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PubMed1989

The relation between height, armspan and forced expiratory volume in elderly women.

Loss of height occurs with ageing. This could distort the relation between height and forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) as age increases. Armspan, which approximates to height at maturity, does not fall with age and might, therefore, be a better linear variable to compare with age and spirometric volumes in older people. We studied the relation between age, height, armspan and FEV1 in 150 women aged 60-91 years. The mean value of span minus height was 4.7 cm (range -5 to +17). Standardized FEV1 (SD) in 5-year age bands between 60 and 80+ fell as follows: 1.79(0.52)1, 1.62(0.49)1, 1.38(0.41)1, 1.32(0.44)1, 1.15(0.48)1. When re-standardized using armspan, the values were: 1.76(0.48)1, 1.59(0.53)1, 1.37(0.46)1, 1.29(0.47)1, 1.11(0.54)1. The differences between the two standardized values in each age band were not significant. It was concluded that span measurements offer no advantage over height measurements in cross-sectional population studies of lung volume in old age. However, in subjects who cannot have their height measured, or who are known to have lost a substantial amount of height, armspan is a reasonable substitute measure of body size from which to calculate predicted FEV1 values.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Predictors of improvement in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1s) after lung volume reduction surgery.

We evaluated various preoperative and operative factors to identify the predictors of improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) after lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). Fifty-eight emphysema patients received bilateral LVRS either via a sternotomy (n = 53) or by thoracoscopy (n = 5). The patients were divided into the following two groups: group I (n = 17), patients whose FEV1 improved by less than 20%; group II (n = 41), patients whose FEV1 improved by more than or equal to 20%. The preoperative factors (age, degree of dyspnea, oxygen use, steroid use, pulmonary function test, arterial blood gas, pulmonary hemodynamics, 6-min walking distance) and operative factors (removed lung weight, number of staplers) were both similar between the two groups. Upper lobe type emphysema was more frequently seen in group II and the average improvement in FEV1 was significantly better in the patients with upper lobe type emphysema (62.8% +/- 8.5%) than lower lobe type (36.9% +/- 7.6%) and mixed type (35.5% +/- 6.5%), P < 0.01. Severe pleural adhesion was more frequently found in group I and the average improvement in FEV1 was also significantly lower in patients with severe pleural adhesion (19.8% +/- 6.4%) than mild-to-moderate adhesion (46.8% +/- 5.3%) and no-to-minimal adhesion (62.3% +/- 10.4%), P < 0.01. These results lead us to conclude that upper lobe type emphysema may thus be a predictor of better FEV1 improvement while severe pleural adhesion is considered to be a predictor of a poorer FEV1 improvement after bilateral LVRS.

Aged↗

PubMed1983

Effect of increased abdominal muscle strength on forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increased abdominal muscle strength on forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Twenty-five healthy volunteers were assigned randomly to either an experimental group (n = 16) or a control group (n = 9). Peak isokinetic torque of the abdominal muscles during the performance of a trunk curl-up, FVC, and FEV1 were measured before and after a 12-session training program designed to increase abdominal muscle strength. The control group did not train. Although abdominal muscle strength increased significantly after the training program, FVC and FEV1 did not increase significantly. The correlations between abdominal muscle strength and FVC, and between abdominal muscle strength and FEV1 were low. Based on these results, abdominal muscle strengthening does not appear to be an effective means of improving FVC and FEV1 in healthy subjects.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1995

Healthy worker effect in a longitudinal study of one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and chronic exposure to granite dust.

