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PubMed1991

Alcohol abusers' and social drinkers' responses to alcohol-relevant and general situations.

Responses of alcohol abusers and social drinkers were compared on general and alcohol-specific problem situations using role-play methodology. Multiple responses were assessed including behavioral observational ratings, self-reports and psychophysiologic measures. There were few differences between groups in responses to the general situations. Alcohol abusers had higher urges to drink than did the social drinkers in both the general and the alcohol-specific situations. However, in response to the alcohol-specific situations, the alcohol abusers, compared to the social drinkers, were rated by judges as significantly less skillful, and they displayed more self-reported anxiety, had a higher frequency of occurrence of problem situations in the natural environment and reported greater perceived realism of the alcohol-specific situations. Psychophysiologic measures did not differentiate between the groups. Results are discussed with respect to the importance of situation specificity in understanding the precipitants of drinking and their treatment implications.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Establishing a normal peer as a behavioral model for developmentally delayed toddlers.

The present investigation demonstrated a systematic teaching procedure for establishing a normal toddler as a peer-model for three children showing delayed development, each one under 27 mo. of age. For each delayed subject, training consisted of adult-directed prompting and social reinforcement contingent upon the delayed children's imitations of material use and motor responses emitted by a normal peer. Within-subjects multiple-baseline designs across responses were used to demonstrate intrasubject control over imitative responding. Indices of stimulus and response generalization were assessed through having the peer-model present the trained responses along with untrained responses in a situation free of adult prompting and social reinforcement for imitative responding. Results indicated that the training in peer-imitation was successful for establishing the peer-model's behavior in a stimulus control relationship with the imitative responding of the delayed children. Moreover, the findings generally demonstrated transfer of training across stimulus situations and responses. Implications for educational programming with developmentally delayed children are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1991

Comparative study of clarithromycin and roxithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.

The efficacy and tolerance of clarithromycin (250 mg twice daily) were compared with those of roxithromycin (150 mg twice daily) in an open, multicentre trial of 77 inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia. Sixty-five patients were clinically evaluable (34, clarithromycin; 31 roxithromycin). Efficacy was comparable between treatment groups: 26 of 34 patients (76%) treated with clarithromycin were clinically cured, including four with atypical pneumonia. In the roxithromycin group 25 of 31 patients (81%) were clinically cured and one was improved. Cough, appearance of sputum, and fever improved in most patients in both treatment groups. Chest X-rays after treatment showed resolution or improvement in 76% of patients who received clarithromycin and 87% of those who received roxithromycin. The clinical evaluation of the response generally agreed with the bacteriological response. Among patients who were bacteriologically evaluable for four target organisms (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, and Branhamella catarrhalis) the pathogen was eradicated in four of seven (57%) in the clarithromycin-treated group and in five of six (83%) in the roxithromycin-treated group. Adverse events were reported in more patients who received roxithromycin (21.6%) than in those who received clarithromycin (12.5%) although the incidences were not statistically significantly different. The majority of adverse events were transient increases in serum alanine aminotransferase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Clarithromycin was shown to be effective and well-tolerated; the clinical efficacy and safety of clarithromycin and roxithromycin were comparable.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effects of peer-mediated instruction on the acquisition and generalization of written capitalization skills.

This study investigated the effects of a peer teaching procedure, combined with student letter-writing activities, on the acquisition and generalization of capitalization skills. Three students, aged 9 years, obtained instruction from peer partners that included (a) an introduction and review of capitalization rules, (b) feedback on each participant's previous capitalization work, and (c) guided and independent practice on sentences that required capitalization. All three students demonstrated acquisition of the capitalization rules after participating in the teaching sessions with one or two peer partners. In addition, there were increases in capitalization accuracy in participants' letters to peers who did not serve as teaching partners, thus demonstrating a measure of across-peer (stimulus) generalization. Mixed results were obtained on a response generalization task (sentence writing). Finally, sentencing-writing activities also showed that two of the peer partners substantially improved their use of capitalization skills as a result of teaching the target students.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Physostigmine: effects on fear or defense responses in the rat.

