevention of shock, and relief of pain. Respiratory and circulatory complications must of course be given priority, but in my experience such situations have not arisen.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1977

First aid for shark attack victims.

A first-aid kit designed for the treatment of shark attack victims is presented. Emphasis is placed on the control of massive haemorrhage, the restoration of plasma volume and the transfer of the patient to hospital after initial shoch has been treated on the beach.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Recognizing acute health effects of substitute fungicides: are first-aid reports effective?

Recently, many British Columbia sawmills stopped using traditional chlorophenate anti-sapstain fungicides and substituted 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB) and copper-8-quinolinolate (Copper 8). We conducted a cross-sectional study with two aims: to ascertain which acute health effects, if any, were associated with the use of the substitute fungicides; and to determine the effectiveness of first-aid records as a means of detecting acute health outcomes. Workers in five coastal sawmills were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire about symptoms considered potentially related and unrelated to fungicide exposure, and about injuries commonly reported in sawmills. In addition, we collected first-aid records from the mills, and asked senior workers to estimate the duration of exposure to fungicides for each job. Symptoms found to be consistently elevated in TCMTB mills included dry skin around the eyes, blood-stained mucus from the nose, nose bleed, peeling skin, burning or itching skin, and skin redness or rash. No symptoms were consistently elevated in the Copper 8 mills. Symptoms related to TCMTB exposure were recorded only 12 times in first-aid logs during the study period (versus 335 questionnaire self-reports). This low symptom-recording frequency may be a function of established patterns of first-aid use in which illness symptoms are reported less frequently than injuries.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

First aid treatment of burns.

A burn refers to the damage caused to the skin, and sometimes deeper structures, by heat (flame, scald, contact, electricity), chemical agents or radiation. Methods of first-aid treatment of burns are varied, imprecise and sometimes harmful. This article deals with the major principles involved in first-aid, which when implemented will limit the damage created by the burn. The medical profession must be aware of what can be achieved and the necessary steps in the initial treatment of the burn. The profession is called upon to offer first-aid, to give advice and to lecture on accidents in our community, so it is necessary to have a clear plan of treatment.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1987

Effects of assertion training and first aid instruction on children's autonomy and self-care agency.

Strategies for promoting autonomy and a self-care agency in children were investigated in this study. Ninety-two fifth grade students were randomly assigned to one of four learning groups: assertion training; first aid instruction; assertion/first aid; and control. Results showed mixed support for autonomy being higher where either or both assertion training and first aid instruction had occurred, and support for self-care agency being higher where first aid instruction had occurred.

Assertiveness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prehospital care of victims of traffic accidents (First Aid Medical Service of the Highway Development Corp.)].

The University of São Paulo School of Medicine was the pioneer in the emergency attendance of traffic accident victims first at the Santa Casa de Misericordia Emergency Ward and later at the Emergency Ward of the Hospital das Clínicas. The University of São Paulo School of Medicine has also inaugurated the pre-hospital medical management of traffic accident victims through the DERSA First Aid Medical Service that operates permanent ambulance units staffed with a driver and a first aid medical technician working in 8 hours shifts, located at every 30 to 40 km on highways under DERSA jurisdiction. Once this mobile unit is summoned it takes an average of 3 to 8 minutes to reach the accident site where the first aid medical technician gives the initial medical assistance, being the victim thereafter removed to a hospital facility in about 6 to 14 minutes. An analysis of the evolution during the hospitalization of traffic accident victims showed that 86.3% of the patients were discharged after the initial attendance and 13.7% remained hospitalized. In the next section the authors present the "working philosohy" and report on the facilities available for assistance of politraumatized patients on the higways under DERSA jurisdiction (Anchieta-Imigrantes; Anhanguera-Bandeirantes and Trabalhadores Systems) within São Paulo state.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The efficacy of Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic Spray (polymyxin B sulfate and bacitracin zinc) against clinical burn wound isolates.

Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic Spray (Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, N.C.) is a dry spray containing 200,000 units Aerosporin (polymyxin B sulfate) and 10,000 units bacitracin zinc, along with a propellant. Each 1-second spray delivers approximately 2300 units of polymyxin B sulfate and 115 units of bacitracin zinc. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Polysporin Spray against various clinical isolates. Blood agar plates were inoculated with a pure culture of each isolate. Polysporin was then sprayed in an area approximately 30 mm in diameter. The area of inhibition was measured and recorded after 18 to 24 hours of incubation. A clear zone at least 20 mm in diameter with surrounding edges of growth indicated sensitivity. A zone less than 20 mm in diameter or growth over the whole plate indicated resistance. Three hundred fifty-three clinical isolates (202 gram positive and 151 gram negative) were tested. The results show that Polysporin inhibits the growth of all the gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus. The gram-negative organisms were also sensitive to Polysporin Spray, with the exception of Serratia marcescens, Morganella morganii, and Proteus mirabilis. This study suggests that Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic Spray may be effective for wounds contaminated with gram-positive and some gram-negative organisms.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1986

[Emergency medicine--first-aid outside of the clinic. Development and status determination].

A survey of actual problems in first-aid-treatment of life threatened patients is given. The life-threatened patient who needs immediate and sufficient treatment on the place of the accident is described and all the necessary steps to accomplish efficiency are listed as well as the necessary training of doctors who will be emergency-doctors in the future. Statistical data on the positive results of a sufficient first aid treatment with special ambulances are shown.

Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems↗
PubMed1992

Safety warnings and first aid instructions on consumer and pharmaceutical products in Nigeria: are they adequate?

