PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Food structure”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2025

Genomic structure of class 1 and 2 integrons in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from food animals and related meat products in the USA.

OBJECTIVES: Integrons facilitate the capture and expression of exogenous genes, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. This study aimed to detect the presence of integrons, examine their genomic structure and location, and analyse integron-associated AMR, virulence and stress response genes in Salmonella using WGS. METHODS: WGS data from 193 Salmonella strains, representing 38 serotypes isolated from food animals and related meat products (2001-2019), were analysed using bioinformatic tools to assess integron presence and characterize their genomic architectures. RESULTS: Of 193 isolates, 116 (60.1%) harboured class 1 and/or class 2 integrons. Class 1 integrons alone were detected in 105 isolates, with some containing multiple copies. One S. Infantis isolate harboured only class 2 integrons, whereas 10 others contained both classes. No class 3-5 integrons were found. Twenty-seven class 1 integrons were chromosomal; the rest were plasmid-associated, linked to various plasmid incompatibility (Inc) types. Sixty-nine distinct AMR genes conferring resistance to 11 antimicrobial classes were found in integron cassettes or integron-associated plasmids. Genes linked to resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds and heavy metals, as well as ISs and transposons, were also identified. Significant virulence and stress response genes and proteins such as groES-groEL, LysR and EAL (glutamate, alanine and leucine) were common in integron cassettes. CONCLUSIONS: Class 1 integrons are prevalent in MDR Salmonella isolates from food animals and related meat products and are linked to diverse plasmid types. Their association with AMR, virulence and stress response genes underscores their role in AMR dissemination, and bacterial adaptation and pathogenicity.

Integrons↗
PubMed1992

Immunoassays of amphetamines: immunogen structure vs antibody specificity.

Various immunoassays have been developed for the detection of amphetamines. These have varying degrees of cross-reactivity to other drug and food components. Information on the immunogen structures used, and the specificities of the antibodies obtained, have allowed formulation of a "structure-specificity" pattern delineated on the basis of immunochemistry and stereochemistry. The 'structure-specificity' relationship should be useful to future developments of these immunoassays. Specifically, immunoassays intended to detect either amphetamine or methamphetamine with minimal cross-reaction, should employ immunogens with amphetamine (or methamphetamine) derivatized via the para position of the phenyl ring. Such assays should show minimal cross-reaction with other secondary (or tertiary) amines but should strongly cross-react with phenyl ring substituted analogs. On the other hand, assays intended for detection of both amphetamine and methamphetamine should employ amphetamine (rather than methamphetamine) derivatized via its amino group as an immunogen. Such assays should show minimal cross-reaction with other tertiary amines and phenyl-substituted amphetamine/methamphetamine.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1977

[Why is bread consumption decreasing?].

In France bread plays a very special and ambivalent role among our foodstuffs because of the considerable drop in its consumption, its alleged harmful effects on our health and the respect in which it is traditionally held. More than half the 1 089 adults interviewed in this study say they have decreased their consumption of bread in the last 10 years. The reasons given vary according to age, body weight and urbanization level. The main reasons given for this restriction are the desire to prevent or reduce obesity, the decrease in physical activity, the general reduction in food consumption and the possibility of diversifying foods even further. Moreover, the decreasing appeal of bread in relation to other foods, as well as a modification in the structure of meals, in which bread becomes less useful to accompany other food, accentuate this loss of attraction. However, the respect for bread as part of the staple diet remains very acute as 95 p. 100 of those interviewed express a reluctance to throw bread away, more for cultural than economic reasons. Mechanization and urbanization having brought about a decrease in energy needs, the most common alimentary adaptation is general caloric restriction by which glucids, and especially bread, are curtailed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Acute pesticide morbidity and mortality: California.

The California Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program collects, investigates, abstracts, and records reports received from physicians. A minority of the reports are received through the county health officers who are notified by physicians under a state requirement for reporting pesticide-caused conditions. Most of the cases are identified by review of workers' compensation records. All the cases identified are investigated by the agricultural commissioners of the counties where exposure occurred. The investigation reports are reviewed and abstracted by staff of the Worker Health and Safety Branch of the California Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA). The crucial determination is assessment of the degree of relationship between the exposure and subsequent disease: definite, probable, possible, unlikely, or unrelated. In most years, the number of cases investigated has been between 2,500 and 3,000. Excluding antimicrobials, the number of cases found after investigation to have a definite, probable, or possible relationship with pesticide exposure has ranged from 970 (in 1989) to 1,372 (in 1988). Cases involving antimicrobials rarely were reported prior to 1987. In that year, surveillance staff began reviewing workers' compensation records personally, with the specific goal of identifying antimicrobial cases. Since then, antimicrobials have been found to account for 746-813 cases annually, primarily involving splashes and squirts to the eye and inhalation of fumes or vapors. Numbers of case reports from agricultural situations have varied irregularly, driven by small numbers of episodes concerning multiple individuals. Variability in numbers of cases involving the skin has depended almost entirely on variation in numbers of field worker dermatitis. The most common situation for field worker dermatitis has been summer work in table grapes grown in the southern San Joaquin valley. In the two years since reentry intervals for the acaricide propargite were lengthened, there have been no more major clusters of field worker dermatitis. Although the cases collected by the surveillance program are predominantly occupational, because of dependence on workers' compensation for case identification, most recorded deaths are nonoccupational. Nonoccupational fatalities include suicides, mistaken ingestion of pesticides (especially if stored in food containers), and entry into structures being fumigated. Occupational deaths are less common and more varied. The circumstances of each reported occupational death are summarized above.