Previous research had shown that the anticholinergic drug, scopolamine, decreased innate defensive responses of rats to a live cat or mechanical robot, and that the effects of scopolamine were attributable to actions of the drug on the central nervous system. In the present research, the anticholinesterase, physostigmine, which increases central cholinergic activity, caused an increase in the defense responses of male hooded rats. Physostigmine caused significantly more freezing and significantly more suppression of feeding and suppression of time near the aversive stimulus (ROBOT). Dose-response curves showed a positive, linear relationship between dose (0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) of physostigmine and defense responses. The present results could not be attributed to general response suppression since the effects of physostigmine were situation-specific, i.e., the drug had no significant effect on behavior in the non-aversive or NO ROBOT condition. The present results were taken as further evidence of the involvement of cholinergic activity in the mediation of defense responses. The effects of cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs on the observable defense response of freezing were thought to have important implications for the large literature relating these drugs and avoidance responding.

Aggression↗
PubMed1992

Variations in patterns of DNA damage induced in human colorectal tumor cells by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine: implications for mechanisms of resistance and cytotoxicity.

We have previously shown that treatment of the HT29 human colorectal tumor (HCT) cell line with 100 nM 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) induces DNA fragments ranging from 50 kilobases to 5 megabases. The studies reported here were conducted to characterize the kinetics, concentration dependence, and pharmacologic specificity of this process and to determine if such fragmentation varies among HCT cell lines. HT29 and SW620 cells yielded similar fragment size distributions upon treatment with either FdUrd or CB3717 [a folate analog inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS)]. With either of these agents the SW620 line required higher drug concentrations or longer incubation times than HT29 cells to achieve a given level of fragmentation or cytotoxicity, even though the two cell lines are equally sensitive to FdUrd-induced TS inhibition. These data indicate that SW620 resistance is not due to a lesion in the events leading up to TS inhibition but it may be due to a difference in the steps following TS inhibition. Aphidicolin, a DNA polymerase inhibitor, did not cause substantial fragmentation or cytotoxicity in these two cell lines, demonstrating that the fragmentation response to the other two drugs is not a general consequence of DNA synthesis inhibition. A third HCT line, HuTu80, gave rise only to a smaller and more discrete population of DNA fragments, ranging from approximately 50 to 200 kilobases, following exposure to FdUrd. Similar patterns were seen in this line upon treatment with CB3717 or aphidicolin, indicating that this fragmentation pattern is not specific to TS inhibition and may be characteristic of a more general response than that seen in the other two cell lines. DNA fragments induced by FdUrd in HuTu80 cells did not degrade into smaller pieces, demonstrating that the process by which they are formed is distinct from apoptosis. We conclude that the responses of HCT cells to FdUrd-induced TS inhibition vary significantly, that these differences may reflect heterogeneity in the mechanism of DNA damage formation, and that, in some cases, FdUrd resistance may be due to alterations in the fragmentation process.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed1991

Relationship between response latency and amplitude for ganglion and geniculate X- and Y-cells in the cat.

This study investigates the relationship between visual response latency and amplitude in the retina and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the anesthetized, paralyzed cat. The discharge rate profiles of retinal ganglion and dLGN X- and Y-cells were measured on a trial by trial basis during repeated stimulation with sinusoidal grating patterns. Latencies of response onsets and peaks were regressed linearly against different measures of response amplitude to determine the extent of covariance. In general, response amplitude was a poor predictor of response latency for both retinal ganglion and geniculate cells. The results suggest that response latency, which changes systematically with stimulus spatial frequency and/or contrast, is not a trivial consequence of discharge rate at either level of the visual system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Discriminative stimulus effect of phenylephrine.