An investigation into the adequacy of safety warnings and first aid instruction on 357 consumer and pharmaceutical product labels was carried out. The results show that 23% of the products carried correct and appropriate information while 34% had neither warning nor first aid instructions. About 15% had copiously written instructions and/or warnings and 15% showed partially correct instructions. Only about 4% of the products described warning signs and gave directions for the full treatment of poisoning and 3% recommended calling a health professional in the case of poisoning.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed1989

[Integration of the hospital coronary care unit with the first aid service for the domiciliary treatment of cardiovascular emergencies].

To evaluate the feasibility and the utility of an integrated service for the pre-hospital diagnosis and care of cardiovascular emergencies a new pre-hospital intensive care system has been developed. Such an emergency medical service relies on the telephone transmission of ECG and the conversation between the first aid service and the cardiologist of the hospital coronary care unit. It also implies early therapeutic intervention performed at home under the responsibility of the chief physician of the referring centre. From March '86 to December '88, 311 telephone ECG transmissions were obtained; the home diagnosis and the consequent proper therapeutic regimen were considered sufficient to avoid the transportation of the patient to the hospital emergency room in 43% of the cases. The symptoms were: precordial chest pain (54%); palpitations (10%); dyspnea (8.4%); hypertensive crisis (1.3%), dizziness or syncope (12.3%). Pre-surgical or organ transplantation controls totaled 13.5%. One-hundred-forty-eight patients were admitted to the coronary unit because of an acute myocardial infarction between June and December 1988. Forty-seven patients were sent by the family doctor (group I) and 30 patients by the first aid service (group II) without any electrocardiographic diagnosis or home therapy; 14 patients were sent by the first aid service after a telephone transmission of ECG and early therapeutic intervention (group III); 57 patients reached the hospital independently (group IV). The following differences among the groups were observed: only the patients of group III received proper early therapeutic regimen at home, and 85% were admitted within 4 hours of the onset of symptoms (vs 46% of the patients of the other groups).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Coronary Care Units↗
PubMed1991

First aid training: an appraisal. The soldier's longest journey.

A two part study was carried out to identify the most cost-effective way of enhancing first aid in the British Army. There is a lack of co-ordination between a variety of training programmes for paramedical non-RAMC personnel. Questionnaires were used to ascertain the views of users and experts were asked their views on the requirement for first aid at point of wounding on the battlefield. Skills needed in addition to those currently taught to all soldiers were identified. These include the setting up of intravenous infusions, administration of analgesia and antibiotics and the recognition and treatment of battleshock.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1989

[First-aid of serious trauma at the emergency room (an analysis of 144 cases)].

From 1983 to 1987 there were 144 patients with serious trauma who were given first-aid in the emergency room of our hospital. Sixty of them died (41.7%). The mortality was 56% (1983-1984) and 29.8% (1985-1987) (P less than 0.05). Our experience included: 1. to perform intratracheal intubation or tracheostomy at once for decreasing the mortality of the comatose or asphyxial patients, 2. to transfuse large quantity of liquid quickly and enough quantity of blood for treating shock; 3. learn to be more familiar with multiple injury for reducing diagnostic mistake; 4. to provide with excellent medical services and raise the efficiency of first-aid for decreasing the mortality of serious trauma in the emergency room.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1991

[Emergencies in childhood. Experience at a Pediatric First Aid Unit in a regional hospital].

During 1989 4445 children, divided into four different age groups, were treated in the First Aid Unit of Carate Brianza Hospital. The paper analyses the types of pathology and reasons for using the First Aid Unit. The statistical incidence of accidents involving children, above all cranial and other injuries and the accidental swallowing of toxic substances or drugs, was assessed in an attempt to prevent the causes. The type of accident was also correlated to age group. The paper confirms the affirmation made by other researchers that the inappropriate use of emergency services is linked to the lack of relationship between the family and local pediatrician rather than the lack of primary care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Dental injuries: "first aid" knowledge of Southampton teachers of physical education.

A total of 66 teachers of physical education within the Southampton telephone area responded to a postal questionnaire related to their knowledge of the first aid treatment of dental injuries. In a case study investigating tooth fracture, 64% gave an appropriate answer. In a second case study relating to avulsion (loss) of a permanent tooth, 43% gave an appropriate answer. There was an unclear relationship between the point in their careers at which teachers had received first aid training and the accuracy of their responses. There is a need for further information in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

First-aid reports of acute chlorine gassing among pulpmill workers as predictors of lung health consequences.

Workers in pulpmills can be exposed to a multitude of gases hazardous to respiratory function, the most common of which is chlorine gas. First-aid reports of acute gas overexposure incidents ("gassings") over an 8 year period were used to generate exposure data on a group of pulpmill workers whose respiratory function had been studied cross-sectionally in 1981 and 1988. Three hundred forty-eight incidents representing 174 workers were identified, 78% of these being treated solely by the first-aid attendant with the administration of O2 and cough suppression medication. Among 316 workers tested during a 1988 respiratory health survey, 78 had at least one chlorine or chlorine dioxide "gassing" incident. There was a significant decrease in the FEV1/FVC ratio (p less than .05) as well as increased risk for workplace associated chest symptoms in this group with at least one "gassing" incident. In an age- and smoking-matched analysis, among workers tested both in 1981 and 1988, there was a greater decline in FEV2/FVC ratio and MMF (p less than .05) in the "gassed" group than in the nonexposed group over the 7 year period of observation. These results emphasize the need for worker protection against accidental chlorine gas exposures.

Analysis of Variance↗