California↗
PubMed1979

Nutritional management of chronic renal disease.

The importance of nutritional evaluation and diet therapy in the overall management of the patient with chronic renal disease is unquestioned. Its application often is limited by a lack of knowledge regarding the requirement for certain nutrients in health as well as the way in which these requirements are modified by chronic disease. However, the most important and often the most difficult task is engaging the cooperation of the patient in the nutritional management of his disease. Acceptance of dietary manipulation depends upon the patient's family structure and the importance of food and mealtime within the particular cultural and ethnic background. Dietary recommendations implemented by the parents of pediatric patients may produce untoward changes in the child's behavior, attitudes toward food, or relationships with other family members. Dietary recommendations must be carefully planned and their effect reevaluated. They should be individualized to the age, intellectural skills, and developmental stage of the patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Beverage specific drinking contexts.

The contextual differentiation of beverage specific consumption is examined in a metropolitan area household survey of current drinkers. The findings indicate that beverage specific consumption is related to such structural proportions as presence/absence of food, drinking location, type of companion, and duration. Wine, for example, is frequently associated with mealtimes, at home, and with relatives.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1977

System organization of alimentary behavior in the newborn and the developing cat.

This review deals with the structural, behavioral, and EEG correlates of searching for food and food intake. Data were collected on freely behaving kittens of 1 to 60 days of age with chronically implanted electrodes. The 1st manifestations of hunger involve activation of limbic-reticular structures and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity consisting of fast oscillations of 30-40-60 cps, correlated with general behavioral arousal as manifested by motor restlessness and vocal reactions. The more specific behavior form of hunger--feeding motivation--involves structures that include the motor and parietal cortex, amygdala, and medial hypothalamus; the EEG activity consists of high-amplitude, slow waves of 3-6 or 6-8 cps; and the behavioral correlate is purposeful search for the mother's teat or food. Satiation is associated with activity of the synchronizing structures in the forebrain and lower brain stem, as well as in the relay nuclei that transmit the sensory flow from oral afferents; EEG activity consists of regular rhythms of 10-14 and 2-4 cps; and the behavioral correlate is the act of feeding.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Serotonergic influences on food intake: effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on parameters of feeding behaviour in deprived and free-feeding rats.

Three experiments were carried out to examine the effect of the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, upon food intake and the micro-structure of eating in deprived rats, and on the pattern of meal taking in free-feeding animals. The study also investigated the capacity of a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (MK-486) to antagonise the effect of 5-HTP in order to identify a central or peripheral mode of action. In deprived rats 5-HTP brought about a dose related inhibition of food intake which was midly antagonised by MK-486. A detailed analysis of the behavioural changes occurring during eating showed that the inhibition of food intake by 5-HTP was reflected in a reduced number of eating bouts and a slower rate of eating. MK-486 did not antagonise the effect of 5-HTP on eating rate. In free-feeding rats whose food comsumption was continuously monitored for 24-hr periods, 5-HTP gave rise to reduction in meal size and a slowing of the intra-meal rate of eating. These findings are in keeping with the effects of other serotonergic manipulations on the patterns of feeding in rats.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed2026

Impacts of climate-driven yield changes on the affordability of healthy diets: a modelling study.