Rats were trained to discriminate phenylephrine in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task by increasing the i.p. administered training dose from 0.8 to 2 mg/kg. Stable discrimination to 2 mg/kg phenylephrine was established and testing of 0.5-2.5 mg/kg was shown to be dose-responsive and allowed for a calculated ED50 value of 0.87 mg/kg. Administration of methoxamine (0.5-6 mg/kg), another alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist, produced a dose-responsive generalization, whereas only the lowest (0.04 mg/kg) and highest (0.12 mg/kg) doses of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine produced generalization in the phenylephrine-trained rats. Likewise, yohimbine (2.5-4.5 mg/kg) generalized, whereas pretreatment with prazosin (0.1-0.4 mg/kg), the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, dose-responsively decreased phenylephrine discrimination. The results would indicate that phenylephrine is capable of controlling differential responding in a drug discrimination paradigm and would suggest that this effect is centrally mediated. The possibility that peripheral administration of phenylephrine (Neosynephrine) affects the brain in chronic users of nasal decongestants is discussed.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1979

[Noise and pregnancy (author's transl)].

1. The response of women to aural and extra-aural effects of noise is not stronger than that of men. --2. General response of pregnant women does not differ from that of non-pregnant women or men under the impact of noise. --3. Foetal heart rate responses usually do not exceed generally known spontaneous variation of instantaneous foetal heart rate up to an equivalent permanent sound level of 90 dB (AI). Pulse noise produces startle reflex in the foetus. --4. For pregnant women in the GDR, the permissible limit in terms of equivalent permanent sound level of vocational environments has been reduced from 90 dB to 80 dB (AI), which reflects the extraordinary standards of health protection introduced for mother and child.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Heat shock proteins and autoimmunity.

Heat shock proteins are major antigens of the T cell response to many pathogens. Because of their marked conservation of sequence in pro- and eukaryotes, they have also been postulated as target antigens in autoimmune disease. Despite substantial in vitro evidence to suggest T cell recognition of self hsp, it has proved more difficult to implicate such recognition in autoimmune disease. Nevertheless, their dominance in T cell responses generally and the ability to manipulate certain autoimmune diseases by altering responses to hsp suggests that T cell recognition of hsp is important in these diseases; however at present the mechanisms involved remain obscure.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Coping responses and relapse among adolescent substance abusers.

The present study investigates self-generated coping strategies and efficacy ratings in high risk for relapse situations of 50 adolescents treated for drug and alcohol abuse. Coping responses and self-efficacy assessments were elicited for self-generated high risk for relapse situations in which all teens successfully abstained and for responses generally used in such situations. Abstainers and relapsers were predicted to generate similar responses for successful abstinence situations, while relapsers were expected to generate fewer coping strategies and lower self-efficacy for high risk relapse situations in general. Teens with the poorest drug use outcome reported use of significantly fewer problem solving coping strategies and less self-efficacy in general high risk relapse situations. Results are discussed in relation to the cognitive behavioral theory of relapse and to previous findings on the process of relapse in teen substance abusers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

The pentylenetetrazole-cue antagonist actions of bretazenil (Ro 16-6028) as compared to midazolam.

In order to compare the potencies of bretazenil (Ro 16-6028) and midazolam (MDZ) to antagonize the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) cue, rats were trained to discriminate between 15 mg/kg IP PTZ and saline (FR10, food reinforced). Additionally, other rats were trained to discriminate between 1.0 mg/kg IP MDZ and saline in order to investigate the degree of generalization of bretazenil to MDZ, and to test for the antagonizing effects of PTZ. Both bretazenil and MDZ were able to block the PTZ cue. Bretazenil was about 60 times more potent than MDZ in this respect. In tests for response generalization, bretazenil substituted for MDZ cue. Bretazenil did not show MDZ-antagonist actions. PTZ did block the MDZ cue and the generalization of bretazenil in the MDZ-trained animals. Assuming that the drug discriminative stimulus functions of PTZ are closely related to its anxiogenic effects, it was concluded that bretazenil may possess powerful anxiolytic properties. Bretazenil did not suppress the response rates which is consistent with previous studies reporting a lack of sedative and muscle-relaxant effects of bretazenil.

Animals↗