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PubMedDate not supplied

The biological properties of aspartame. II. Actions involving the gastrointestinal system.

Aspartame (APM) was investigated in several pharmacological tests to delineate any effects on the gastrointestinal system. The compound did not affect food consumption at one hour following a single intragastric dose of 200 mg/kg in rats. There was no evidence of inhibition or stimulation of the gastric juice secretion rate, the concentration of gastric acid, acid output or proteolytic activity following an intragastric dose of 250 mg/kg in five-hour pylorus-ligated rats. Likewise, APM at the same dosage did not significantly affect gastric ulceration induced by nineteen hours of pylorus-ligation. In several in vitro tests it was demonstrated that APM did not affect the proteolytic activity of pepsin or the lipolytic activity of pancreatic lipase at concentrations of 143 microgram and 1.25 mg/ml, respectively. Its anticholinergic activity was found to be insignificant, less than 0.001 times the potency of atropine sulfate, when measured against acetylcholine-induced contraction of isolated rabbit ileum. These data indicate that APM may be devoid of undesirable side effects on the gastrointestinal tract when used as a food sweetening agent.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1992

Serum values of CA72.4 in patients with gastrointestinal system tumors comparison with CEA and CA 19.9.

Serum CA 72.4 levels of patients with malignant gastrointestinal disorders (n = 77) were determined in parallel with the CEA and CA 19.9 levels. The values related to healthy individuals were 1.7 U/ml, with a median of 1.7 U/ml, whereas an average of 12.1 U/l (median 2 U/ml) was measured in malignancy. Among all three markers CEA showed the highest positive rate while the values for CA 19.9 and CA 72.4 were lower. Although positive rates among the healthy group were observed with CEA and CA 19.9, no false positives were found with CA 72.4. Elevated CA 72.4 levels were found in 17.6% of patients with gastric carcinoma and 56.3% with colorectal carcinoma. All markers showed significant sensitivity for the malignant state when used alone. However, the regression analysis revealed that only the combination of CA 72.4 and CEA may contribute significantly to the diagnostic potential. Our results indicate that complementation of CEA with CA 72.4 can significantly increase the sensitivity in the serodiagnosis of gastrointestinal system cancers. Combination of positive information from these two sources is likely to lead to a more accurate diagnosis and may therefore improve the efficiency of the follow-up and therapeutic response.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1994

[Luminescent analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal system].

Changes in fluorescence intensity of blood lymphocytes of patients with somatic and pretumorous diseases of the gastrointestinal system were detected: fluorescence intensity of lymphocytes fluorochrome-stained with acridine orange was increased in chronic gastric and pancreatitis whereas in patients with pretumorous diseases this parameter could be both increased and decreased. Exposure to an extra stress factor, such as low-dose ionizing radiation, manifested by increased fluorescence intensity of normal subjects' blood lymphocytes, a certain normalization of this parameter in patients with somatic diseases, and an increase of the amplitude of shifts vs. the normal range in patients with pretumor gastrointestinal diseases. Fluorescent analysis of lymphocytes helps integrally assess the functional activity of immunohomeostasis.

Acridine Orange↗
PubMed2000

Surgery of the avian reproductive and gastrointestinal systems.

Surgery of the female reproductive system is the most commonly indicated intra-abdominal surgery of avian patients. Surgery of the male reproductive system and avian gastrointestinal tract are less commonly indicated but are occasionally necessary. Indications for surgery of the female reproductive tract include egg-laying-related disorders, dystocia, egg binding, damage or trauma to the oviduct, oviductal torsion and volvulus, abnormal egg production, biopsy or culture of the oviduct, internal laying, egg related coelomitis, oviductal impaction, oviductal or ovarian neoplasia, ovarian cysts, or as a sterilization procedure to stop egg laying. Indications for surgery of the male reproductive tract include castration (most often as a treatment of behavioral problems) and treatment of testicular neoplasia. Indications for gastrointestinal tract surgery include repair of traumatic injury, foreign-body retrieval, obstructive disease, as a treatment for neoplasia, and as a diagnostic tool to retrieve tissue for biopsy. Avian reproductive anatomy and physiology are reviewed. Presurgical and postsurgical patient care ensures successful recovery. Lateral, horizontal, and midline approaches may be preferred based on indication or concurrent disease. Approaches are described in detail. Indications and descriptions of surgery conclude this article.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Vascular lesions of the gastrointestinal system in Whipple's disease.