BACKGROUND: Food security is central to global nutrition improvement and public health goals, and healthy diets represent a higher-level aspiration beyond merely avoiding hunger. Climate change poses an increasing threat to food systems by affecting crop yields and food prices. Although climate change-driven risks to hunger have been widely studied, the extent to which climate change undermines the affordability of healthy diets while accounting for socioeconomic responses and regional inequalities remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to quantify the effects of climate change on the future affordability of healthy diets under alternative socioeconomic and climate scenarios. METHODS: We developed an integrated modelling framework that explicitly couples multimodel crop-yield projections with an integrated assessment model (Global Change Analysis Model [GCAM]). Yield responses from six global gridded crop models driven by four climate models were integrated into GCAM, allowing endogenous socioeconomic adjustments such as land-use shifts, production reallocation, and price responses to emerge under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). Diet affordability was then assessed using the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN's Cost and Affordability of a Healthy Diet framework across three socioeconomic-climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP3-6.0). FINDINGS: Under a high-emissions pathway (ie, SSP3-6.0), climate change was projected to render healthy diets unaffordable for a model-mean of 119 million people globally by 2100, even when CO2 fertilisation effects are included, with the upper end of the model ensemble reaching about 1·6 billion people. In contrast, climate-induced affordability losses were found to be negligible under both a low-emissions pathway (ie, SSP1-2.6; -0·3 million) and a medium-emission pathway (SSP2-4.5; +0·2 million). Under a high-emission pathway, model-mean projections indicated that diet costs could increase by up to 12% in the most affected regions by the end of the century. Under medium emissions, cost increases were projected to remain below 4%, whereas under low emissions, affordability changes were projected to be minimum across regions (within approximately 0·5%). Substantial regional disparities emerged, with the largest and most consistent affordability losses concentrated in low-income regions that contributed least to historical greenhouse gas emissions. Under SSP3-6.0, these disparities persisted particularly in regions of Africa and Asia despite projected three-to-five-fold increases in income over the century, with climate-induced disruptions to food systems increasing the number of people unable to afford a healthy diet through mid-century. INTERPRETATION: Climate change is likely to exacerbate global nutritional inequalities by disproportionately increasing the affordability risks of healthy diets in regions that have contributed least to historical greenhouse gas emissions. Under high-warming scenarios, socioeconomic development alone is insufficient to fully offset these risks, highlighting the structural vulnerability of low-income food systems to climate-driven price shocks. These findings suggest that in the absence of targeted interventions, climate change could continue to undermine progress towards equitable and health-oriented nutrition outcomes. FUNDING: Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Institute for Space Studies Climate Impacts Group; Future of Life Institute; and Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food and water intake microinjection of fenitrothion into the hypothalamus.

Two experiments were carried out to observe the effect of the application of an anticholinesterasic agent on water and food intake in rats. The first studied the effect of fenitrothion injected into the L.H.A. on water and food intake. An increase in water intake was observed in the 6th hour, while food intake decreased in the first and 24th hours. The same study was performed in the V.M.N. In this case, only an alteration in food intake occurred, with a decrease in the first hour, followed by an increase in the other two periods. These results suggest a cholinergic interaction between these two structures in the regulation of water and food intake, and also a central action of cholinesterasic agents when applied systemically.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Food for all.

Ensuring food for all requires an interdisciplinary approach, an evaluation of all sectors of the economy and the formulation of objectives which include proper nutrition in overall development plans. It is my contention that the introduction of nutrition priorities at this level, complemented with the traditional immediate and short-term measures of food aid, nutrition programmes, health campaigns and nutrition education will do much to alleviate the world's food problems. Priorities must be defined, planning structures strengthened, and politicians convinced that objectives can be reached. Otherwise, meagre resources will continue to give low priority to agriculture and social reform and we will have accomplished little toward our objective of food for all.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The origin of parasitism in trombiculid mites (Acariformes: Trombiculidae)].

On the basis of literary data and original investigations some phylogenetic, ecological and morphological aspects of the origin of parasitism in trombiculid mites are carefully considered for the first time. It is shown that parasitism in this group of trombidiform mites is a relatively young historical phenomenon and was formed after their ontogenesis had differentiated into active and quiescent stages. Therefore, in the life pattern of trombiculid mites the character of individual development, that defines their biotopical restriction, is much more important than the phase parasitism. Primitive organization of the digestive system and extraintestinal digestion, so characteristic of this group, are one of the main reasons of the origin of their parasitism. Under pasture conditions trombiculid mites, that initially were predators-entomophages with bite-sucking mouth parts, pass easily to parasitism on vertebrate animals and become primary lymphophages. They use the vertebrate host's organism exclusively as a source of food and by the extent of polyphagia are very close to free-living blood-sucking insects. Stylostome, that develops during feeding of trombiculid larvae and some other closely related groups of trombidiform mites, is a universal structure for achieving a large amount of food on a wide range of animals during a relatively short period of time and reflects wide host-parasite specificity of these parasitic mites. From the historical view the larvae of trombiculid mites did not pass from one group of hosts to the others, but owing to morphological preadaptation to parasitism passed in a definite historical period, not earlier than Paleogene, to parasitism on all classes of terrestrial vertebrates, especially on mammals, their primary hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Mangabey(Cercocebus albigena). Social organization and population density in relation to food use and availability.