BACKGROUND: Low level effects of granite dust on one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) are estimated in 618 Vermont granite workers followed for 5 years with annual pulmonary function tests. Reduced pulmonary function has already been reported for the subset of subjects lost to follow-up (dropouts) suggesting possible bias in analyses based only on survivors. METHOD: Healthy worker selection bias is directly assessed by comparing the dose-response associations between survivors who remained in the study for the full 5-year observation period and the dropouts. RESULTS: The 353 survivors had an FEV1 of 96% of predicted at baseline and were losing FEV1 at an average rate of 44 ml/yr. No association was found in this group between the rate of FEV1 decline and lifetime dust exposure. However, the 265 workers with incomplete follow-up, 'dropouts', had a lower FEV1 at baseline (94%) and were losing FEV1 at an average rate of 69 ml/yr. The dose-response parameter in this group was estimated to be 4 ml/yr loss per mg/m3-year and was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide an illustration of bias due to the healthy worker effect and an example of the failure to detect a true work-related health effect in a study based only on a 'survivor' population.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[Effect of smoking on the decline in forced expiratory volume in one second].

We used multiple regression analysis to study the effects of smoking cessation on the decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). We studied 429 healthy men for about 3 years. Each subject was assigned to one of three groups, according to their self-reported smoking history: 281 were current smokers, 67 were former smokers, and 81 had never smoked. After statistical adjustment for initial age, initial FEV1, and decline in Maximum Mid-expiratory Flow (MMF), current smoking was found to be associated with a faster decline in FEV1. Having stopped smoking was associated with a slower decline in FEV1. The rate of decline in MMF was associated with the rate of decline in FEV1, which suggests that the rate of decline in FEV1 was greater in those subjects with small airways disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Effects of respiratory exercises on the vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in children with cerebral palsy.

The purpose of this study was to determine if breathing exercises can increase the vital capacity in children with cerebral palsy. Ten children with spastic cerebral palsy, five in the experimental group and five in the control group, were the subjects for the study. A spirometer was used to measure vital capacity and the forced expiratory volume before and after the children performed a breathing exercise program. The pretest values for all 10 youngsters indicated a vital capacity lower than the normal predicted values. The breathing exercises selected emphasized strengthening of the muscles of inspiration and the muscles of expiration. In the breathing exercise program, the physical therapists also attempted to follow the Bobath treatment approach by inhibiting the abnormal breathing patterns and by teaching the child proper ways of breathing control. The results seem to indicate that a breathing exercise program can increase the vital capacity in youngsters with cerebral palsy. The vital capacity of the experimental group was increased by 0.46 liters after exercising for five to seven minutes each day for a period of eight weeks. The mean increase of the vital capacity was 31 percent over the pretest values. The control group showed no change in vital capacity. The pretest and posttest forced expiratory volumes of both groups were within normal limits.

Breathing Exercises↗

PubMed1988

The natural history of forced expiratory volumes. Effect of cigarette smoking and respiratory symptoms.

Epidemiologic investigations into the natural history of airway obstructive disease have focused on both the growth and decline of lung function measurements. Although a general picture has emerged as to overall patterns of growth/decline, uncertainty remains with regard to important details of these patterns. Pulmonary function data from subjects aged 5 yr and and older who participated in any or all of the first 10 annual surveys of the East Boston population-based study have been used to investigate patterns of growth and decline of lung function derived from maximal forced expiratory maneuvers. At each annual survey, subjects completed a standardized respiratory illness and smoking questionnaire and provided forced expiratory volume-time curves from which forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were derived. A nonparametric curve smoothing method was used to provide an overall summary of growth and decline of each measure of function. Asymptomatic, nonsmoking males demonstrated a pattern of growth of FEV1 that included a prolonged plateau phase or period of slow, continued growth from ages 23 to 35 yr. Decline in lung function began after this period and occurred in two phases that averaged about -20 and -30 ml/yr. In contrast, no plateau phase was observed for male current smokers. In these smokers, decline in FEV1 began in the early part of the third decade at a rate only slightly greater than that observed for nonsmokers (-25 to -30 ml/yr). Similar patterns and rates of decline were observed for females, although the presence of a plateau phase was less clearly discernible. These data suggest that a major effect of cigarette smoking on lung function decline involves the premature onset of a "normal" rate of decline in function and, to a lesser extent, more rapid rates of decline later in life and that the pattern and magnitude of decline is similar in males and females.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Verification of vital capacity and 1 second forced expiratory volume values in 14,234 candidates for aviation school].