In five cases of Whipple's disease the vessels in several organs of the gastrointestinal system were carefully examined for PAS-positive bacilli. Bacilli were particularly abundant in the arteries of the small intestinal serosa and the liver, but they were also present in stomach, colon, gallbladder and mesenteric lymph nodes. The predominant site of involvement was the arterial tunica media. In addition to focal degeneration and fibrosis in the tunica media, other local reactions included arteritis and intimal proliferation. Within the tunica media and less often the endothelium the bacilli were found alone or in small clumps, but in the tunica adventitia they were usually present within macrophages. The possible significance of this Whipple's arteriopathy is considered relative to unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding, focal ischemia due to arterial narrowing, and some role in the further dissemination of bacilli being shed from the endothelium.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural investigations on the gastrointestinal system of Antarctic seals: Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) and crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus).

The morphology of the principal sections of the gastrointestinal system of two Antarctic seals with different dietary habits, namely, the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) and the crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus), has been investigated. Histologically examined by light microscopy, the tissue layers of the gastrointestinal tract of both seals are almost identical to those observed in most other mammals and no major differences in principle organization could be found between the two seal species. The ultrastructure of the gastric and intestinal epithelial cells has been examined and is also closely comparable to that of these cells in other mammals; however, Paneth cells have not been found in our material. In general, therefore, adaptations of the gastrointestinal tract to the aquatic environment or the diet are not obvious at the morphological levels of organization studied. Histochemical differences are found between the two closely related species; mucins of the surface epithelium in the stomach of Weddell seals are highly sulfated, while those in the crabeater seal are not. Mucous neck cells in Weddell seals contain acid mucosubstances, while those of crabeater seals contain neutral ones. Goblet cells in the small and large intestine in Weddell seals contain both neutral and acid mucosubstances. Both mucin types are detected in the crabeater seal; however, the mucins of the colon in the crabeater seal are more highly sulfated than those in the Weddell seal. The ratio of goblet cells to enterocytes in the large intestine of crabeater seals is higher than that in Weddell seals.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1983

Beta-adrenergic blockade and the gastrointestinal system.

As beta-adrenergic blockers grow increasingly popular for the therapy of a wide variety of disorders, it becomes increasingly important to appreciate the spectrum of physiologic effects on the gastrointestinal system and the potential hazards associated with use of these agents. This review details the effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking agents on the gastrointestinal tract.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2002

[Age characteristics of the bile duct system functioning in the norm and in the gastrointestinal system pathology].

At the present the age-specific particularities of many organs and systems used in diagnostics are determined. The function--morphological state of the biliary system in different age groups is poorly studied. The age-specific particularities of biligenesis in norm (control group--90 persons) and in pathology were studied by the following traditional methods: multifractional chromatic duodenal catheterization, dynamic scintigraphy of gallbladder, dynamic ultrasonic cholecystography. There were 167 patients with gastroduodenal diseases (chronic gastritis, gastric, duodenal and intestinal ulcers) and 115 patients with calculous cholecystites and chronic hepatites. The gastroduodenal affections reinforced the appearnce and the course of typical age alterations of biliary system. Patients sufferin from hepatobiliary pathology over 5 years biliation ability has remained in normal values.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effects of metoxibutropate, ibuprofen and guaiacol on the gastrointestinal system.

In previous studies we have shown that ibuprofen, guaiacol and the guaiacol ester of ibuprofen (I.N.N. metoxibutropate) are able to inhibit in-vitro prostaglandin synthesis. In the present study we have evaluated the effect of ibuprofen, guaiacol and metoxibutropate on the gastrointestinal system. Oral treatment with equimolar increasing doses of the three drugs produced a progressive inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis in the intestinal tract, without any effect on the rate of intestinal propulsion. Further studies evaluated the gastric tolerance of a molar dose of ibuprofen causing ulceration in 50% of the animals. After single and repeated administration of guaiacol and of the guaiacol ester of ibuprofen, the percentage of animals with gastric damage was very low and the index of ulceration seemed rather moderate. Our results show that although guaiacol is able to inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis like a classic NSAID, it does not induce gastric damage. For these reasons it is justified to combine guaiacol with ibuprofen in order to reduce gastric erosions induced by a classic antiinflammatory drug.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

General pharmacology of beraprost sodium. 2nd communication: effect on the autonomic, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, and other effects.