Data are presented on the feeding behavior and activities of mangabeys (Cercocebus albigena) in the Ngogo study area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabeys spend 47% of activity observations feeding, 27% moving, and the remainder of the activity observations is accounted for by grooming, playing, vocalizing, copulating, etc. Feeding on fruit constitutes 58% of feeding records, arthropods 25%, young leaves and flowers 10%, cambium 5% and rare and unidentified items 2%. 29 tree species are used as sources of vegetable food and 31 tree species are used as substrate for arthropod search. Mangabeys move an average distance of 1,299 m per day, and use an average of 28,50 X 50 m quadrats per day. The activity patterns, the types and number of food species, the daily distances traveled, and the number of quadrats used per day, are not significantly different from those found in the literature for mangabeys in the Kanyawara research area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabey population density in Ngogo is approximately 1.46 times that of the Kanyawara mangabeys. The difference in density is associated with Ngogo exhibiting a greater mangabey food tree density than is found at Kanyawara. The higher mangabey density in Ngogo is associated with an average group size similar to that at Kanyawara, and an increase in the number of groups per unit area. The greater number of groups is accommodated by the mangabey having smaller home ranges, and less home range overlap than do the Kanyawara mangabeys. I suggest that these results are compatible with an interpretation based on disease control via regulation of group size, and social and spatial isolation between groups. The role of food availability in regulation of group size, or determining land tenure systems remains uncertain.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Position of tylopoda in the system of placental mammals].

Anatomical features of the Tylopoda are determined to a great extent by the convergence with the Ruminantia. The dental system adapted to the double mastification of plant food. The convergent character of the structure of limbs follows from the reduction of carpal and tarsal bones in the Tylopoda and their presence in the Ruminantia. The Ruminantia have no mandibular angular processes which are present in the Tylopoda. In the Tylopoda, the foramina in the transversal processes of cervical vertebrae from a canal by which the vertebral artery opens in the brain. In the Ruminanta there is no such a canal. The embryonic development of camels is characterized by the promitive features of provisory organs. The mating of camels occurs in winter, a feature probably showing that they have preserved the reproduction cycle of the Southern Hemisphere animals.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed1979

Cholecystokinin octapeptide: continuous picomole injections into the cerebral ventricles of sheep suppress feeding.

Cholecystokinin octapeptide decreased food intake in a dose-related manner when injected continuously into the lateral cerebral ventricles of sheep that had been deprived of food for 2, 4, 8, or 24 hours. In sheep deprived of food for 2 hours, as little as 0.01 picomole per minute suppressed feeding 35 percent 1 hour after beginning injection. Pentagastrin also decreased feeding in the 2-hour group, but only at a much higher dose range. Secretin had no effect. These findings support the hypothesis that cholecystokinin octapeptide acts on central nervous system structures that are involved in control of food intake.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Structural properties of short-chain carboxylic acids and alcohols relate to the molecular and physiological response of Salmonella enterica in an acidic environment.

Short-chain carboxylic acids (SCCA) and short-chain alcohols (SCALC) are naturally occurring antimicrobials that contribute to the biopreservation of food fermentations. This study investigated the effect of structurally different SCCA/SCALC with two-carbon (acetic acid; phenylacetic acid; 2-phenylethanol), three-carbon (propionic acid; 3-phenylpropionic acid; 3-phenylpropanol), and three-carbon chain with an additional hydroxyl group (lactic acid; 3-phenyllactic acid; 1-phenylpropanol) on the fitness, metabolic activity and gene expression of the pathogen Salmonella enterica at pH 4.5. SCCA inhibited Salmonella at lower concentrations than SCALC with the exception of lactic acid, which was partly consumed. The presence of a phenyl group enhanced antimicrobial activity. SCCA but not SCALC increased the lag phase of S. enterica, and in general, acetate was formed when cell growth was reduced by 20% suggesting a negative impact on bacteria fitness. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering indicated distinct gene expression profiles of S. enterica in response to SCCA or SCALC. In the presence of certain SCCA/SCALC, Salmonella activated pathways related to cellular pH control, and 1,2-propanediol, propionic acid and ethanolamine metabolism that involved the formation of metabolosomes. Genes related to flagellar assembly were less expressed and mobility was lower in the presence of lactic and 3-phenyllactic acid compared to controls suggesting a compound-specific response. KEY POINTS: • Differences in response among structurally different SCCA/SCALC at acidic condition. • SCCA/SCALC stress interfered with cell growth and metabolism of acetic and propionic acid. • Lactic acid prolonged the lag phase and reduced motility of Salmonella.

Salmonella enterica↗