The values of vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and Tiffeneau index (100xFEV1/VC) were determined in 14,234 examinees in the period 1977-1987. Examinations were performed using the Godart expirometer. After the statistical analysis of the results being performed, the unique table was made according to height and age of examinees. The examinees came from all regions of Yugoslavia. The results of the study can be used for establishment of standard values of pulmonary ventilation for candidates for aviation schools, i.e. for youngsters aging from 14 to 20 years.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Reference values of the provocative concentrations of methacholine that cause 6% and 20% changes in forced expiratory volume in one second in a normal population.

The provocative concentrations of inhaled methacholine that cause 6% (PC6) and 20% (PC20) falls in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were assessed in a population of 100 nonsmoking persons, equally distributed for sex, who ranged uniformly from 20 to 60 yr of age. These subjects had no respiratory symptoms, rhinitis, atopic history, or familial history of asthma. Single twofold dilutions of methacholine from 2 to 128 mg/ml were used; 81 and 34 subjects, respectively, showed PC6 and PC20 values less than 128 mg/ml. Eight subjects had PC20 values less than 16 mg/ml. In these subjects, the test had a good reproducibility (r = 0.92) when we repeated it, and serial measurements of peak expiratory flow rates did not suggest asthma. The fact that PC6 was related, although loosely, to baseline FEV, FEV/FVC, and forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC (FEF) and that 4 of the 8 subjects with PC20 values less than 16 mg/ml had lower values of FEF might suggest that responsiveness to methacholine is partially linked with baseline airway caliber.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Forced expiratory volume, height, and demispan in Canadian men and women aged 55-86.

In a random cross-sectional study in London, Canada, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FeV1.0), height, and demispan (fingerweb to central sternal notch) were measured on 182 men and 212 women of mean ages 70.4 (SD 8.5) and 71.3 (8.2). The mean FeV1.0 for men was 2.55 (0.66) l, and for women 1.80 (0.48) l and declined 29 ml.year-1 and 25 ml.year-1, respectively. The mean FeV1.0 standardized for measured height and calculated height for men was 2.54 (0.61) l and 2.55 (0.62) l in men, and 1.80 (0.46) l and 1.79 (0.45) l in women. There was no significant difference between the two methods of standardization, and the relationship of height to demispan in this independent elderly population was constant across age for both men (2.16) and women (2.17). Linear and proportional regression coefficients to predict FeV1.0 from height and demispan have been generated for this random sample aged 55 to 86 years.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

[Estimating forced expiratory volume in one second based on breath holding in healthy subjects].

Cross sectional study to evaluate a linear correlation model to calculate forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) on the basis of breath-holding time (BHT) in healthy subjects aged 16 years or older. BHT was defined as the maximum time in seconds that a person can voluntarily hold his or her breath measured between the end of a deep breath until he or she begins to exhale in the third of three consecutive maneuvers. To calculate FEV1 on the basis of BHT (FEV1-BHT) the general straight-line equation (y = a + bx) was applied, with x being Logn of BHT and y being FEV1. The a and b values had been previously estimated by gender using multiple linear regression in which FEV1 measured spirometrically was the dependent variable and the age and Logn of BHT were the independent variables. One hundred ninety-seven subjects [97 women (49.2%) and 100 men (50.8%)] were enrolled. Mean FEV1 measured by spirometry (FEV1-Sp) and FEV1-BHT were similar. The correlation (R2) between FEV1 and BHT for women and men was 0.585 (95% CI 0.213-0.753) and 0.702 (95% CI 0.630-1.496), respectively. The ratio FEV1-BHT:FEV1-Sp was higher than 80% for 96 women (98.96%) and 98 men (98.0%). FEV1 can be reliably estimated using BHT.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of relative forced expiratory volume of one second with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging parameters in healthy subjects and patients with lung cancer.