Beraprost sodium (sodium (+/-)-(1R*,2R*,3as*,8bS*)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-2- hydroxy-1-[(E)-(3S*)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-octen-6-ynyl]-1H- cyclopenta[b]benzofuran-5-butyrate, TRK-100) is an orally active epoprostenol (prostaglandin I2, PGI2) analogue. Its general pharmacological effects on peripheral organs were studied. 1. In isolated organs, beraprost sodium relaxed the trachea and increased atrial beating rate (2.4 x 10(-5) mol/l). It also dose-dependently contracted the stomach, aorta, ileum and uterus (2.4 x 10(-7)-2.4 x 10(-4) mol/l). These effects of beraprost sodium were similar, but inferior to those of PGI2 and PGE1. 2. Intravenous administration of beraprost sodium produced a dose-related decrease in blood pressure (BP), its potency being about 1/3 times that of PGI2 in anesthetized rats and dogs. Beraprost sodium and PGI2 had no effects on heart rate (HR), and enhanced respiration in conjugation with a decrease in BP. Oral administration of beraprost sodium in high doses (1-3 mg/kg in rats and 0.3 mg/kg in dogs) caused a decrease in BP. A compensatory tachycardia and an elevated plasma renin activity (PRA) occurred after low doses (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) in rats. In contrast, a change of HR and PRA in rabbits and dogs was mild. 3. Beraprost sodium produced suppression of digestive organs: markedly, gastric motility and secretion and intestinal transport; slightly, but significantly, biliary secretion. On the other hand, it enhanced ileal motility at a high dose (300 micrograms/kg i.v.). 4. Oral administration of beraprost sodium caused a decrease in urinary volume and electrolyte excretion in rats. 5. Oral administration of beraprost sodium prolonged bleeding time in mice, while it had no effect on the blood coagulation system in vitro. In addition, beraprost sodium had no hemolytic action. 6. The other effects of beraprost sodium were weak. Beraprost sodium had no local anesthetic activity and no effect on salivation, pupil size and neuromuscular transmission in the skeletal muscle. Beraprost sodium slightly contracted the uterus of non-pregnant rats in situ and dose-independently inhibited carrageenin-induced paw edema. In conclusion, beraprost sodium produced various effects on the autonomic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. Probably, these effects may be based on its own action like PGI2.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1991

Interactions of the salivary and gastrointestinal systems. II. Effects of salivary gland dysfunction on the gastrointestinal tract.

Salivary gland dysfunction is uniformly detrimental to the oral cavity. Its effects on the GI tract have begun to be explored. Dry mouth is a common complaint among older adults, probably due to systemic disease and its therapy rather than the aging process per se. Evaluation of complaints of dry mouth should include medical history, sialometry and physical examination. Numerous medications can elicit drug-induced xerostomia. Patients who have received radiation therapy to the head and neck region often have permanent radiation-induced xerostomia, which has been linked to esophagitis. SS is an autoimmune systemic exocrinopathy resulting in irreversible salivary gland dysfunction. SS has numerous GI manifestations, including dysphagia, temporal defects of deglutition, esophageal dysmotility, gastritis, pancreatitis and liver disease. Management of salivary hypofunction is directed toward preserving the dentition and improving patient comfort. Drug-induced xerostomia is often correctable by altering the therapeutic modality.

Aging↗
PubMed1987

[Tumors of the gastrointestinal system in the rainbow trout].

Gastrointestinal tumours occurring in rainbow trout were investigated histologically and virologically. Neoplasms in stomach, medium and posterior intestine mainly in distal parts of these organs were found. Histologically the tumours are benign adenomatous polyps, differentiated adenocarcinomas, poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, and poorly differentiated or entirely anaplastic adenocarcinomas. The last two types of tumours produced metastases into pancreas, pyloric caeca, and the liver. Virological investigations failed to confirm the presence of any oncoviral particles in these tumours. Aflatoxin analysis of fish foodstuffs gave negative results.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

State-of-the-art computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging of the gastrointestinal system.

Among the major innovations in radiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) system are the replacement of classic invasive diagnostic methods with noninvasive ones and the improvement in lesion characterization and staging of pancreatobiliary malignancies. Developments in imaging technology have led to many improvements in the field of diagnostic GI radiology. With its fast and thin-section scanning abilities, multidetector-row CT (MDCT) strengthens the place of CT as the most efficient tool to diagnose, characterize, and preoperatively stage pancreatic neoplasms. MR cholangiopancreatography has widely replaced endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatobiliary malignancies. MR imaging, using phased-array or endorectal coils, demonstrates local tumor invasion accurately in rectal cancers and thus allows an improved surgical planning. Virtual colonoscopy with MDCTs is an efficient screening method for colon cancer, and MDCT enterography is becoming the standard imaging technique for many small bowel disorders. The continuing developments in CT and MR technology will most probably further improve the accuracy of these and other imaging applications in the near future.

Gastrointestinal Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational biohazards affecting clinical engineers & BMETs. Part IV: Respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.

A previously published survey indicated that clinical engineers and BMETs may not be aware of the scope of biological hazards they may encounter in their work (Baker, 1989). In this third article of a four-part series, various pathogens affecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems are discussed. Infection hazards and methods of transmission are examined, and recommendations are provided to help ensure the safety of CEs, BMETs, and patients. The recommendations presented include suggested disinfection procedures for contaminated equipment. Persons interested in further information are advised to contact the infection control officer at their facility, or the Centers for Disease Control.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