PURPOSE: To assess relative forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1/vital capacity (VC)) in healthy subjects and patients with a lung tumor using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 15 healthy volunteers and 31 patients with a non-small-cell lung carcinoma stage I (NSCLC I), diaphragmatic length change (LE1) and craniocaudal (CC) intrathoracic distance change within one second from maximal inspiration (DE1) were divided by total length change (LE(total), DE(total)) as a surrogate of spirometric FEV1/VC using a true fast imaging with steady-state precession (trueFISP) sequence (TE/TR = 1.7/37.3 msec, temporal resolution = 3 images/second). Influence of tumor localization was examined. RESULTS: In healthy volunteers FEV1/VC showed a highly significant correlation with LE1/LE(total) and DE1/DE(total) (r > 0.9, P < 0.01). In stage IB tumor patients, comparing tumor-bearing with the non-tumor-bearing hemithorax, there was a significant difference in tumors of the middle (LE1/LE(total) = 0.63 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.73 +/- 0.04, DE1/DE(total) = 0.66 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.72 +/- 0.04; P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) lung region. Stage IA tumor patients showed no significant differences with regard to healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: dMRI is a simple noninvasive method to locally determine LE1/LE(total) and DE1/DE(total) as a surrogate of FEV1/VC in volunteers and patients. Tumors of the middle and lower lung regions have a significant influence on these MRI parameters.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

An epidemiologic investigation of forced expiratory volume at 1 second and respiratory symptoms among employees of a toluene diisocyanate production plant.

Pulmonary function tests were done and compared to current and past potential exposure levels of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) for 57 TDI manufacturing workers and 89 workers not exposed to TDI or other known respiratory hazards. The average TDI plant experience was 4.1 years (standard deviation = 2.8). Routine industrial hygiene measurements have shown TDI exposure below a time-weighted average of 0.005 parts per million and a short-term exposure level of 0.02 parts per million. A certified industrial hygienist ranked department and job classification by level of potential exposure to TDI (none, low, moderate, and high). A questionnaire was administered to determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and smoking habits. Using backward regression analysis, cumulative pack-years of cigarette smoking and prevalence of lower respiratory symptoms were statistically significant predictors of a standardized forced expiratory volume at 1 second observed v expected difference; however, TDI exposure, whether classified as current, highest career level, cumulative, or cumulative highest-to-date, was not associated with a decline in forced expiratory volume.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

The changes in airways structure associated with reduced forced expiratory volume in one second.

We compared the structure of the membranous and respiratory bronchioles of resected lungs from 111 patients with a normal predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to the structure of these airways from 45 patients with an FEV1 reduced below the 95% confidence limits for height and age. Membranous and respiratory bronchioles of less than 2 mm in internal diameter were counted and their diameter and wall thickness were measured. The data show that there were more membranous bronchioles of internal diameter less than 0.4 mm in patients with reduced FEV1. The wall thickness of respiratory bronchioles was increased in the obstructed group and there was also an increase in the ratio of wall thickness to lumen diameter in these airways. The walls of membranous bronchioles were not increased in thickness but there was an increase in the ratio of wall thickness to lumen diameter. Although the data is consistent with the hypothesis that airways obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is due to thickening of the airway wall and narrowing of the airway lumen, we cannot rule out distortion of the membranous bronchioles by loss of elastic recoil.

Aging↗

PubMed1986

Uncertainties in the expected value for forced expiratory volume in one second after surgery.

The purpose of this study is to understand better the reasons for the frequent unreliability of the expected value for the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in predicting surgical results after pneumonectomy. Measurement of FEV1 was performed in 159 patients before and after removal of one lung. Only 41 of the postoperative values for FEV1 differed from predicted values by less than 5 percent. The reason for the discrepancy can be technical, resulting either from the method used to assess the functional pulmonary distribution (bronchospirometry or isotopic procedure) or from the data used to calculate predicted FEV1. The discrepancy can also depend on the patient himself and particularly on the possibilities of the remaining lung to expand normally after surgery. Follow-up of patients confirmed the clinical and functional effects of erroneous predicted FEV1.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Characteristics associated with rapid decline in forced expiratory volume.

Cigarette smoking is known to accelerate decline of pulmonary function; however, the role of other factors is less clear. Characteristics of individuals who experienced rapid decline in forced expiratory volume in 1-sec (FEV1) were examined in 4451 Japanese-American men from the Honolulu Heart Program who were aged 45 to 68 years at baseline (1965-1968) and who produced three acceptable FEV1 measures over a 6-year period. Average annual rates of FEV1 decline were calculated by use of within-person regression and were categorized as rapid (> or = 60 ml/y), moderate (30 to 59 ml/y) or slow (< 30 ml/y). Lifestyle and biologic factors were compared by FEV1 decline categories after adjustment for age. A logistic regression model showed that continued smoking during follow-up, cigarette pack-years, wheezing, coronary heart disease, alcohol intake, and reduced subscapular skinfold were significantly associated with rapid FEV1 decline, after adjustment for age, height, cholesterol, an indicator of Japanese diet, and education. When analyses were restricted to continuous smokers, cigarette pack-years, wheezing, and reduced subscapular skinfold were found to be independent predictors. Among never smokers, lower educational attainment was a predictor of rapid FEV1 decline, and the association involving subscapular skinfold approached significance (P < 0.07). These characteristics may be useful in identifying subgroups of the population who are at increased risk of accelerated decline in pulmonary function and thus would be most likely to benefit from appropriate intervention.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Pulmonary lobectomy for lung cancer: a prospective study to compare patients with forced expiratory volume in 1 s more or less than 80% of predicted.

OBJECTIVE: To compare post-operative course, lung function and survival of lung cancer patients with a forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) more or less than 80% of predicted submitted to lobectomy. METHODS: The data of patients undergoing lobectomy for non small cell carcinoma at the Thoracic Surgery Unit of the Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy, were prospectively collected. Inclusion criteria were a radical resectable tumor with size less than 2.5 cm, negative mediastinal nodes, capability to complete pulmonary function tests, Exclusion criteria were FEV1 <40% of predicted, pre- or post-operative chemo or radiotherapy, lobe to be resected receiving more than 30% of the perfusion, incapacity to quit smoking. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients entered the study and were divided into two groups according to their FEV1%: 45 patients were included in control group (mean FEV1: 92.2%) and 42 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease group (mean FEV1: 64.2%). Post-operative complications, operative mortality and actuarial survival were the same in the 2 groups. Six months after lobectomy, the mean changes in FEV1 were -14.9% for first group and -3.2% for second group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Lobectomy for cancer can be performed successfully also in selected patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Post-operative course and survival of these patients is not different from that of patients with normal FEV1, on the contrary, patients with low FEV1 may lose less pulmonary function or even mend it.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

[Influence of smoking on longitudinal decline in one-second forced expiratory volume in clinically healthy Japanese men: a longitudinal study].

We prospectively studied 2140 clinically healthy men to assess the influence of smoking on longitudinal decline in one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0). All the subjects had annual medical checks including pulmonary function tests from 1995 to 1999. The mean values +/- standard deviations of annual decreases in FEV1.0 (slope) were 22 +/- 49 mL/year in non-smokers, 26 +/- 52 mL/year in former smokers, and 33 +/- 57 mL/year in current smokers (p < 0.01; non-smokers vs. current smokers). The adjusted slope (slope divided by predicted value of FEV1.0, per year) in current smokers was also greater than that in non-smokers (p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis revealed that initial age, height, FEV1.0, and smoking status were significant parameters for determining the slope. This study clearly showed that smoking is an important risk factor foracceleration of the aging-related longitudinal decline in pulmonary function in Japanese men.

Adult↗